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Xu H, Meng X, Jia L, Wei Y, Sun B, Liang M. Tissue distribution of transcription for 29 lipid metabolism-related genes in Takifugu rubripes, a marine teleost storing lipid predominantly in liver. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2020; 46:1603-1619. [PMID: 32415410 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-020-00815-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The tissue distribution pattern of lipid is highly diverse among different fish species. Tiger puffer has a special lipid storage pattern, storing lipid predominantly in liver. In order to better understand the lipid physiology in fish storing lipid in liver, the present study preliminarily investigated the tissue distribution of transcription for 29 lipid metabolism-related genes in tiger puffer, which are involved in lipogenesis, fatty acid oxidation, biosynthesis and hydrolysis of glycerides, lipid transport, and relevant transcription regulation. Samples of eight tissues, brain, eye, heart, spleen, liver, intestine, skin, and muscle, from fifteen juvenile tiger puffer were used in the qRT-PCR analysis. The intestine and brain had high transcription of lipogenic genes, whereas the liver and muscle had low expression levels. The intestine also had the highest transcription level of most apolipoproteins and lipid metabolism-related transcription factors. The transcription of fatty acid β-oxidation-related genes was low in the muscle. The peroxisomal fatty acid oxidation may dominate over mitochondrial β-oxidation in the liver and intestine of tiger puffer, and the MAG pathway probably predominates over the G3P pathway in re-acylation of absorbed lipids in the intestine. The intracellular glyceridases were highly transcribed in the brain, eye, and heart. In conclusion, in tiger puffer, the intestine could be a center of lipid metabolism whereas the liver is more likely a pure storage organ for lipid. The lipid metabolism in the muscle could also be inactive, possibly due to the very low level of intramuscular lipid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houguo Xu
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Xiaoxue Meng
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
- College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, 999 Huchenghuan Road, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Linlin Jia
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Yuliang Wei
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Bo Sun
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Mengqing Liang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 106 Nanjing Road, Qingdao, 266071, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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Kaneko T, Kanno C, Ichikawa-Tomikawa N, Kashiwagi K, Yaginuma N, Ohkoshi C, Tanaka M, Sugino T, Imura T, Hasegawa H, Chiba H. Liver X receptor reduces proliferation of human oral cancer cells by promoting cholesterol efflux via up-regulation of ABCA1 expression. Oncotarget 2016; 6:33345-57. [PMID: 26452260 PMCID: PMC4741770 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs) contribute not only to maintain cholesterol homeostasis but also to control cell growth. However, the molecular mechanisms behind the LXR-mediated anti-proliferative effects are largely unknown. Here we show, by immunohistochemistry, that LXRα and LXRβ are differentially distributed in oral stratified squamous epithelia. By immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses, we also reveal that LXRα is abundantly expressed in human oral squamous cell carcinoma (HOSCC) tissues and cell lines. Cell counting, BrdU labeling and cell cycle assay indicated that LXR stimulation led to significant reduction of proliferation in HOSCC cells. Importantly, our study highlights, by using RNA interference, that the ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1)-accelerated cholesterol efflux is critical for the growth inhibitory action of LXRs in HOSCC cells. Moreover, we demonstrate that LXR activation reduces the growth of xenograft tumour of HOSCC cells in mice accompanied by the upregulation of ABCA1 expression and the decline of cholesterol levels in the tumour. These findings strongly suggested that targeting the LXR-regulated cholesterol transport, yielding in lowering intracellular cholesterol levels, could be a promising therapeutic option for certain types of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuharu Kaneko
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan.,Division of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Chihiro Kanno
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan.,Division of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Naoki Ichikawa-Tomikawa
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Korehito Kashiwagi
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Nanae Yaginuma
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Chihiro Ohkoshi
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Mizuko Tanaka
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Takashi Sugino
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Shizuoka Cancer Center, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Imura
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hasegawa
- Division of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Hideki Chiba
- Department of Basic Pathology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima, Japan
