1
|
Schwalm MP, Berger LM, Meuter MN, Vasta JD, Corona CR, Röhm S, Berger BT, Farges F, Beinert SM, Preuss F, Morasch V, Rogov VV, Mathea S, Saxena K, Robers MB, Müller S, Knapp S. A Toolbox for the Generation of Chemical Probes for Baculovirus IAP Repeat Containing Proteins. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:886537. [PMID: 35721509 PMCID: PMC9204419 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.886537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
E3 ligases constitute a large and diverse family of proteins that play a central role in regulating protein homeostasis by recruiting substrate proteins via recruitment domains to the proteasomal degradation machinery. Small molecules can either inhibit, modulate or hijack E3 function. The latter class of small molecules led to the development of selective protein degraders, such as PROTACs (PROteolysis TArgeting Chimeras), that recruit protein targets to the ubiquitin system leading to a new class of pharmacologically active drugs and to new therapeutic options. Recent efforts have focused on the E3 family of Baculovirus IAP Repeat (BIR) domains that comprise a structurally conserved but diverse 70 amino acid long protein interaction domain. In the human proteome, 16 BIR domains have been identified, among them promising drug targets such as the Inhibitors of Apoptosis (IAP) family, that typically contain three BIR domains (BIR1, BIR2, and BIR3). To date, this target area lacks assay tools that would allow comprehensive evaluation of inhibitor selectivity. As a consequence, the selectivity of current BIR domain targeting inhibitors is unknown. To this end, we developed assays that allow determination of inhibitor selectivity in vitro as well as in cellulo. Using this toolbox, we have characterized available BIR domain inhibitors. The characterized chemical starting points and selectivity data will be the basis for the generation of new chemical probes for IAP proteins with well-characterized mode of action and provide the basis for future drug discovery efforts and the development of PROTACs and molecular glues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin P Schwalm
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lena M Berger
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Maximilian N Meuter
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | | | - Sandra Röhm
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Benedict-Tilman Berger
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Frederic Farges
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sebastian M Beinert
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Franziska Preuss
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Viktoria Morasch
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Vladimir V Rogov
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sebastian Mathea
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Krishna Saxena
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | - Susanne Müller
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Department of Biochemistry, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute for Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Structural Genomics Consortium, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Plaza-Díaz J, Álvarez-Mercado AI, Robles-Sánchez C, Navarro-Oliveros M, Morón-Calvente V, Toribio-Castelló S, Sáez-Lara MJ, MacKenzie A, Fontana L, Abadía-Molina F. NAIP expression increases in a rat model of liver mass restoration. J Mol Histol 2021; 52:113-123. [PMID: 33237375 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-020-09928-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein (NAIP) is a constituent of the NLRC4 inflammasome, which plays a key role in innate immunity, and an antiapoptotic protein. Recently, we reported the previously undescribed role of NAIP in cell division. The liver is one of the body's most actively regenerative organs. Given the novel mitotic role of NAIP, we examined its expression in hepatic mass restoration. The major liver lobe of Wistar rats was removed, and samples from both newly formed liver tissue, assessed by positive Ki67 immunostaining, and the remnant, intact liver lobes from hepatectomized rats were taken 3 and 7 days after surgery. Naip5 and Naip6 mRNA levels were significantly higher in regenerating hepatic tissue than in intact liver lobe tissue, and this increase was also observed at the protein level. Naip5 and Naip6 mRNA in situ hybridization showed that this increase occurred in the hepatic parenchyma. The histology of the regenerated liver tissue was normal, with the exception of a noticeable deficiency of hepatic lobule central veins. The results of this study suggest the involvement of NAIP in liver mass restoration following partial hepatectomy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julio Plaza-Díaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Biomedical Research Center, Avda. del Conocimiento S/N, Armilla, 18016, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA, Avda. de Madrid 15, 18012, Granada, Spain
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Ana I Álvarez-Mercado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Biomedical Research Center, Avda. del Conocimiento S/N, Armilla, 18016, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA, Avda. de Madrid 15, 18012, Granada, Spain
| | - Cándido Robles-Sánchez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Biomedical Research Center, Avda. del Conocimiento S/N, Armilla, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Navarro-Oliveros
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA, Avda. de Madrid 15, 18012, Granada, Spain
| | - Virginia Morón-Calvente
- Department of Diabetes. Immunology, Diabetes & Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, 91010, USA
| | - Sofía Toribio-Castelló
- IBSAL, IBMCC, University of Salamanca-CSIC, Cancer Research Center, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - María José Sáez-Lara
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Biomedical Research Center, Avda. del Conocimiento S/N, Armilla, 18016, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA, Avda. de Madrid 15, 18012, Granada, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, School of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Alex MacKenzie
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Luis Fontana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Biomedical Research Center, Avda. del Conocimiento S/N, Armilla, 18016, Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADA, Avda. de Madrid 15, 18012, Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Abadía-Molina
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Biomedical Research Center, Avda. del Conocimiento S/N, Armilla, 18016, Granada, Spain.
