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Male AG. Orientation and contrast deviance examined: Contrast effects mimic deviant-related negativity yet neither produce the canonical neural correlate of prediction error. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299948. [PMID: 38489302 PMCID: PMC10942059 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The visual mismatch negativity (vMMN) is a negative-going event-related potential (ERP) component that is largest somewhere between 100 and 300 ms after the onset of an unpredictable visual event (i.e., a deviant) in an otherwise predictable sequence of visual events (i.e., standards). Many have argued that the vMMN allows us to monitor our ever-changing visual environment for deviants critical to our survival. Recently, however, it has become unclear whether unpredicted changes in low-level features of visual input, like orientation, can evoke the vMMN. I address this by testing isolated orientation changes, to confirm recent findings, and isolated contrast changes, to determine whether other low-level features of visual input do not evoke the vMMN in a traditional oddball paradigm. Eighteen participants saw sequences of rare, unanticipated, and different deviant stimuli, interspersed among frequent, anticipated, and identical standard stimuli. Stimuli were Gabor patches. Neither deviant produced a vMMN. Therefore, changes in low-level visual properties of well-controlled stimuli-a stimulus in which one property can be manipulated while all others remain unaffected-like Gabor patches do not yield a vMMN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alie G. Male
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, United States of America
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2
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From Loss of Control to Social Exclusion: ERP Effects of Preexposure to a Social Threat in the Cyberball Paradigm. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12091225. [PMID: 36138964 PMCID: PMC9496925 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12091225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies indicated that the onsets of different social threats, such as threats to ”belonging” and “control”, are inconsistent with the subjective beliefs of social participation and require readjustment of expectations. Because a common cognitive system is assumed to be involved, the adjustment triggered by the experience of a single social threat should affect the processing of subsequent social interactions. We examined how preexposure to a loss of control affected social exclusion processing by using the Cyberball paradigm. An event-related brain component (P3) served as a probe for the state of the expectancy system, and self-reports reflected the subjective evaluations of the social threats. In the control group (n = 23), the transition to exclusion elicited a significant P3 effect and a high threat to belonging in the self-reports. Both effects were significantly reduced when the exclusion was preceded by preexposure to a loss of control (EG1disc, n = 23). These effects, however, depend on the offset of the preexposure. In case of a continuation (EG2cont, n = 24), the P3 effect was further reduced, but the threat to belonging was restored. We conclude that the P3 data are consistent with predictions of a common expectancy violation account, whereas self-reports are supposed to be affected by additional processes.
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Ficco L, Mancuso L, Manuello J, Teneggi A, Liloia D, Duca S, Costa T, Kovacs GZ, Cauda F. Disentangling predictive processing in the brain: a meta-analytic study in favour of a predictive network. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16258. [PMID: 34376727 PMCID: PMC8355157 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95603-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the predictive coding (PC) theory, the brain is constantly engaged in predicting its upcoming states and refining these predictions through error signals. Despite extensive research investigating the neural bases of this theory, to date no previous study has systematically attempted to define the neural mechanisms of predictive coding across studies and sensory channels, focussing on functional connectivity. In this study, we employ a coordinate-based meta-analytical approach to address this issue. We first use the Activation Likelihood Estimation (ALE) algorithm to detect spatial convergence across studies, related to prediction error and encoding. Overall, our ALE results suggest the ultimate role of the left inferior frontal gyrus and left insula in both processes. Moreover, we employ a meta-analytic connectivity method (Seed-Voxel Correlations Consensus). This technique reveals a large, bilateral predictive network, which resembles large-scale networks involved in task-driven attention and execution. In sum, we find that: (i) predictive processing seems to occur more in certain brain regions than others, when considering different sensory modalities at a time; (ii) there is no evidence, at the network level, for a distinction between error and prediction processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Ficco
- Focuslab, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
- GCS-fMRI, Koelliker Hospital and Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
- Department for General Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Am Steiger 3/Haus 1, 07743, Jena, Germany.
