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Le Pennec J, Makshakova O, Nevola P, Fouladkar F, Gout E, Machillot P, Friedel-Arboleas M, Picart C, Perez S, Vortkamp A, Vivès RR, Migliorini E. Glycosaminoglycans exhibit distinct interactions and signaling with BMP2 according to their nature and localization. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 341:122294. [PMID: 38876708 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
The role of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in modulating bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling represents a recent and underexplored area. Conflicting reports suggest a dual effect: some indicate a positive influence, while others demonstrate a negative impact. This duality suggests that the localization of GAGs (either at the cell surface or within the extracellular matrix) or the specific type of GAG may dictate their signaling role. The precise sulfation patterns of heparan sulfate (HS) responsible for BMP2 binding remain elusive. BMP2 exhibits a preference for binding to HS over other GAGs. Using well-characterized biomaterials mimicking the extracellular matrix, our research reveals that HS promotes BMP2 signaling in the extracellular space, contrary to chondroitin sulfate (CS), which enhances BMP2 bioactivity at the cell surface. Further observations indicate that a central IdoA (2S)-GlcNS (6S) tri-sulfated motif within HS hexasaccharides enhances binding. Nevertheless, BMP2 exhibits a degree of adaptability to various HS sulfation types and sequences. Molecular dynamic simulations attribute this adaptability to the BMP2 N-terminal end flexibility. Our findings illustrate the complex interplay between GAGs and BMP signaling, highlighting the importance of localization and specific sulfation patterns. This understanding has implications for the development of biomaterials with tailored properties for therapeutic applications targeting BMP signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Le Pennec
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, CNRS, U1292 Biosanté, EMR 5000, Grenoble, France
| | - Olga Makshakova
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, Synthetic Biology of Signalling Processes Lab, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Paola Nevola
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, CNRS, U1292 Biosanté, EMR 5000, Grenoble, France; Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Farah Fouladkar
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, CNRS, U1292 Biosanté, EMR 5000, Grenoble, France
| | - Evelyne Gout
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | - Paul Machillot
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, CNRS, U1292 Biosanté, EMR 5000, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Catherine Picart
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, CNRS, U1292 Biosanté, EMR 5000, Grenoble, France
| | - Serge Perez
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Centre de Recherche sur les Macromolécules Végétales, Grenoble, France
| | - Andrea Vortkamp
- Developmental Biology, Centre for Medical Biotechnology, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Elisa Migliorini
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, INSERM, CEA, CNRS, U1292 Biosanté, EMR 5000, Grenoble, France.
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2
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Patel VN, Pineda DL, Berenstein E, Hauser BR, Choi S, Prochazkova M, Zheng C, Goldsmith CM, van Kuppevelt TH, Kulkarni A, Song Y, Linhardt RJ, Chibly AM, Hoffman MP. Loss of Hs3st3a1 or Hs3st3b1 enzymes alters heparan sulfate to reduce epithelial morphogenesis and adult salivary gland function. Matrix Biol 2021; 103-104:37-57. [PMID: 34653670 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfotransferases generate highly sulfated but rare 3-O-sulfated heparan sulfate (HS) epitopes on cell surfaces and in the extracellular matrix. Previous ex vivo experiments suggested functional redundancy exists among the family of seven enzymes but that Hs3st3a1 and Hs3st3b1 sulfated HS increases epithelial FGFR signaling and morphogenesis. Single-cell RNAseq analysis of control SMGs identifies increased expression of Hs3st3a1 and Hs3st3b1 in endbud and myoepithelial cells, both of which are progenitor cells during development and regeneration. To analyze their in vivo functions, we generated both Hs3st3a1-/- and Hs3st3b1-/- single knockout mice, which are viable and fertile. Salivary glands from both mice have impaired fetal epithelial morphogenesis when cultured with FGF10. Hs3st3b1-/- mice have reduced intact SMG branching morphogenesis and reduced 3-O-sulfated HS in the basement membrane. Analysis of HS biosynthetic enzyme transcription highlighted some compensatory changes in sulfotransferases expression early in development. The overall glycosaminoglycan composition of adult control and KO mice were similar, although HS disaccharide analysis showed increased N- and non-sulfated disaccharides in Hs3st3a1-/- HS. Analysis of adult KO gland function revealed normal secretory innervation, but without stimulation there was an increase in frequency of drinking behavior in both KO mice, suggesting basal salivary hypofunction, possibly due to myoepithelial dysfunction. Understanding how 3-O-sulfation regulates myoepithelial progenitor function will be important to manipulate HS-binding growth factors to enhance tissue function and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali N Patel