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Sciences, University of Granada, 18071, Granada, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang W, Ji Y, Yang W, Zhang C, Angwa L, Jin B, Liu J, Lv M, Ma W, Yang J, Wang K. Inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) are associated with T-2 toxin-induced decreased collagen II in mouse chondrocytes in vitro. Toxicon 2020; 176:34-43. [PMID: 32103793 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
T-2 toxin is considered an unavoidable pollutant, which contaminates food crops and stockpiled cereals, impairing the health of humans and animals due to its multi-organ toxicity. Studies have shown that T-2 toxin can cause articular cartilage damage; however, the underlying molecular mechanism is still unclear. Here, we investigated the possible mechanism of the following inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) family members: NAIP, cIAP1, cIAP2, XIAP, and Survivin, and their involvement in T-2 toxin-induced mouse chondrocyte damage. In this study, mouse articular chondrocytes were isolated and cultured in vitro, and the chondrocytes were then treated with 0, 5, 10, and 20 ng/mL T-2 toxin. Firstly, the toxic effect of T-2 toxin on chondrocytes was determined. CCK-8 assay results showed that T-2 toxin induced a dose-dependent inhibition of chondrocyte viability. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that T-2 toxin caused morphological changes in chondrocyte endoplasmic reticulum and an increase in mitochondrial swelling. In addition, Annexin-V-FITC/PI staining and caspase 3 protein expression showed that T-2 toxin induced an increase in the apoptotic rate of chondrocytes. Secondly, it was found that T-2 toxin cause decreased expression of cellular and secreted Collagen II. Finally, we examined the expression of NAIP, cIAP1, cIAP2, XIAP, and Survivin in chondrocytes in the presence of T-2 toxin and their relationship with decreased Collagen II. The decrease in Collagen II was negatively correlated with the expression of cIAP1, cIAP2 and positively correlated with NAIP and Survivin mRNA level. Survivin mRNA level had a positive correlation with Collagen II as shown by partial correlation analysis. This study revealed the new role of IAPs in chondrocyte injury and provides new insights and clues into the mechanism of T-2 toxin-induced chondrocyte damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenji Wang
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention/ Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China; Institute of Cell Biotechnology, China and Russia Medical Research Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yi Ji
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention/ Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China; Institute of Cell Biotechnology, China and Russia Medical Research Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Wenjing Yang
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention/ Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China; Institute of Cell Biotechnology, China and Russia Medical Research Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Chengzhi Zhang
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention/ Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Linet Angwa
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention/ Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China; Department of Clinical Medicine, Kabarak University, Private Bag, 20157, Kabarak, Kenya
| | - Baiming Jin
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention/ Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China; Institute of Cell Biotechnology, China and Russia Medical Research Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China; School of Public Health, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, 161006, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, 150081, China
| | - Man Lv
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention/ Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China; Institute of Cell Biotechnology, China and Russia Medical Research Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Wenjing Ma
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention/ Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China; Institute of Cell Biotechnology, China and Russia Medical Research Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention/ Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China; Institute of Cell Biotechnology, China and Russia Medical Research Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Kewei Wang
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention/ Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China; Institute of Cell Biotechnology, China and Russia Medical Research Center, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China; Departments of Surgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine, One Illini Drive, Peoria, IL, 61605, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rathore R, McCallum JE, Varghese E, Florea AM, Büsselberg D. Overcoming chemotherapy drug resistance by targeting inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs). Apoptosis 2018; 22:898-919. [PMID: 28424988 PMCID: PMC5486846 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-017-1375-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs) are a family of proteins that play a significant role in the control of programmed cell death (PCD). PCD is essential to maintain healthy cell turnover within tissue but also to fight disease or infection. Uninhibited, IAPs can suppress apoptosis