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Pinto CL, Kalasekar SM, McCollum CW, Riu A, Jonsson P, Lopez J, Swindell EC, Bouhlatouf A, Balaguer P, Bondesson M, Gustafsson JÅ. Lxr regulates lipid metabolic and visual perception pathways during zebrafish development. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 419:29-43. [PMID: 26427652 PMCID: PMC4684448 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The Liver X Receptors (LXRs) play important roles in multiple metabolic pathways, including fatty acid, cholesterol, carbohydrate and energy metabolism. To expand the knowledge of the functions of LXR signaling during embryonic development, we performed a whole-genome microarray analysis of Lxr target genes in zebrafish larvae treated with either one of the synthetic LXR ligands T0901317 or GW3965. Assessment of the biological processes enriched by differentially expressed genes revealed a prime role for Lxr in regulating lipid metabolic processes, similarly to the function of LXR in mammals. In addition, exposure to the Lxr ligands induced changes in expression of genes in the neural retina and lens of the zebrafish eye, including the photoreceptor guanylate cyclase activators and lens gamma crystallins, suggesting a potential novel role for Lxr in modulating the transcription of genes associated with visual function in zebrafish. The regulation of expression of metabolic genes was phenotypically reflected in an increased absorption of yolk in the zebrafish larvae, and changes in the expression of genes involved in visual perception were associated with morphological alterations in the retina and lens of the developing zebrafish eye. The regulation of expression of both lipid metabolic and eye specific genes was sustained in 1 month old fish. The transcriptional networks demonstrated several conserved effects of LXR activation between zebrafish and mammals, and also identified potential novel functions of Lxr, supporting zebrafish as a promising model for investigating the role of Lxr during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Lucia Pinto
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Sharanya Maanasi Kalasekar
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Catherine W McCollum
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Anne Riu
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Philip Jonsson
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Justin Lopez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Eric C Swindell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Abdel Bouhlatouf
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U896, Université Montpellier 1, 34298 Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Balaguer
- Institut de Recherche en Cancérologie de Montpellier, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U896, Université Montpellier 1, 34298 Montpellier, France
| | - Maria Bondesson
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA.
| | - Jan-Åke Gustafsson
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Novum, Karolinska Institutet, 141 83 Huddinge, Sweden
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4
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Raslan AA, Lee JH, Shin J, Shin YK, Sohn YC. Transcriptional activity and expression of liver X receptor in the ascidian Halocynthia roretzi. Zoolog Sci 2013; 30:731-41. [PMID: 24004079 DOI: 10.2108/zsj.30.731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Liver X receptors, LXRs, are ligand-activated transcription factors that belong to the group H nuclear receptor (NR) superfamily. In this study, an LXR (HrLXR) cDNA was cloned from the ascidian Halocynthia roretzi hepatopancreas and characterized to examine the functional conservation of ancestral LXRs in chordates. A phylogenetic analysis of HrLXR showed that it belongs to the tunicate (urochordate) LXR subgroup, which is distinct from vertebrate LXRs. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that HrLXR mRNA was expressed predominantly in the gills, and highly expressed in unfertilized eggs followed by decrease at later embryonic and larval stages. Unexpectedly, HrLXR was not activated by GW3965, whereas a synthetic ligand for a farnesoid X receptor, GW4064, activated HrLXR. This activation was abolished by the deletion of 51 amino acids from the N-terminus. In a mammalian two-hybrid system, HrLXR interacted with HrRXR in the presence of GW4064 or 9-cis retinoic acid. The injection of GW3965 and GW4064 in vivo increased the ATPbinding cassette sub-family G member 4 and HrLXR mRNA levels in the hepatopancreas and gills. These results suggest that the mRNA expression and transcriptional properties of HrLXR are different from those of vertebrate LXRs, although HrLXR is likely responsive to the related NR ligand, GW4064.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ahmed Raslan
- 1 Department of Marine Molecular Biotechnology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 210-702, Republic of Korea
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5