| | - Lorenzo Mancuso
- Focuslab, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- GCS-fMRI, Koelliker Hospital and Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Jordi Manuello
- Focuslab, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- GCS-fMRI, Koelliker Hospital and Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessia Teneggi
- Focuslab, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- GCS-fMRI, Koelliker Hospital and Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Donato Liloia
- Focuslab, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- GCS-fMRI, Koelliker Hospital and Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Sergio Duca
- GCS-fMRI, Koelliker Hospital and Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Tommaso Costa
- Focuslab, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- GCS-fMRI, Koelliker Hospital and Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Gyula Zoltán Kovacs
- Department of Biological Psychology and Cognitive Neuroscience, Institute for Psychology, Friedrich-Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Franco Cauda
- Focuslab, Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- GCS-fMRI, Koelliker Hospital and Department of Psychology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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4
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Pianzola F, Riva G, Kukkonen K, Mantovani F. Presence, flow, and narrative absorption: an interdisciplinary theoretical exploration with a new spatiotemporal integrated model based on predictive processing. OPEN RESEARCH EUROPE 2021; 1:28. [PMID: 37645177 PMCID: PMC10446082 DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.13193.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Presence, flow, narrative absorption, immersion, transportation, and similar subjective phenomena are studied in many different disciplines, mostly in relation to mediated experiences (books, film, VR, games). Moreover, since real, virtual, or fictional agents are often involved, concepts like identification and state empathy are often linked to engaging media use. Based on a scoping review that identified similarities in the wording of various questionnaire items conceived to measure different phenomena, we categorize items into the most relevant psychological aspects and use this categorization to propose an interdisciplinary systematization. Then, based on a framework of embodied predictive processing, we present a new cognitive model of presence-related phenomena for mediated and non-mediated experiences, integrating spatial and temporal aspects and also considering the role of fiction and media design. Key processes described within the model are: selective attention, enactment of intentions, and interoception. We claim that presence is the state of perceived successful agency of an embodied mind able to correctly enact its predictions. The difference between real-life and simulated experiences ("book problem," "paradox of fiction") lays in the different precision weighting of exteroceptive and interoceptive signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Pianzola
- Department of Human Sciences for Education "R. Massa", University of Milan Bicocca, Milan, Italy
- School of Media, Arts and Science, Sogang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Giuseppe Riva
- Department of Psychology, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Milan, Italy
- Applied Technology for Neuro-Psychology Lab, Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Karin Kukkonen
- Department of Literature, Area Studies and European Language, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Fabrizia Mantovani
- Department of Human Sciences for Education "R. Massa", University of Milan Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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5
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Boyadzhieva A, Kayhan E. Keeping the Breath in Mind: Respiration, Neural Oscillations, and the Free Energy Principle. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:647579. [PMID: 34267621 PMCID: PMC8275985 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.647579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientific interest in the brain and body interactions has been surging in recent years. One fundamental yet underexplored aspect of brain and body interactions is the link between the respiratory and the nervous systems. In this article, we give an overview of the emerging literature on how respiration modulates neural, cognitive and emotional processes. Moreover, we present a perspective linking respiration to the free-energy principle. We frame volitional modulation of the breath as an active inference mechanism in which sensory evidence is recontextualized to alter interoceptive models. We further propose that respiration-entrained gamma oscillations may reflect the propagation of prediction errors from the sensory level up to cortical regions in order to alter higher level predictions. Accordingly, controlled breathing emerges as an easily accessible tool for emotional, cognitive, and physiological regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ezgi Kayhan
- Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
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Feuerriegel D, Vogels R, Kovács G. Evaluating the evidence for expectation suppression in the visual system. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 126:368-381. [PMID: 33836212 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Reports of expectation suppression have shaped the development of influential predictive coding-based theories of visual perception. However recent work has highlighted confounding factors that may mimic or inflate expectation suppression effects. In this review, we describe four confounds that are prevalent across experiments that tested for expectation suppression: effects of surprise, attention, stimulus repetition and adaptation, and stimulus novelty. With these confounds in mind we then critically review the evidence for expectation suppression across probabilistic cueing, statistical learning, oddball, action-outcome learning and apparent motion designs. We found evidence for expectation suppression within a specific subset of statistical learning designs that involved weeks of sequence learning prior to neural activity measurement. Across other experimental contexts, whereby stimulus appearance probabilities were learned within one or two testing sessions, there was inconsistent evidence for genuine expectation suppression. We discuss how an absence of expectation suppression could inform models of predictive processing, repetition suppression and perceptual decision-making. We also provide suggestions for designing experiments that may better test for expectation suppression in future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Feuerriegel