and promote cell cycle progression. Therefore, it is unsurprising that cancer cells demonstrate significantly elevated expression levels of IAPs, resulting in improved cell survival, enhanced tumor growth and subsequent metastasis. Therapies to target IAPs in cancer has garnered substantial scientific interest and as resistance to anti-cancer agents becomes more prevalent, targeting IAPs has become an increasingly attractive strategy to re-sensitize cancer cells to chemotherapies, antibody based-therapies and TRAIL therapy. Antagonism strategies to modulate the actions of XIAP, cIAP1/2 and survivin are the central focus of current research and this review highlights advances within this field with particular emphasis upon the development and specificity of second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (SMAC) mimetics (synthetic analogs of endogenously expressed inhibitors of IAPs SMAC/DIABLO). While we highlight the potential of SMAC mimetics as effective single agent or combinatory therapies to treat cancer we also discuss the likely clinical implications of resistance to SMAC mimetic therapy, occasionally observed in cancer cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rama Rathore
- College of Literature, Sciences and the Arts, University of Michigan-Ann Arbor, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | | | | | - Ana-Maria Florea
- Institute of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Morón-Calvente V, Romero-Pinedo S, Toribio-Castelló S, Plaza-Díaz J, Abadía-Molina AC, Rojas-Barros DI, Beug ST, LaCasse EC, MacKenzie A, Korneluk R, Abadía-Molina F. Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins, NAIP, cIAP1 and cIAP2 expression during macrophage differentiation and M1/M2 polarization. PLoS One 2018. [PMID: 29518103 PMCID: PMC5843221 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes and macrophages constitute the first line of defense of the immune system against external pathogens. Macrophages have a highly plastic phenotype depending on environmental conditions; the extremes of this phenotypic spectrum are a pro-inflammatory defensive role (M1 phenotype) and an anti-inflammatory tissue-repair one (M2 phenotype). The Inhibitor of Apoptosis (IAP) proteins have important roles in the regulation of several cellular processes, including innate and adaptive immunity. In this study we have analyzed the differential expression of the IAPs, NAIP, cIAP1 and cIAP2, during macrophage differentiation and polarization into M1 or M2. In polarized THP-1 cells and primary human macrophages, NAIP is abundantly expressed in M2 macrophages, while cIAP1 and cIAP2 show an inverse pattern of expression in polarized macrophages, with elevated expression levels of cIAP1 in M2 and cIAP2 preferentially expressed in M1. Interestingly, treatment with the IAP antagonist SMC-LCL161, induced the upregulation of NAIP in M2, the downregulation of cIAP1 in M1 and M2 and an induction of cIAP2 in M1 macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Morón-Calvente
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Salvador Romero-Pinedo
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology III and Immunology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | | | - Julio Plaza-Díaz
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana C. Abadía-Molina
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology III and Immunology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Domingo I. Rojas-Barros
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine “López-Neyra”, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Granada, Spain
| | - Shawn T. Beug
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa ON, Canada
| | - Eric C. LaCasse
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa ON, Canada
| | - Alex MacKenzie
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa ON, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa ON, Canada
| | - Robert Korneluk
- Apoptosis Research Centre, Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa ON, Canada
| | - Francisco Abadía-Molina
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Biomedical Research Centre, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology “José Mataix”, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lei-Leston AC, Murphy AG, Maloy KJ. Epithelial Cell Inflammasomes in Intestinal Immunity and Inflammation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1168. [PMID: 28979266 PMCID: PMC5611393 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRR), such as NOD-like receptors (NLRs), sense conserved microbial signatures, and host danger signals leading to the coordination of appropriate immune responses. Upon activation, a subset of NLR initiate the assembly of a multimeric protein complex known as the inflammasome, which processes pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediates a specialized form of cell death known as pyroptosis. The identification of inflammasome-associated genes as inflammatory bowel disease susceptibility genes implicates a role for the inflammasome in intestinal inflammation. Despite the fact that the functional importance of inflammasomes within immune cells has been well established, the contribution of inflammasome expression in non-hematopoietic cells remains comparatively understudied. Given that intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) act as a barrier between the host and the intestinal microbiota, inflammasome expression by these cells is likely important for intestinal immune homeostasis. Accumulating evidence suggests that the inflammasome plays a key role in shaping epithelial responses at the host-lumen interface with many inflammasome components highly expressed by IEC. Recent studies have exposed functional roles of IEC inflammasomes in mucosal immune defense, inflammation, and tumorigenesis. In this review, we present the main features of the predominant inflammasomes and their effector mechanisms contributing to intestinal homeostasis and inflammation. We also discuss existing controversies in the field and open questions related to their implications in disease. A comprehensive understanding of the molecular basis of intestinal inflammasome signaling could hold therapeutic potential for clinical translation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea C Lei-Leston