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Daigo K, Yamaguchi N, Kawamura T, Matsubara K, Jiang S, Ohashi R, Sudou Y, Kodama T, Naito M, Inoue K, Hamakubo T. The proteomic profile of circulating pentraxin 3 (PTX3) complex in sepsis demonstrates the interaction with azurocidin 1 and other components of neutrophil extracellular traps. Mol Cell Proteomics 2012; 11:M111.015073. [PMID: 22278372 PMCID: PMC3433926 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m111.015073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Pentraxin 3 (PTX3), a long pentraxin subfamily member in the pentraxin family, plays an important role in innate immunity as a soluble pattern recognition receptor. Plasma PTX3 is elevated in sepsis (∼200 ng/ml) and correlates with mortality. The roles of PTX3 in sepsis, however, are not well understood. To investigate the ligands of PTX3 in sepsis, we performed a targeted proteomic study of circulating PTX3 complexes using magnetic bead-based immunopurification and shotgun proteomics for label-free relative quantitation via spectral counting. From septic patient fluids, we successfully identified 104 candidate proteins, including the known PTX3-interacting proteins involved in complement activation, pathogen opsonization, inflammation regulation, and extracellular matrix deposition. Notably, the proteomic profile additionally showed that PTX3 formed a complex with some of the components of neutrophil extracellular traps. Subsequent biochemical analyses revealed a direct interaction of bactericidal proteins azurocidin 1 (AZU1) and myeloperoxidase with PTX3. AZU1 exhibited high affinity binding (KD = 22 ± 7.6 nm) to full-length PTX3 in a calcium ion-dependent manner and bound specifically to an oligomer of the PTX3 N-terminal domain. Immunohistochemistry with a specific monoclonal antibody generated against AZU1 revealed a partial co-localization of AZU1 with PTX3 in neutrophil extracellular traps. The association of circulating PTX3 with components of the neutrophil extracellular traps in sepsis suggests a role for PTX3 in host defense and as a potential diagnostic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Daigo
- Department of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan
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6
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Golbar H, Izawa T, Murai F, Kuwamura M, Yamate J. Immunohistochemical analyses of the kinetics and distribution of macrophages, hepatic stellate cells and bile duct epithelia in the developing rat liver. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2010.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 05/15/2010] [Accepted: 05/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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7
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Ai ZL, Zhu CH, Min M, Wang J, Lan CH, Fan LL, Sun WJ, Chen DF. The Role of Hepatic Liver X Receptor α-and Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein-1c-Mediated Lipid Disorder in the Pathogenesis of Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis in Rats. J Int Med Res 2011; 39:1219-29. [PMID: 21986124 DOI: 10.1177/147323001103900410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver X receptor α (LXRα) and sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) were studied in rats with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) induced by a high-fat diet. Forty 5-week-old rats were fed either a high-fat diet ( n = 30) or a normal diet ( n = 10) for 9, 13 or 17 weeks. The mRNA and protein levels for LXRα and SREBP-1c were measured at each time point, as was fatty acid synthase (FAS) activity and the serum levels of free fatty acid (FFA) and triglyceride (TG). The mRNA and protein levels for LXRα and SREBP-1c, FAS activity and serum levels of FFA and TG all significantly increased from week 9 in the high-fat diet rats versus controls. In conclusion, a high-fat diet upregulates LXRα which, in turn, upregulates SREBP-1c, increasing the activity of FAS and FFA and accumulation of TG in hepatocytes. Thus, LXRα and SREBP-1c contribute to the development of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z-L Ai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - C-H Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Hospital 309 of the People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - M Min
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - J Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - C-H Lan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - L-L Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - W-J Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - D-F Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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8
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Daigo K, Kawamura T, Ohta Y, Ohashi R, Katayose S, Tanaka T, Aburatani H, Naito M, Kodama T, Ihara S, Hamakubo T. Proteomic analysis of native hepatocyte nuclear factor-4α (HNF4α) isoforms, phosphorylation status, and interactive cofactors. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:674-86. [PMID: 21047794 PMCID: PMC3013027 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.154732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocyte nuclear factor-4α (HNF4α, NR2A1) is a nuclear receptor that has a critical role in hepatocyte differentiation and the maintenance of homeostasis in the adult liver. However, a detailed understanding of native HNF4α in the steady-state remains to be elucidated. Here we report the native HNF4α isoform, phosphorylation status, and complexes in the steady-state, as shown by shotgun proteomics in HepG2 hepatocarcinoma cells. Shotgun proteomic analysis revealed the complexity of native HNF4α, including multiple phosphorylation sites and inter-isoform heterodimerization. The associating complexes identified by label-free semiquantitative proteomic analysis include the following: the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit, histone acetyltransferase complexes, mRNA splicing complex, other nuclear