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Kohler KT, Møller Hansen AA, Kim J, Villadsen R. SSEA-1 Correlates With the Invasive Phenotype in Breast Cancer. J Histochem Cytochem 2023; 71:423-430. [PMID: 37477396 PMCID: PMC10424578 DOI: 10.1369/00221554231189312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The glycan moiety Lewis X (LeX) has been implicated in defining progenitor cells as well as playing a role in the progression of solid tumors, including breast cancer. Here, we used the original stage-specific embryonic antigen-1 (SSEA-1) antibody, MC-480, targeting the LeX motif to examine the expression pattern of this marker within the context of a differentiation hierarchy as well as functional properties of breast cancer cells. Immunohistochemical staining revealed the presence of SSEA-1 in a progenitor zone in the normal breast gland. In breast cancer, 81 of 220 carcinomas (37%) were positive for SSEA-1 and a distinct pattern could be correlated to major subtypes. Specifically, estrogen receptor alpha (ERα)-negative tumors showed a higher frequency of SSEA-1 expression compared to ERα-positive tumors, which are generally considered more differentiated (56% vs 29%, p<0.005). Functional assays performed on two representative breast cancer cell lines demonstrated that SSEA-1-expressing cells exhibited cancer stem cell properties as well as having more invasive potential, regardless of ERα status. A potential role of SSEA-1 in metastasis was confirmed by pairwise staining of primary- and corresponding lymph node tumors. Altogether, our data suggest that expression of SSEA-1 in breast cancer contributes to the malignant phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina T. Kohler
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna A. Møller Hansen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jiyoung Kim
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Stem Cell Biology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - René Villadsen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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2
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Lin X, Dong Y, Gu Y, Kapoor A, Peng J, Su Y, Wei F, Wang Y, Yang C, Gill A, Neira SV, Tang D. Taxifolin Inhibits Breast Cancer Growth by Facilitating CD8+ T Cell Infiltration and Inducing a Novel Set of Genes including Potential Tumor Suppressor Genes in 1q21.3. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:3203. [PMID: 37370814 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15123203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Taxifolin inhibits breast cancer (BC) via novel mechanisms. In a syngeneic mouse BC model, taxifolin suppressed 4T-1 cell-derived allografts. RNA-seq of 4T-1 tumors identified 36 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) upregulated by taxifolin. Among their human homologues, 19, 7, and 2 genes were downregulated in BCs, high-proliferative BCs, and BCs with high-fatality risks, respectively. Three genes were established as tumor suppressors and eight were novel to BC, including HNRN, KPRP, CRCT1, and FLG2. These four genes exhibit tumor suppressive actions and reside in 1q21.3, a locus amplified in 70% recurrent BCs, revealing a unique vulnerability of primary and recurrent BCs with 1q21.3 amplification with respect to taxifolin. Furthermore, the 36 DEGs formed a multiple gene panel (DEG36) that effectively stratified the fatality risk in luminal, HER2+, and triple-negative (TN) equivalent BCs in two large cohorts: the METABRIC and TCGA datasets. 4T-1 cells model human TNBC cells. The DEG36 most robustly predicted the poor prognosis of TNBCs and associated it with the infiltration of CD8+ T, NK, macrophages, and Th2 cells. Of note, taxifolin increased the CD8+ T cell content in 4T-1 tumors. The DEG36 is a novel and effective prognostic biomarker of BCs, particularly TNBCs, and can be used to assess the BC-associated immunosuppressive microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozeng Lin
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Urological Cancer Center for Research and Innovation (UCCRI), St Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
- The Research Institute of St Joe's Hamilton, St Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Ying Dong
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Urological Cancer Center for Research and Innovation (UCCRI), St Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
- The Research Institute of St Joe's Hamilton, St Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Yan Gu
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Urological Cancer Center for Research and Innovation (UCCRI), St Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
- The Research Institute of St Joe's Hamilton, St Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Anil Kapoor
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Urological Cancer Center for Research and Innovation (UCCRI), St Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
- The Research Institute of St Joe's Hamilton, St Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Jingyi Peng
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Urological Cancer Center for Research and Innovation (UCCRI), St Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
- The Research Institute of St Joe's Hamilton, St Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Yingying Su
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Urological Cancer Center for Research and Innovation (UCCRI), St Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