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alison G Murphy
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin J Maloy
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein (NAIP) localizes to the cytokinetic machinery during cell division. Sci Rep 2017; 7:39981. [PMID: 28059125 PMCID: PMC5216396 DOI: 10.1038/srep39981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein (NAIP) is a constituent of the inflammasome and a key component of the innate immune system. Here we use immunofluorescence to position NAIP within the cytokinetic apparatus, contiguous to chromosomal passenger complex (CPC), Centralspindlin, PRC1 and KIF4A. During metaphase, NAIP accumulates in the mitotic spindle poles and is shown in spindle microtubules; in anaphase NAIP is detected in the middle of the central spindle. At the end of cytokinesis, NAIP is localized in the outlying region of the stem body, the center of the intercellular bridge formed between daughter cells prior to cellular abscission. We also describe the sustained presence of NAIP mRNA and protein throughout the cell cycle with a significant increase observed in the G2/M phase. Consistent with a role for NAIP in cytokinesis, NAIP overexpression in HeLa cells promotes the acquisition of a multinuclear phenotype. Conversely, NAIP siRNA gene silencing results in an apoptotic lethal phenotype. Our confocal and super resolution stimulated-emission-depletion (STED) examination of mammalian cell cytokinesis demonstrate a potential new role for NAIP in addition to anti-apoptotic and innate immunology functions.
Collapse
|
8
|
Sharma N, Jha S. NLR-regulated pathways in cancer: opportunities and obstacles for therapeutic interventions. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1741-64. [PMID: 26708292 PMCID: PMC11108278 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2123-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
NLRs (nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-rich repeat containing receptors) are pattern recognition receptors associated with immunity and inflammation in response to endogenous and exogenous pathogen and damage associated molecular patterns (PAMPs and DAMPs respectively). Dysregulated NLR function is associated with several diseases including cancers, metabolic diseases, autoimmune disorders and autoinflammatory syndromes. In the last decade, distinct cell and organ specific roles for NLRs have been identified however; their roles in cancer initiation, development and progression remain controversial. This review summarizes the emerging role of NLRs in cancer and their possible future as targets for cancer therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Sharma
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Old Residency Road, Ratanada, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342011, India
| | - Sushmita Jha
- Department of Biology, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Old Residency Road, Ratanada, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, 342011, India.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Role of Inhibitors of Apoptosis Proteins in Testicular Function and Male Fertility: Effects of Polydeoxyribonucleotide Administration in Experimental Varicocele. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:248976. [PMID: 26347229 PMCID: PMC4539425 DOI: 10.1155/2015/248976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein (NAIP) and survivin might play an important role in testicular function. We investigated the effect of PDRN, an agonist of adenosine A2A receptor, on testicular NAIP and survivin expression in an experimental model of varicocele. After the creation of experimental varicocele (28 days), adolescent male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to one of the following treatments lasting 21 days: vehicle, PDRN (8 mg/kg i.p., daily), PDRN + 3,7-dimethyl-propargylxanthine (DMPX, a specific adenosine A2A-receptor antagonist, 0.1 mg/kg i.p., daily), varicocelectomy, and varicocelectomy + PDRN (8 mg/kg i.p., daily). Sham-operated animals were used as controls. Animals were then euthanized and testis expression of NAIP and survivin was evaluated through qRT-PCR, western blot, and immunohistochemical analysis. Spermatogenetic activity was also assessed. NAIP and survivin expressions were significantly reduced following varicocele induction when compared to sham animals whereas PDRN-treated rats showed an increase in NAIP and survivin levels. Immunohistochemistry revealed an enhanced expression of NAIP and survivin with a characteristic pattern of cellular localization following PDRN treatment. Moreover, administration of PDRN significantly restored spermatogenic function in varicocele rats. PDRN may represent a rational therapeutic option for accelerating recovery from depressed testicular function through a strategic modulation of apoptosis in experimental varicocele.