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Rufin Vogels
- Laboratorium voor Neuro- en Psychofysiologie, Department of Neurosciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gyula Kovács
- Institute of Psychology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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7
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Rostalski SM, Amado C, Kovács G, Feuerriegel D. Measures of repetition suppression in the fusiform face area are inflated by co-occurring effects of statistically learned visual associations. Cortex 2020; 131:123-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Barron HC, Auksztulewicz R, Friston K. Prediction and memory: A predictive coding account. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 192:101821. [PMID: 32446883 PMCID: PMC7305946 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The hippocampus is crucial for episodic memory, but it is also involved in online prediction. Evidence suggests that a unitary hippocampal code underlies both episodic memory and predictive processing, yet within a predictive coding framework the hippocampal-neocortical interactions that accompany these two phenomena are distinct and opposing. Namely, during episodic recall, the hippocampus is thought to exert an excitatory influence on the neocortex, to reinstate activity patterns across cortical circuits. This contrasts with empirical and theoretical work on predictive processing, where descending predictions suppress prediction errors to 'explain away' ascending inputs via cortical inhibition. In this hypothesis piece, we attempt to dissolve this previously overlooked dialectic. We consider how the hippocampus may facilitate both prediction and memory, respectively, by inhibiting neocortical prediction errors or increasing their gain. We propose that these distinct processing modes depend upon the neuromodulatory gain (or precision) ascribed to prediction error units. Within this framework, memory recall is cast as arising from fictive prediction errors that furnish training signals to optimise generative models of the world, in the absence of sensory data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen C Barron
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TH, UK; Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, FMRIB, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
| | - Ryszard Auksztulewicz
- Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt Am Main, 60322, Germany; Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Karl Friston
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
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Tunc S, Baginski N, Lubs J, Bally JF, Weissbach A, Baaske MK, Tadic V, Brüggemann N, Bäumer T, Beste C, Münchau A. Predictive coding and adaptive behavior in patients with genetically determined cerebellar ataxia--A neurophysiology study. Neuroimage Clin 2019; 24:102043. [PMID: 31678909 PMCID: PMC6978209 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.102043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Genetically determined cerebellar ataxias (CA) are a heterogeneous group of disorders with progressive decline of cerebellar functions. The cerebellum influences internal forward models that play a role in cognitive control, but whether these processes are dysfunctional in CA is unclear. Here, we examined sensory predictive coding processes and response adaptation in CA and healthy controls (HC) using behavioral tests with concomitant EEG recordings. N = 23 patients and N = 29 age- and sex-matched HC were studied. Sensory prediction coding was tested with an auditory distraction paradigm and error-related behavioral adaptation with a visual flanker task. As neurophysiological markers we studied different event-related potentials: the P3a for orientation of attention; the N2 and the error-related negativity (ERN) for cognitive adaptation processes/consequences of response errors; error-related positivity (Pe) for error-awareness; the mismatch negativity (MMN) for sensory predictive coding; and reorientation negativity (RON) for reorientation after unexpected events. Overall reaction times were slower in patients compared to HC, but error rates did not differ. Both in patients and HC, P3a amplitudes were larger in distraction trials, but the P3a amplitude was smaller in patients compared to HC. The MMN as well as behavioral and EEG-correlates of response adaptation (ERN/N2) did not differ between groups, while the Pe was attenuated in patients. During sensory predictive coding, RON amplitudes were significantly larger in HC compared to patients. In HC, but not in patients, RON amplitudes were also larger in deviant compared to frequent trials. Processes generating internal forward models are largely intact in genetically determined CA, whereas updating of mental models and error awareness are disturbed in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinem Tunc
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Juliane Lubs
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - Julien F Bally
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anne Weissbach
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - Magdalena Khira Baaske
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Germany
| | - Vera Tadic
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Germany
| | - Norbert Brüggemann
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Germany; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Germany
| | - Tobias Bäumer
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christian Beste
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine of the TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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