- The Research Institute of St Joe's Hamilton, St Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Fengxiang Wei
- The Genetics Laboratory, Longgang District Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital of Shenzhen City, Shenzhen 518174, China
| | - Yanjun Wang
- Jilin Jianwei Songkou Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Changchun 510664, China
| | - Chengzhi Yang
- Benda International INC., Ottawa, ON K1X 0C1, Canada
| | - Armaan Gill
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Urological Cancer Center for Research and Innovation (UCCRI), St Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
- The Research Institute of St Joe's Hamilton, St Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Sandra Vega Neira
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Urological Cancer Center for Research and Innovation (UCCRI), St Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
- The Research Institute of St Joe's Hamilton, St Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
| | - Damu Tang
- Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
- Urological Cancer Center for Research and Innovation (UCCRI), St Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
- The Research Institute of St Joe's Hamilton, St Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada
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3
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A Kaleidoscope of Keratin Gene Expression and the Mosaic of Its Regulatory Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065603. [PMID: 36982676 PMCID: PMC10052683 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Keratins are a family of intermediate filament-forming proteins highly specific to epithelial cells. A combination of expressed keratin genes is a defining property of the epithelium belonging to a certain type, organ/tissue, cell differentiation potential, and at normal or pathological conditions. In a variety of processes such as differentiation and maturation, as well as during acute or chronic injury and malignant transformation, keratin expression undergoes switching: an initial keratin profile changes accordingly to changed cell functions and location within a tissue as well as other parameters of cellular phenotype and physiology. Tight control of keratin expression implies the presence of complex regulatory landscapes within the keratin gene loci. Here, we highlight patterns of keratin expression in different biological conditions and summarize disparate data on mechanisms controlling keratin expression at the level of genomic regulatory elements, transcription factors (TFs), and chromatin spatial structure.
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Meligova AK, Siakouli D, Stasinopoulou S, Xenopoulou DS, Zoumpouli M, Ganou V, Gkotsi EF, Chatziioannou A, Papadodima O, Pilalis E, Alexis MN, Mitsiou DJ. ERβ1 Sensitizes and ERβ2 Desensitizes ERα-Positive Breast Cancer Cells to the Inhibitory Effects of Tamoxifen, Fulvestrant and Their Combination with All-Trans Retinoic Acid. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043747. [PMID: 36835157 PMCID: PMC9959521 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Adjuvant endocrine therapy (AET) is the treatment of choice for early-stage estrogen receptor alpha (ERα)-positive breast cancer (BC). However, almost 40% of tamoxifen-treated cases display no response or a partial response to AET, thus increasing the need for new treatment options and strong predictors of the therapeutic response of patients at high risk of relapse. In addition to ERα, BC research has focused on ERβ1 and ERβ2 (isoforms of ERβ), the second ER isotype. At present, the impact of ERβ isoforms on ERα-positive BC prognosis and treatment remains elusive. In the present study, we established clones of MCF7 cells constitutively expressing human ERβ1 or ERβ2 and investigated their role in the response of MCF7 cells to antiestrogens [4-hydroxytamoxifen (OHΤ) and fulvestrant (ICI182,780)] and retinoids [all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)]. We show that, compared to MCF7 cells, MCF7-ERβ1 and MCF7-ERβ2 cells were sensitized and desensitized, respectively, to the antiproliferative effect of the antiestrogens, ATRA and their combination and to the cytocidal effect of the combination of OHT and ATRA. Analysis of the global transcriptional changes upon OHT-ATRA combinatorial treatment revealed uniquely regulated genes associated with anticancer effects in MCF7-ERβ1 cells and cancer-promoting effects in MCF7-ERβ2 cells. Our data are favorable to ERβ1 being a marker of responsiveness and ERβ2 being a marker of resistance of MCF7 cells to antiestrogens alone and in combination with ATRA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aggeliki K. Meligova
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitra Siakouli
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Sotiria Stasinopoulou
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Despoina S. Xenopoulou
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Zoumpouli
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Vassiliki Ganou
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni-Fani Gkotsi
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Aristotelis Chatziioannou
- Center of Systems Biology, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Olga Papadodima
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Michael N. Alexis
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: (M.N.A.); (D.J.M.)
| | - Dimitra J. Mitsiou
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence: (M.N.A.); (D.J.M.)