Collapse
|
10
|
Landin Malt A, Georges A, Silber J, Zider A, Flagiello D. Interaction with the Yes-associated protein (YAP) allows TEAD1 to positively regulate NAIP expression. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:3216-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
11
|
Wang K, Lin B. Inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) as regulatory factors of hepatic apoptosis. Cell Signal 2013; 25:1970-80. [PMID: 23770286 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
IAPs are a group of regulatory proteins that are structurally related. Their conserved homologues have been identified in various organisms. In human, eight IAP members have been recognized based on baculoviral IAP repeat (BIR) domains. IAPs are key regulators of apoptosis, cytokinesis and signal transduction. The antiapoptotic property of IAPs depends on their professional role for caspases. IAPs are functionally non-equivalent and regulate effector caspases through distinct mechanisms. IAPs impede apoptotic process via membrane receptor-dependent (extrinsic) cascade and mitochondrial dependent (intrinsic) pathway. IAP-mediated apoptosis affects the progression of liver diseases. Therapeutic options of liver diseases may depend on the understanding toward mechanisms of the IAP-mediated apoptosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kewei Wang
- Departments of Surgery, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria, Peoria, IL 61605, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Pott J, Hornef M. Innate immune signalling at the intestinal epithelium in homeostasis and disease. EMBO Rep 2012; 13:684-98. [PMID: 22801555 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2012.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium--which constitutes the interface between the enteric microbiota and host tissues--actively contributes to the maintenance of mucosal homeostasis and defends against pathogenic microbes. The recognition of conserved microbial products by cytosolic or transmembrane pattern recognition receptors in epithelial cells initiates signal transduction and influences effector cell function. However, the signalling pathways, effector molecules and regulatory mechanisms involved are not yet fully understood, and the functional outcome is poorly defined. This review analyses the complex and dynamic role of intestinal epithelial innate immune recognition and signalling, on the basis of results in intestinal epithelial cell-specific transgene or gene-deficient animals. This approach identifies specific epithelial cell functions within the diverse cellular composition of the mucosal tissue, in the presence of the complex and dynamic gut microbiota. These insights have thus provided a more comprehensive understanding of the role of the intestinal epithelium in innate immunity during homeostasis and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Pott
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Katagiri N, Shobuike T, Chang B, Kukita A, Miyamoto H. The human apoptosis inhibitor NAIP induces pyroptosis in macrophages infected with Legionella pneumophila. Microbes Infect 2012; 14:1123-32. [PMID: 22504023 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2011] [Revised: 02/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human nucleotide oligomerization domain-like receptor family apoptosis inhibitory protein (NAIP) prevents apoptosis by inhibiting caspase-3, -7, and -9. Four functional Naip exist in the murine genome, each of which is equally similar to human NAIP. Among them, Naip5 induces pyroptosis by promoting caspase-1 activation in response to Legionella pneumophila infection in macrophages. However, the contribution of human NAIP to this response is unclear. To investigate the role of human NAIP in macrophage survival, we stably expressed human NAIP in RAW264.7 macrophages. Human NAIP inhibited camptothecin-induced apoptosis in macrophages; however, it promoted cytotoxicity in L. pneumophila-infected cells. This cytotoxicity was associated with caspase-1. In addition, human NAIP restricted the intracellular growth of L. pneumophila. L. pneumophila flagellin was required for cytotoxicity, caspase-1 activation, and restriction of intracellular bacterial growth. Expression of murine Naip5 produced comparable results. These data indicate that human NAIP regulates the host response to L. pneumophila infection in a manner similar to that of murine Naip5 and that human NAIP and murine Naip5 regulate cell survival by inhibiting apoptosis or by promoting pyroptosis in response to specific cellular signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nanako Katagiri