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dallas L Pineda
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elsa Berenstein
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Belinda R Hauser
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sophie Choi
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Michaela Prochazkova
- Functional Genomics Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Changyu Zheng
- Translational Research Core, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Corinne M Goldsmith
- Translational Research Core, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Toin H van Kuppevelt
- Department of Biochemistry, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud university medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Ashok Kulkarni
- Functional Genomics Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yuefan Song
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Alejandro M Chibly
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Matthew P Hoffman
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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3
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Gao R, Ren J. Zebrafish Models in Therapeutic Research of Cardiac Conduction Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:731402. [PMID: 34422842 PMCID: PMC8371477 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.731402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Malfunction in the cardiac conduction system (CCS) due to congenital anomalies or diseases can cause cardiac conduction disease (CCD), which results in disturbances in cardiac rhythm, leading to syncope and even sudden cardiac death. Insights into development of the CCS components, including pacemaker cardiomyocytes (CMs), atrioventricular node (AVN) and the ventricular conduction system (VCS), can shed light on the pathological and molecular mechanisms underlying CCD, provide approaches for generating human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived CCS cells, and thus improve therapeutic treatment for such a potentially life-threatening disorder of the heart. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling CCS development remain elusive. The zebrafish has become a valuable vertebrate model to investigate early development of CCS components because of its unique features such as external fertilization, embryonic optical transparency and the ability to survive even with severe cardiovascular defects during development. In this review, we highlight how the zebrafish has been utilized to dissect the cellular and molecular mechanisms of CCS development, and how the evolutionarily conserved developmental mechanisms discovered in zebrafish could be applied to directing the creation of hPSC-derived CCS cells, therefore providing potential therapeutic strategies that may contribute to better treatment for CCD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Gao
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jie Ren
- Xiamen Cardiovascular Hospital, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Abstract
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) has emerged as a widely used model system during the last four decades. The fact that the zebrafish larva is transparent enables sophisticated in vivo imaging, including calcium imaging of intracellular transients in many different tissues. While being a vertebrate, the reduced complexity of its nervous system and small size make it possible to follow large-scale activity in the whole brain. Its genome is sequenced and many genetic and molecular tools have been developed that simplify the study of gene function in health and disease. Since the mid 90's, the development and neuronal function of the embryonic, larval, and later, adult zebrafish have been studied using calcium imaging methods. This updated chapter is reviewing the advances in methods and research findings of zebrafish calcium imaging during the last decade. The choice of calcium indicator depends on the desired number of cells to study and cell accessibility. Synthetic calcium indicators, conjugated to dextrans and acetoxymethyl (AM) esters, are still used to label specific neuronal cell types in the hindbrain and the olfactory system. However, genetically encoded calcium indicators, such as aequorin and the GCaMP family of indicators, expressed in various tissues by the use of cell-specific promoters, are now the choice for most applications, including brain-wide imaging. Calcium imaging in the zebrafish has contributed greatly to our understanding of basic biological principles during development and adulthood, and the function of disease-related genes in a vertebrate system.