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Cytokeratin 10 (CK10) expression in cancer: A tissue microarray study on 11,021 tumors. Ann Diagn Pathol 2022; 60:152029. [PMID: 36029589 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2022.152029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cytokeratin 10 (CK10) is a type I acidic low molecular weight cytokeratin which is mainly expressed in keratinizing squamous epithelium of the skin. Variable levels of CK10 protein have been described in squamous carcinomas of different sites and in some other epithelial neoplasms. To comprehensively determine the prevalence of CK10 expression in normal and neoplastic tissues, a tissue microarray containing 11,021 samples from 131 different tumor types and subtypes was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. CK10 immunostaining was detectable in 41 (31.3 %) of 131 tumor categories, including 18 (13.7 %) tumor types with at least one strongly positive case. The highest rate of positive staining was found in squamous cell carcinomas from various sites of origin (positive in 18.6 %-66.1 %) and in Warthin tumors of salivary glands (47.8 %), followed by various tumor entities known to potentially exhibit areas with squamous cell differentiation such as teratomas (33.3 %), basal cell carcinomas of the skin (14.3 %), adenosquamous carcinomas of the cervix (11.1 %), and several categories of urothelial neoplasms (3.1 %-16.8 %). In a combined analysis of 956 squamous cell carcinomas from 11 different sites of origin, reduced CK10 staining was linked to high grade (p < 0.0001) and advanced stage (p = 0.0015) but unrelated to HPV infection. However, CK10 staining was not statistically related to grade (p = 0.1509) and recurrence-free (p = 0.5247) or overall survival (p = 0.5082) in 176 cervical squamous cell carcinomas. In the urinary bladder, CK10 staining occurred more commonly in muscle-invasive (17.7 %) than in non-invasive urothelial carcinomas (4.0 %-6.0 %; p < 0.0001). In summary, our data corroborate a role of CK10 as a suitable marker for mature, keratinizing squamous cell differentiation in epithelial tissues. CK10 immunohistochemistry may thus be instrumental for a more objective evaluation of the clinical significance of focal squamous differentiation in cancer.
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Ho M, Thompson B, Fisk JN, Nebert DW, Bruford EA, Vasiliou V, Bunick CG. Update of the keratin gene family: evolution, tissue-specific expression patterns, and relevance to clinical disorders. Hum Genomics 2022; 16:1. [PMID: 34991727 PMCID: PMC8733776 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-021-00374-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Intermediate filament (IntFil) genes arose during early metazoan evolution, to provide mechanical support for plasma membranes contacting/interacting with other cells and the extracellular matrix. Keratin genes comprise the largest subset of IntFil genes. Whereas the first keratin gene appeared in sponge, and three genes in arthropods, more rapid increases in keratin genes occurred in lungfish and amphibian genomes, concomitant with land animal-sea animal divergence (~ 440 to 410 million years ago). Human, mouse and zebrafish genomes contain 18, 17 and 24 non-keratin IntFil genes, respectively. Human has 27 of 28 type I "acidic" keratin genes clustered at chromosome (Chr) 17q21.2, and all 26 type II "basic" keratin genes clustered at Chr 12q13.13. Mouse has 27 of 28 type I keratin genes clustered on Chr 11, and all 26 type II clustered on Chr 15. Zebrafish has 18 type I keratin genes scattered on five chromosomes, and 3 type II keratin genes on two chromosomes. Types I and II keratin clusters-reflecting evolutionary blooms of keratin genes along one chromosomal segment-are found in all land animal genomes examined, but not fishes; such rapid gene expansions likely reflect sudden requirements for many novel paralogous proteins having divergent functions to enhance species survival following sea-to-land transition. Using data from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project, tissue-specific keratin expression throughout the human body was reconstructed. Clustering of gene expression patterns revealed similarities in tissue-specific expression patterns for previously described "keratin pairs" (i.e., KRT1/KRT10, KRT8/KRT18, KRT5/KRT14, KRT6/KRT16 and KRT6/KRT17 proteins). The ClinVar database currently lists 26 human disease-causing variants within the various domains of keratin proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Ho
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, 333 Cedar St., LCI 501, PO Box 208059, New Haven, CT, 06520-8059, USA
| | - Brian Thompson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Jeffrey Nicholas Fisk
- Program of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Daniel W Nebert
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Research Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
- Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Elspeth A Bruford
- HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC), EMBL-EBI, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Christopher G Bunick
- Department of Dermatology, Yale University, 333 Cedar St., LCI 501, PO Box 208059, New Haven, CT, 06520-8059, USA.
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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