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, 5-1-1 Nabeshima, Saga, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mazrouei S, Ziaei A, Tanhaee AP, Keyhanian K, Esmaeili M, Baradaran A, Salehi M. Apoptosis inhibition or inflammation: the role of NAIP protein expression in Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas compared to non-neoplastic lymph node. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2012; 9:4. [PMID: 22357131 PMCID: PMC3297494 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-9-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Background Inhibitors of Apoptosis (IAP) family play a critical role in apoptosis and inflammatory response. Neuronal Apoptosis Inhibitory Protein (NAIP), as a member of both IAPs and NLR families (NOD-Like Receptor), is a unique IAP harboring NOD (Nucleotide Oligomerization Domain) and LLR (Leucine Rich Repeat) motifs. Considering these motifs in NAIP, it has been suggested that the main function of NAIP is distinct from other members of IAPs. As a member of NLR, NAIP mediates the assembly of 'Inflammasome' for inflammatory caspase activation. Pathologic expression of NAIP has been reported not only in some infectious and inflammatory diseases but also in some malignancies. However, there is no report to elucidate NAIP expression in lymphomatic malignancies. Methods In this study, we examined NAIP protein expression in 101 Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded blocks including samples from 39 Hodgkin Lymphoma and 23 Non Hodgkin Lymphoma cases in comparison with 39 control samples (30 normal and 9 Reactive Lymphoid Hyperplasia (RLH) lymph nodes) using semi-quantitative immuno-flourecent Staining. Results NAIP expression was not statistically different in lymphoma samples neither in HL nor in NHL cases comparing to normal samples. However, we evaluated NAIP expression in normal and RLH lymph nodes. Surprisingly, we have found a statistically significant-difference between the NAIP expression in RLH (M.R of NAIP/GAPDH expression = 0.6365 ± 0.017) and normal lymph node samples (M.R of NAIP/GAPDH expression = 0.5882 ± 0.047) (P < 0.01). Conclusions These findings show that the regulation of apoptosis could not be the main function of NAIP in the cell, so the pathologic expression of NAIP is not involved in lymphoma. But, we concluded that the over expression of NAIP has more effective role in the inflammatory response. Also, this study clarifies the NAIP expression level in lymphoma which is required for IAPs profiling in order to be used in potential translational applications of IAPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Safoura Mazrouei
- Dept of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Medical School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gouraud SS, Waki H, Bhuiyan ME, Takagishi M, Kohsaka A, Maeda M. Increased anti-apoptotic conditions in the nucleus tractus solitarii of spontaneously hypertensive rat. Auton Neurosci 2011; 162:15-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2011.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
16
|
Dykstra NS, Hyde L, Adawi D, Kulik D, Ahrne S, Molin G, Jeppsson B, Mackenzie A, Mack DR. Pulse probiotic administration induces repeated small intestinal Muc3 expression in rats. Pediatr Res 2011; 69:206-11. [PMID: 21135754 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e3182096ff0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Upon ingestion, probiotics may act to protect the host through a number of protective mechanisms including modulation of genes involved in intestinal innate mucosal defense such as epithelial cell-derived mucin glycoproteins and inhibitor of apoptosis proteins. To determine the specificity of effect and sustainability of response in vivo, Lactobacillus plantarum 299v (Lp299v), Lactobacillus rhamnosus R0011 (LrR0011), and Bifidobacterium bifidum R0071 (BbR0071) were added repeatedly or intermittently to the drinking water of Sprague-Dawley rats. After killing the rats via CO2 suffocation, Muc2, Muc3, neuronal apoptosis inhibitor protein (NAIP), human inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1/cellular inhibitor of apoptosis 2 (HIAP1/cIAP2), and human inhibitor of apoptosis protein 2/cellular inhibitor of apoptosis 1 (HIAP2/cIAP1) mRNA and protein levels were analyzed via RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Live Lp299v, BbR0071, and LrR0011 increased Muc3 protein and mRNA expression in jejunum and ileum. Heat-killed and a nonadherent derivative of Lp299v failed to induce Muc3 expression. Lp299v did induce expression of HIAP2/cIAP1 and NAIP expression. Muc3 mucin expression was elevated for 5 d after oral administration of Lp299v; however, this effect was not sustained despite ongoing daily ingestion of a probiotic. Intermittent pulse ingestion of probiotics, however, was found to repeatedly increase Muc3 expression. We conclude that selected probiotics can induce protective genes of mucosal intestinal epithelial cells, an effect that is reproducible with pulse probiotic administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalie S Dykstra