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Kaltenbach DD, Jaishankar D, Hao M, Beer JC, Volin MV, Desai UR, Tiwari V. Sulfotransferase and Heparanase: Remodeling Engines in Promoting Virus Infection and Disease Development. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1315. [PMID: 30555321 PMCID: PMC6282075 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An extraordinary binding site generated in heparan sulfate (HS) structures, during its biosynthesis, provides a unique opportunity to interact with multiple protein ligands including viral proteins, and therefore adds tremendous value to this master molecule. An example of such a moiety is the sulfation at the C3 position of glucosamine residues in HS chain via 3-O sulfotransferase (3-OST) enzymes, which generates a unique virus-cell fusion receptor during herpes simplex virus (HSV) entry and spread. Emerging evidence now suggests that the unique patterns in HS sulfation assist multiple viruses in invading host cells at various steps of their life cycles. In addition, sulfated-HS structures are known to assist in invading host defense mechanisms and initiating multiple inflammatory processes; a critical event in the disease development. All these processes are detrimental for the host and therefore raise the question of how HS-sulfation is regulated. Epigenetic modulations have been shown to be implicated in these reactions during HSV infection as well as in HS modifying enzyme sulfotransferases, and therefore pose a critical component in answering it. Interestingly, heparanase (HPSE) activity is shown to be upregulated during virus infection and multiple other diseases assisting in virus replication to promote cell and tissue damage. These phenomena suggest that sulfotransferases and HPSE serve as key players in extracellular matrix remodeling and possibly generating unique signatures in a given disease. Therefore, identifying the epigenetic regulation of OST genes, and HPSE resulting in altered yet specific sulfation patterns in HS chain during virus infection, will be a significant a step toward developing potential diagnostic markers and designing novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik D Kaltenbach
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
| | - Dinesh Jaishankar
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Meng Hao
- Chicago College of Pharmacy, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
| | - Jacob C Beer
- Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
| | - Michael V Volin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
| | - Umesh R Desai
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Institute for Structural Biology, Drug Discovery and Development, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Vaibhav Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL, United States
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6
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Townley RA, Bülow HE. Deciphering functional glycosaminoglycan motifs in development. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2018; 50:144-154. [PMID: 29579579 PMCID: PMC6078790 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) such as heparan sulfate, chondroitin/dermatan sulfate, and keratan sulfate are linear glycans, which when attached to protein backbones form proteoglycans. GAGs are essential components of the extracellular space in metazoans. Extensive modifications of the glycans such as sulfation, deacetylation and epimerization create structural GAG motifs. These motifs regulate protein-protein interactions and are thereby repsonsible for many of the essential functions of GAGs. This review focusses on recent genetic approaches to characterize GAG motifs and their function in defined signaling pathways during development. We discuss a coding approach for GAGs that would enable computational analyses of GAG sequences such as alignments and the computation of position weight matrices to describe GAG motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Townley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, United States
| | - Hannes E Bülow
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States; Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, United States.
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7
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Thacker BE, Seamen E, Lawrence R, Parker MW, Xu Y, Liu J, Vander Kooi CW, Esko JD. Expanding the 3-O-Sulfate Proteome--Enhanced Binding of Neuropilin-1 to 3-O-Sulfated Heparan Sulfate Modulates Its Activity. ACS Chem Biol 2016; 11:971-80. [PMID: 26731579 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.5b00897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Binding of proteins to heparan sulfate is driven predominantly by electrostatic interactions between positively charged amino acid residues in the protein and negatively charged sulfate groups located at various positions along the polysaccharide chain. Although many heparin/heparan-sulfate-binding proteins have been described, few exhibit preferential binding for heparan sulfates containing relatively rare 3-O-sulfated glucosamine residues. To expand the "3-O-sulfate proteome," affinity matrices were created from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell heparan sulfate engineered in vitro with and without 3-O-sulfate groups. Fractionation of different animal sera yielded several proteins that bound specifically to columns containing 3-O-sulfated heparan sulfate modified by two members of the heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfotransferase superfamily, Hs3st1 and Hs3st2. Neuropilin-1 was analyzed in detail because it has been implicated in angiogenesis and axon guidance. We show that 3-O-sulfation enhanced the binding of neuropilin-1 to heparan sulfate immobilized on plastic plates and to heparan sulfate present on cultured cells. Chemoenzymatically synthesized 3-O-sulfated heparan sulfate dodecamers protected neuropilin-1 from thermal denaturation and inhibited neuropilin-1-dependent, semaphorin-3a-induced growth cone collapse of neurons derived from murine dorsal root ganglia. The effect of 3-O-sulfation was cell autonomous and specific to Hs3st2 based on collapse assays of neurons derived from Hs3st1- and Hs3st2-deficient mice. Finally, 3-O-sulfated heparan sulfate enhanced the inhibition of endothelial cell sprouting by exogenous heparan sulfate. These findings demonstrate a reliable method to identify members of the 3-O-sulfate proteome and that 3-O-sulfation of heparan sulfate can modulate axonal growth cone collapse and endothelial cell sprouting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Matthew W. Parker
- Center
for Structural Biology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
| | - Yongmei Xu
- Division
of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jian Liu
- Division
of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Craig W. Vander Kooi
- Center
for Structural Biology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536, United States