receptor coactivator complexes, the chromatin remodeling complex, and the nucleosome remodeling and histone deacetylation complex. Among the associating proteins, GRB10 interacting GYF protein 2 (GIGYF2, PERQ2) is a new candidate cofactor in metabolic regulation. Moreover, an unexpected heterodimerization of HNF4α and hepatocyte nuclear factor-4γ was found. A biochemical and genomewide analysis of transcriptional regulation showed that this heterodimerization activates gene transcription. The genes thus transcribed include the cell death-inducing DEF45-like effector b (CIDEB) gene, which is an important regulator of lipid metabolism in the liver. This suggests that the analysis of the distinctive stoichiometric balance of native HNF4α and its cofactor complexes described here are important for an accurate understanding of transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Daigo
- From the Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8904
| | - Takeshi Kawamura
- From the Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8904
| | - Yoshihiro Ohta
- From the Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8904
| | - Riuko Ohashi
- the Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8510, and
| | - Satoshi Katayose
- the Tsukuba Research Laboratories, JSR Corporation, Ibaraki 305-0841, Japan
| | - Toshiya Tanaka
- From the Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8904
| | - Hiroyuki Aburatani
- From the Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8904
| | - Makoto Naito
- the Division of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8510, and
| | - Tatsuhiko Kodama
- From the Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8904
| | - Sigeo Ihara
- From the Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8904
| | - Takao Hamakubo
- From the Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 153-8904
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro, Tokyo 153-8904, Japan. Tel./Fax: 81-3-5452-5231; E-mail:
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Alexander BT. Epigenetic changes in gene expression: focus on "The liver X-receptor gene promoter is hypermethylated in a mouse model of prenatal protein restriction". Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2009; 298:R272-4. [PMID: 19955491 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00760.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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10
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Cruz-Garcia L, Minghetti M, Navarro I, Tocher DR. Molecular cloning, tissue expression and regulation of liver X receptor (LXR) transcription factors of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 153:81-8. [PMID: 19416695 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2009.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Revised: 01/30/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fish are important sources of high quality protein, essential minerals such as iodine and selenium, vitamins including A, D and E, and omega-3 fatty acids in the human diet. With declining fisheries worldwide, farmed fish constitute an ever-increasing proportion of fish in the food basket. Sustainable development of aquaculture dictates that diets will have to contain increasing levels of plant products that are devoid of cholesterol, but contain phytosterols that are known to have physiological effects in mammals. Liver X receptors (LXR) are transcription factors whose activity is modulated by sterols, with activation inducing cholesterol catabolism and de novo fatty acid biosynthesis in liver. Transcriptomic analysis has shown that substitution of fish meal and oil with plant products induces genes of cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism in salmonids. Here we report the cloning of LXR cDNAs from two species of salmonid fish that are important in aquaculture. The full-length cDNA (mRNA) of LXR obtained from salmon was shown to be 3766 bp, which included a 5'-untranslated region (UTR) of 412 bp and a 3'-UTR of 1960 bp and an open reading frame (ORF) of 1394 bp, which specified a protein of 462 amino acids. The trout LXR full-length cDNA was 2056 bp, including 5'- and 3'-UTRs of 219 and 547 bp, respectively, and an ORF of 1290 bp, which specified a protein of 427 amino acids. The protein sequences included characteristic features of mammalian LXRs, including the DNA binding (DBD), containing P-box, ligand binding (LBD) and activation function-2 (AF-2) domains, D-box, D (hinge) region, and eight cysteines that belong to the two zinc fingers. Phylogenetic analysis clustered the salmonid LXRs together, more closely with zebrafish and more distantly from medaka and stickleback. A pair-wise comparison among vertebrate LXR sequences showed the amino acid sequence predicted by the salmon LXR ORF showed greatest identity to that of trout 97%, and 97%, 87% and 81% identity to LXRs of zebrafish, frog and human (LXRalpha). The trout LXR ORF showed 96%, 92% and 82% identity to LXRs of zebrafish, frog and human (LXRalpha). Surprisingly, the expression of LXR was lowest in liver of all tissues examined and in salmon the greatest expression was observed in pyloric caeca with liver showing intermediate expression. It is likely that tissue expression was affected by the physiological status of the sampled animals. Certainly, nutritional, environmental and/or developmental regulation was evident in salmon, where the expression of LXR in liver was higher in fish in seawater than in freshwater, and higher in fish fed fish oil compared to fish fed vegetable oil in adult salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cruz-Garcia