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario K1H 8L1, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Role of IAPs in prostate cancer progression: immunohistochemical study in normal and pathological (benign hyperplastic, prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and cancer) human prostate. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:18. [PMID: 20078866 PMCID: PMC2838819 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 01/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In this study was investigate IAPs in normal human prostate (NP), benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and prostatic carcinoma (PC), and their involvement in apoptosis/proliferation via NF-kB (TNF-α, IL-1) stimulation. Methods Immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses were performed in 10 samples of normal prostates, 35 samples of BPH, 27 samples diagnosis of PIN (with low-grade PIN or high-grade PIN) and 95 samples of PC (with low, medium or high Gleason grades). Results In NP, cytoplasm of epithelial cells were positive to c-IAP1/2 (80% of samples), c-IAP-2 (60%), ILP (20%), XIAP (20%); negative to NAIP and survivin. In BPH, epithelial cells were immunostained to c-IAP1/2 (57.57%), c-IAP-2 (57.57%), ILP (66.6%), NAIP (60.6%), XIAP (27.27%), survivin (9.1%). Whereas low-grade PIN showed intermediate results between NP and BPH; results in high-grade PIN were similar to those found in PC. In PC, epithelial cells were immunostained to c-IAP1/2, c-IAP-2, ILP, NAIP, XIAP (no Gleason variation) and survivin (increasing with Gleason). Conclusions IAPs could be involved in prostate disorder (BPH, PIN and PC) development since might be provoke inhibition of apoptosis and subsequently cell proliferation. At the same time, different transduction pathway such as IL-1/NIK/NF-kB or TNF/NF-kB (NIK or p38) also promotes proliferation. Inhibitions of IAPs, IL-1α and TNFα might be a possible target for PC treatment since IAPs are the proteins that inhibited apoptosis (favour proliferation) and IL-1α and TNFα would affect all the transduction pathway involucrate in the activation of transcription factors related to survival or proliferation (NF-kB, Elk-1 or ATF-2).
Collapse
|
18
|
Chiu HHL, Yong TMK, Wang J, Wang Y, Vessella RL, Ueda T, Wang YZ, Sadar MD. Induction of neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein expression in response to androgen deprivation in prostate cancer. Cancer Lett 2009; 292:176-85. [PMID: 20044205 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Revised: 11/30/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A mechanism for survival of prostate cancer cells in an androgen-deprived environment remains elusive. Here, we find that expression of neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein (NAIP) was significantly increased in vivo and in vitro in response to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Increased expression of NAIP corresponded to increased DNA-binding activity of NF-kappaB that physically associated to previously uncharacterized kappaB-like sites in the NAIP locus. Importantly, expression of NAIP was significantly increased (p=0.04) in clinical samples of prostate cancer from patients receiving ADT. Expression of NAIP may be associated with enhanced survival of prostate cancer in response to castration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen H L Chiu
- Canada's Michael Smith Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V5Z 1L3
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Shobuike T, Katagiri N, Miyamoto H. [Control of intracellular Legionella pneumophila growth--with special reference to the Lgn1/Naip5/Birc1e gene--]. Nihon Saikingaku Zasshi 2009; 64:319-330. [PMID: 19628930 DOI: 10.3412/jsb.64.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Shobuike
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Microbiology Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
A novel protein isoform of the multicopy human NAIP gene derives from intragenic Alu SINE promoters. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5761. [PMID: 19488400 PMCID: PMC2685007 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The human neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein (NAIP) gene is no longer principally considered a member of the Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein (IAP) family, as its domain structure and functions in innate immunity also warrant inclusion in the Nod-Like Receptor (NLR) superfamily. NAIP is located in a region of copy number variation, with one full length and four partly deleted copies in the reference human genome. We demonstrate that several of the NAIP paralogues are expressed, and that novel transcripts arise from both internal and upstream transcription start sites. Remarkably, two internal start sites initiate within Alu short interspersed element (SINE) retrotransposons, and a third novel transcription start site exists within the final intron of the GUSBP1 gene, upstream of only two NAIP copies. One Alu functions alone as a promoter in transient assays, while the other likely combines with upstream L1 sequences to form a composite promoter. The novel transcripts encode shortened open reading frames and we show that corresponding proteins are translated in a number of cell lines and primary tissues, in some cases above the level of full length NAIP. Interestingly, some NAIP isoforms lack their caspase-sequestering motifs, suggesting that they have novel functions. Moreover, given that human and mouse NAIP have previously been shown to employ endogenous retroviral long terminal repeats as promoters, exaptation of Alu repeats as additional promoters provides a fascinating illustration of regulatory innovations adopted by a single gene.