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Andrés-Delgado L, Mercader N. Interplay between cardiac function and heart development. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:1707-16. [PMID: 26952935 PMCID: PMC4906158 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Mechanotransduction refers to the conversion of mechanical forces into biochemical or electrical signals that initiate structural and functional remodeling in cells and tissues. The heart is a kinetic organ whose form changes considerably during development and disease. This requires cardiomyocytes to be mechanically durable and able to mount coordinated responses to a variety of environmental signals on different time scales, including cardiac pressure loading and electrical and hemodynamic forces. During physiological growth, myocytes, endocardial and epicardial cells have to adaptively remodel to these mechanical forces. Here we review some of the recent advances in the understanding of how mechanical forces influence cardiac development, with a focus on fluid flow forces. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Cardiomyocyte Biology: Integration of Developmental and Environmental Cues in the Heart edited by Marcus Schaub and Hughes Abriel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Andrés-Delgado
- Development of the Epicardium and Its Role during Regeneration Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC-ISCIII), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Nadia Mercader
- Development of the Epicardium and Its Role during Regeneration Group, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC-ISCIII), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Institute of Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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9
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Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) have long been implicated in a wide range of cell-cell signaling and cell-matrix interactions, both in vitro and in vivo in invertebrate models. Although many of the genes that encode HSPG core proteins and the biosynthetic enzymes that generate and modify HSPG sugar chains have not yet been analyzed by genetics in vertebrates, recent studies have shown that HSPGs do indeed mediate a wide range of functions in early vertebrate development, for example during left-right patterning and in cardiovascular and neural development. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the various roles of HSPGs in these systems and explore the concept of an instructive heparan sulfate sugar code for modulating vertebrate development. Summary: This Review article examines the role of heparan sulfate proteoglycans in vertebrate development and explores the concept of an instructive 'sugar code' for modulating development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne E Poulain
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - H Joseph Yost
- University of Utah, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Department of Pediatrics, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
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Filipek-Górniok B, Carlsson P, Haitina T, Habicher J, Ledin J, Kjellén L. The NDST gene family in zebrafish: role of NDST1B in pharyngeal arch formation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119040. [PMID: 25767878 PMCID: PMC4359090 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycans are ubiquitous components of the extracellular matrix and plasma membrane of metazoans. The sulfation pattern of the HS glycosaminoglycan chain is characteristic for each tissue and changes during development. The glucosaminyl N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase (NDST) enzymes catalyze N-deacetylation and N-sulfation during HS biosynthesis and have a key role in designing the sulfation pattern. We here report on the presence of five NDST genes in zebrafish. Zebrafish ndst1a, ndst1b, ndst2a and ndst2b represent duplicated mammalian orthologues of NDST1 and NDST2 that arose through teleost specific genome duplication. Interestingly, the single zebrafish orthologue ndst3, is equally similar to tetrapod Ndst3 and Ndst4. It is likely that a local duplication in the common ancestor of lobe-finned fish and tetrapods gave rise to these two genes. All zebrafish Ndst genes showed distinct but partially overlapping expression patterns during embryonic development. Morpholino knockdown of ndst1b resulted in delayed development, craniofacial cartilage abnormalities, shortened body and pectoral fin length, resembling some of the features of the Ndst1 mouse knockout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Filipek-Górniok
- Dept. of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, PO Box 582, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pernilla Carlsson
- Dept. of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, PO Box 582, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tatjana Haitina
- Dept. of Organismal Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Judith Habicher
- Dept. of Organismal Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Ledin
- Dept. of Organismal Biology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lena Kjellén
- Dept. of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, PO Box 582, SE-751 23, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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11
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Tiwari V, Tarbutton MS, Shukla D. Diversity of heparan sulfate and HSV entry: basic understanding and treatment strategies. Molecules 2015; 20:2707-27. [PMID: 25665065 PMCID: PMC6272628 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20022707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A modified form of heparan sulfate (HS) known as 3-O-sulfated heparan sulfate (3-OS HS) generates fusion receptor for herpes simplex virus (HSV) entry and spread. Primary cultures of corneal fibroblasts derived from human eye donors have shown the clinical significance of this receptor during HSV corneal infection. 3-OS HS- is a product of a rare enzymatic modification at C3 position of glucosamine residue which is catalyzed by 3-O-sulfotransferases (3-OSTs) enzymes. From humans to zebrafish, the 3-OST enzymes are highly conserved and widely expressed in cells and tissues. There are multiple forms of 3-OSTs each producing unique subset of sulfated HS making it chemically diverse and heterogeneous. HSV infection of cells or zebrafish can be used as a unique tool to understand the structural-functional activities of HS and 3-OS HS and likewise, the infection can be used as a functional assay to screen phage display libraries for identifying HS and 3-OS HS binding peptides or small molecule inhibitors. Using this approach over 200 unique 12-mer HS and 3-OS HS recognizing peptides were isolated and characterized against HSV corneal infection where 3-OS HS is known to be a key receptor. In this review we discuss emerging role of 3-OS HS based therapeutic strategies in preventing viral infection and tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaibhav Tiwari
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
| | - Morgan S Tarbutton
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA.
| | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Zeng Y, Han Z, Qiu P, Zhou Z, Tang Y, Zhao Y, Zheng S, Xu C, Zhang X, Yin P, Jiang X, Lu H, Yu G, Zhang L. Salinity-induced anti-angiogenesis activities and structural changes of the polysaccharides from cultured Cordyceps Militaris. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103880. [PMID: 25203294 PMCID: PMC4159134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps is a rare and exotic mushroom that grows out of the head of a mummified caterpillar. Many companies are cultivating Cordyceps to meet the increased demand for its medicinal applications. However, the structures and functions of polysaccharides, one of the pharmaceutical active ingredients in Cordyceps, are difficult to reproduce in vitro. We hypothesized that mimicking the salty environment inside caterpillar bodies might make the cultured fungus synthesize polysaccharides with similar structures and functions to that of wild Cordyceps. By adding either sodium sulfate or sodium chloride into growth media, we observed the salinity-induced anti-angiogenesis activities of the polysaccharides purified from the cultured C. Militaris. To correlate the activities with the polysaccharide structures, we performed the (13)C-NMR analysis and observed profound structural changes including different proportions of α and β glycosidic bonds and appearances of uronic acid signals in the polysaccharides purified from the culture after the salts were added. By coupling the techniques of stable (34)S-sulfate isotope labeling, aniline- and D5-aniline tagging, and stable isotope facilitated uronic acid-reduction with LC-MS analysis, our data revealed for the first time the existence of covalently linked sulfate and the presence of polygalacuronic acids in the polysaccharides purified from the salt added C. Militaris culture. Our data showed that culturing C. Militaris with added salts changed the biosynthetic scheme and resulted in novel polysaccharide structures and functions. These findings might be insightful in terms of how to make C. Militaris cultures to reach or to exceed the potency of wild Cordyceps in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhangrun Han
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Peiju Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Zijing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yang Tang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Sha Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Chenchen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Pinghe Yin
- Department of Chemistry, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolu Jiang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Hong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Guangli Yu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Glycoscience & Glycotechnology, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
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13
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Comprehensive analysis of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) entry mediated by zebrafish 3-O-Sulfotransferase isoforms: implications for the development of a zebrafish model of HSV-1 infection. J Virol 2014; 88:12915-22. [PMID: 25142596 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02071-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Binding of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) envelope glycoprotein D (gD) to the receptor 3-O-sulfated heparan sulfate (3-OS HS) mediates viral entry. 3-O-Sulfation of HS is catalyzed by the 3-O-sulfotransferase (3-OST) enzyme. Multiple isoforms of 3-OST are differentially expressed in tissues of zebrafish (ZF) embryos. Here, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the role of ZF 3-OST isoforms (3-OST-1, 3-OST-5, 3-OST-6, and 3-OST-7) in HSV-1 entry. We found that a group of 3-OST gene family isoforms (3-OST-2, -3, -4, and -6) with conserved catalytic and substrate-binding residues of the enzyme mediates HSV-1 entry and spread, while the other group (3-OST-1, -5, and -7) lacks these properties. These results demonstrate that HSV-1 entry can be recapitulated by certain ZF 3-OST enzymes, a significant step toward the establishment of a ZF model of HSV-1 infection and tissue-specific tropism.