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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11
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Takegoshi S, Jiang S, Ohashi R, Savchenko AS, Iwanari H, Tanaka T, Hasegawa G, Hamakubo T, Kodama T, Naito M. Protein expression of nuclear receptors in human and murine tissues. Pathol Int 2009; 59:61-72. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2008.02330.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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12
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van Straten EME, Huijkman NCA, Baller JFW, Kuipers F, Plösch T. Pharmacological activation of LXR in utero directly influences ABC transporter expression and function in mice but does not affect adult cholesterol metabolism. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008; 295:E1341-8. [PMID: 18840761 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.90597.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is critical for several cellular functions and essential for normal fetal development. Therefore, its metabolism is tightly controlled during all life stages. The liver X receptors-alpha (LXRalpha; NR1H3) and -beta (LXRbeta; NR1H2) are nuclear receptors that are of key relevance in coordinating cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism. The aim of this study was to elucidate whether fetal cholesterol metabolism can be influenced in utero via pharmacological activation of LXR and whether this would have long-term effects on cholesterol homeostasis. Administration of the LXR agonist T0901317 to pregnant mice via their diet (0.015% wt/wt) led to induced fetal hepatic expression levels of the cholesterol transporter genes Abcg5/g8 and Abca1, higher plasma cholesterol levels, and lower hepatic cholesterol levels compared with controls. These profound changes during fetal development did not affect cholesterol metabolism in adulthood nor did they influence coping with a high-fat/high-cholesterol diet. This study shows that the LXR system is functional in fetal mice and susceptible to pharmacological activation. Despite massive changes in fetal cholesterol metabolism, regulatory mechanisms involved in cholesterol metabolism return to a "normal" state in offspring and allow coping with a high-fat/high-cholesterol diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M E van Straten
- Dept. of Pediatrics, Univ. Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen
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13
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Bibliography. Current world literature. Lipid metabolism. Curr Opin Lipidol 2008; 19:314-21. [PMID: 18460925 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e328303e27e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Marin JJG, Macias RIR, Briz O, Perez MJ, Blazquez AG, Arrese M, Serrano MA. Molecular bases of the fetal liver-placenta-maternal liver excretory pathway for cholephilic compounds. Liver Int 2008; 28:435-54. [PMID: 18339071 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2008.01680.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Potentially toxic endogenous compounds, such as bile acids (BAs) and biliary pigments, as well as many xenobiotics, such as drugs and food components, are biotransformed and eliminated by the hepatobiliary system with the collaboration of the kidney. However, the situation is very different during pregnancy because the fetal liver produces biliary compounds despite the fact that this organ, owing to its immaturity, is not able to eliminate them into bile. Moreover, the excretory ability of the fetal kidneys is also very limited. Thus, during the intra-uterine life, the major route to eliminate fetal BAs and biliary pigments is their transfer to the mother across the placenta. The maternal liver and, to a lesser extent, the maternal kidney, are then in charge of their biotransformation and elimination into faeces and urine respectively. This review describes current knowledge of the machinery responsible for the detoxification and excretion of cholephilic compounds through the pathway formed by the fetal liver-placenta-maternal liver trio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose J G Marin
- Laboratory of Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), CIBERehd, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain.
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Archer A, Lauter G, Hauptmann G, Mode A, Gustafsson JÅ. Transcriptional activity and developmental expression of liver X receptor (lxr) in Zebrafish. Dev Dyn 2008; 237:1090-8. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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Savchenko AS, Imamura M, Ohashi R, Jiang S, Kawasaki T, Hasegawa G, Emura I, Iwanari H, Sagara M, Tanaka T, Hamakubo T, Kodama T, Naito M. Expression of pentraxin 3 (PTX3) in human atherosclerotic lesions. J Pathol 2008; 215:48-55. [DOI: 10.1002/path.2314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Lipopolysaccharide induced expression of pentraxin 3 in human neutrophils and monocyte-derived macrophages. Cell Immunol 2007; 248:86-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2007.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Revised: 09/25/2007] [Accepted: 09/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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