Collapse
|
21
|
Augello C, Caruso L, Maggioni M, Donadon M, Montorsi M, Santambrogio R, Torzilli G, Vaira V, Pellegrini C, Roncalli M, Coggi G, Bosari S. Inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) expression and their prognostic significance in hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2009; 9:125. [PMID: 19397802 PMCID: PMC2680906 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-9-125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 04/27/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Similarly to other tumor types, an imbalance between unrestrained cell proliferation and impaired apoptosis appears to be a major unfavorable feature of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The members of IAP family are key regulators of apoptosis, cytokinesis and signal transduction. IAP survival action is antagonized by specific binding of Smac/DIABLO and XAF1. This study aimed to investigate the gene and protein expression pattern of IAP family members and their antagonists in a series of human HCCs and to assess their clinical significance. Methods Relative quantification of IAPs and their antagonist genes was assessed by quantitative Real Time RT-PCR (qPCR) in 80 patients who underwent surgical resection for HCC. The expression ratios of XIAP/XAF1 and of XIAP/Smac were also evaluated. Survivin, XIAP and XAF1 protein expression were investigated by immunohistochemistry. Correlations between mRNA levels, protein expression and clinicopathological features were assessed. Follow-up data were available for 69 HCC patients. The overall survival analysis was estimated according to the Kaplan-Meier method. Results Survivin and Livin/ML-IAP mRNAs were significantly over-expressed in cancer tissues compared to non-neoplastic counterparts. Although Survivin immunoreactivity did not correlate with qPCR data, a significant relation was found between higher Survivin mRNA level and tumor stage, tumor grade and vascular invasion. The mRNA ratio XIAP/XAF1 was significantly higher in HCCs than in cirrhotic tissues. Moreover, high XIAP/XAF1 ratio was an indicator of poor prognosis when overall survival was estimated and elevated XIAP immunoreactivity was significantly associated with shorter survival. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that alterations in the expression of IAP family members, including Survivin and Livin/ML-IAP, are frequent in HCCs. Of interest, we could determine that an imbalance in XIAP/XAF1 mRNA expression levels correlated to overall patient survival, and that high XIAP immunoreactivity was a poor prognostic factor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Augello
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Division of Pathology, University of Milan, AO S Paolo e Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Regina Elena e Mangiagalli, Milan, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Chua HH, Yeh TH, Wang YP, Sheen TS, Shew JY, Huang YT, Tsai CH. Regulation of IAPs gene family by interleukin-1α and Epstein-Barr virus in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Head Neck 2008; 30:1575-85. [DOI: 10.1002/hed.20896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
|
23
|
Up-regulation of micro-RNA-221 (miRNA-221; chr Xp11.3) and caspase-3 accompanies down-regulation of the survivin-1 homolog BIRC1 (NAIP) in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). J Neurooncol 2008; 91:27-32. [PMID: 18759060 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-008-9688-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2008] [Accepted: 08/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) represents a class of malignant gliomas which rapidly proliferate, invade and destroy surrounding brain tissues. This study examined micro-RNA (miRNA) speciation and miRNA effects on gene expression in six ATCC glioma and GBM cell lines and in 14 glioma and GBM samples obtained from human brain biopsy. We observed selective up-regulation of miRNA-221 and down-regulation of a miRNA-221 messenger RNA target encoding the survivin-1 homolog BIRC1, a neuronal inhibitor of apoptosis protein (NIAP) and marker for neurodegeneration. The expression of BIRC5 (survivin-1) and caspase-3 were found to be significantly up-regulated, particularly in stage IV GBM. These studies suggest that the abundance and speciation of the BIRC family of neural cell fate regulators are differentially regulated in glioma and GBM, and may contribute to progressive changes in apoptotic signaling and altered neural cell cycling functions.
Collapse
|