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14
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Patel VN, Lombaert IMA, Cowherd SN, Shworak NW, Xu Y, Liu J, Hoffman MP. Hs3st3-modified heparan sulfate controls KIT+ progenitor expansion by regulating 3-O-sulfotransferases. Dev Cell 2014; 29:662-73. [PMID: 24960693 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2014.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The exquisite control of growth factor function by heparan sulfate (HS) is dictated by tremendous structural heterogeneity of sulfated modifications. How specific HS structures control growth factor-dependent progenitor expansion during organogenesis is unknown. We isolated KIT+ progenitors from fetal salivary glands during a stage of rapid progenitor expansion and profiled HS biosynthetic enzyme expression. Enzymes generating a specific type of 3-O-sulfated-HS (3-O-HS) are enriched, and fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10)/FGF receptor 2b (FGFR2b) signaling directly regulates their expression. Bioengineered 3-O-HS binds FGFR2b and stabilizes FGF10/FGFR2b complexes in a receptor- and growth factor-specific manner. Rapid autocrine feedback increases 3-O-HS, KIT, and progenitor expansion. Knockdown of multiple Hs3st isoforms limits fetal progenitor expansion but is rescued with bioengineered 3-O-HS, which also increases adult progenitor expansion. Altering specific 3-O-sulfated epitopes provides a mechanism to rapidly respond to FGFR2b signaling and control progenitor expansion. 3-O-HS may expand KIT+ progenitors in vitro for regenerative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaishali N Patel
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Isabelle M A Lombaert
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Samuel N Cowherd
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Nicholas W Shworak
- Section of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03756, USA
| | - Yongmei Xu
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Matthew P Hoffman
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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15
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Guo Y, Feng Y, Li Z, Lin X. Drosophila heparan sulfate 3-O sulfotransferase B null mutant is viable and exhibits no defects in Notch signaling. J Genet Genomics 2014; 41:369-78. [PMID: 25064676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are critically involved in a variety of biological events. The functions of HSPGs are determined by the nature of the core proteins and modifications of heparan sulfate (HS) glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains. The distinct O-sulfotransferases are important for nonrandom modifications at specific positions. Two HS 3-O sulfotransferase (Hs3st) genes, Hs3st-A and Hs3st-B, were identified in Drosophila. Previous experiments using RNA interference (RNAi) suggested that Hs3st-B was required for Notch signaling. Here, we generated a null mutant of Hs3st-B via ends-out gene targeting and examined its role(s) in development. We found that homozygous Hs3st-B mutants have no neurogenic defects or alterations in the expression of Notch signaling target gene. Thus, our results strongly argue against an essential role for Hs3st-B in Notch signaling. Moreover, we have generated two independent Hs3st-A RNAi lines which worked to deplete Hs3st-A. Importantly, Hs3st-A RNAi combined with Hs3st-B mutant flies did not alter the expression of Notch signaling components, arguing that both Hs3st-A and Hs3st-B were not essential for Notch signaling. The establishment of Hs3st-B mutant and effective Hs3st-A RNAi lines provides essential tools for further studies of the physiological roles of Hs3st-A and Hs3st-B in development and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueqin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Feng
- School of Optometry and Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China; State Key Laboratory of Stress Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Zhouhua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; School of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China.
| | - Xinhua Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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16
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Thacker BE, Xu D, Lawrence R, Esko JD. Heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfation: a rare modification in search of a function. Matrix Biol 2013; 35:60-72. [PMID: 24361527 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Many protein ligands bind to heparan sulfate, which results in their presentation, protection, oligomerization or conformational activation. Binding depends on the pattern of sulfation and arrangement of uronic acid epimers along the chains. Sulfation at the C3 position of glucosamine is a relatively rare, yet biologically significant modification, initially described as a key determinant for binding and activation of antithrombin and later for infection by type I herpes simplex virus. In mammals, a family of seven heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfotransferases installs sulfate groups at this position and constitutes the largest group of sulfotransferases involved in heparan sulfate formation. However, to date very few proteins or biological systems have been described that are influenced by 3-O-sulfation. This review describes our current understanding of the prevalence and structure of 3-O-sulfation sites, expression and substrate specificity of the 3-O-sulfotransferase family and the emerging roles of 3-O-sulfation in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan E Thacker
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, United States; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, United States
| | - Ding Xu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, United States
| | - Roger Lawrence
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, United States; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, United States.
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