Reporting animal research: Explanation and elaboration for the ARRIVE guidelines 2.0

Effect of radiation cross-linked collagen scaffold in alveolar ridge preservation of extraction socket

This study aimed to evaluate the properties of radiation cross-linked collagen scaffold (RCS) and its efficacy for alveolar ridge preservation (ARP). RCS was prepared from collagen dispersion by electron beam irradiation and freeze-drying. The microstructure, swelling ratio, area alteration and mechanical properties of RCS were characterized. Fifty-four New Zealand rabbits performing incisor extraction on maxilla and mandible were randomly assigned into positive, sham operation or treatment groups. Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) scans, performed after 1, 4, and 12 weeks of surgery, were to assess changes in ridge height at buccal and palatal side, in ridge width and in micromorphological parameters. Histological analysis accessed socket microarchitecture. The results showed that RCS had stable mechanical properties and morphologic features that provided a reliable physical support for ARP. Dimensional changes in treatment group revealed significantly greater vertical height at buccal (5.32 [3.37, 7.26] mm, p < .0001) and palatal (4.37 [2.66, 6.09] mm, p < .0001) side, and horizontal width at the maxilla (0.16 [0.04, 0.28] mm, p < .01) and mandible (0.33 [0.11, 0.54] mm, p < .01) than those in sham operation group after 12 weeks. The treatment group had advantage than positive group in vertical height preservation, quantitatively. The order and density of bone trabeculae were improved in treatment group. These findings indicated that RCS had the potential to serve as an effective scaffold for ARP.

Antihyperalgesic effect of γ-terpinene complexed in β-cyclodextrin on neuropathic pain model induced by tumor cells

Neuropathic pain is a high-intensity pain that can be caused by compression, transection, injury, nerve infiltration and drug treatment of cancer. Furthermore, drug therapy has low clinical efficacy, many adverse effects and remission of painful symptoms. In this way, natural products derived from plants constitute a promising therapeutic alternative. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the antihyperalgesic effect of γ-terpinene (γ-TPN) e γ-terpinene in β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes (TPN/CD) on neuropathic pain induced by tumor cells. Complexation extended the effect time for another 5 h and daily treatment for six days with γ-TPN (50 mg/kg, p.o.) and γ-TPN/β-CD (50 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly reduced (p < 0.001) the mechanical hyperalgesia induced by the administration of 2x106 sarcoma cells 180 in the around the sciatic nerve. In addition, the Grip and Rota-rod techniques demonstrated that there was no interference on the muscle strength and motor coordination of the animals, suggesting that the compound under study does not have central nervous system depressant effects at the doses used. Molecular docking studies demonstrate favorable binding energies between γ-TPN and β-CD, and alpha-2 adrenergic, glutamatergic, opioid and cholinergic receptors. Thus, this study demonstrates the potential of terpinene complexation in controlling neuropathic pain induced by tumor cells.

The ultrastructure of peroxisomes in the kidney of the camel (Camelus dromedarius)

Dromedary camels can survive and reproduce in desert areas. The unique anatomical structure of the kidney enables the camel to prevent water loss. The present study aimed to investigate the ultrastructure of the peroxisomes in the normal kidney of the adult dromedary camel. Tissue samples were taken from the cortex and outer medulla of the kidney of eight camels. The samples were then processed for histological and ultrastructural investigations. The epithelial cells of the proximal tubules displayed peroxisomes with varying sizes and shapes. The peroxisomes were observed in either dispersed or clustered arrangement. Each peroxisome exhibited a homogenous matrix enveloped by a single membrane. Several peroxisomes exhibited one or more dark marginal plates that were always strongly associated with the smooth endoplasmic reticulum. The intensity of the peroxisomal matrix differed significantly, either within the same cell or across different cells. The intensity was light or dark, with a few peroxisomes presenting a similar intensity to that of the mitochondria. Some peroxisomes contained nucleoids within their matrix. The peroxisomes in the first and second sections of proximal convoluted tubules were scattered and primarily located in the region between the microvilli and the underlying mitochondria. The peroxisomes in the third region were abundant and frequently aggregated in clusters throughout the cytoplasm. In the fourth region, the number of peroxisomes was low. The proximal straight tubule had a limited quantity of peroxisomes. In conclusion, peroxisomes in the proximal tubule in kidney of normal dromedary camel were similar in shape and size to other mammals; however, heterogeneity exists as a result of differences in species-specific peroxisomal proteins. Peroxisomes are suggested to be a major source of metabolic energy and act as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) scavengers, resulting in the release of water and oxygen.

Recent breakthroughs in understanding the cerebellum's role in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: A systematic review

Exposure to alcohol during fetal development can lead to structural and functional abnormalities in the cerebellum, a brain region responsible for motor coordination, balance, and specific cognitive functions. In this systematic review, we comprehensively analyze a vast body of research conducted on vertebrate animals and humans over the past 13 years. We identified studies through PubMed and screened them following PRISMA guidelines. Data extraction and quality analysis were conducted using Covidence systematic review software. A total of 108 studies met our inclusion criteria, with the majority (79 studies) involving vertebrate animal models and 29 studies focusing on human subjects. Animal models included zebrafish, mice, rats, sheep, and non-human primates, investigating the impact of ethanol on cerebellar structure, gene/protein expression, physiology, and cerebellar-dependent behaviors. Additionally, some animal studies explored potential therapeutic interventions against ethanol-induced cerebellar damage. The human studies predominantly adopted cohort designs, exploring the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on cerebellar structure and function. Certain human studies delved into innovative cerebellar-based diagnostic approaches for fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). The collective findings from these studies clearly indicate that the cerebellum is involved in various neurophysiological deficits associated with FASD, emphasizing the importance of evaluating both cerebellar structure and function in the diagnostic process for this condition. Moreover, this review sheds light into potential therapeutic strategies that can mitigate prenatal alcohol exposure-induced cerebellar damage.

Evolution of Research Reporting Standards: Adapting to the Influence of Artificial Intelligence, Statistics Software, and Writing Tools

Reporting standards are essential to health research as they improve accuracy and transparency. Over time, significant changes have occurred to the requirements for reporting research to ensure comprehensive and transparent reporting across a range of study domains and foster methodological rigor. The establishment of the Declaration of Helsinki, Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT), Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE), and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) are just a few of the historic initiatives that have increased research transparency. Through enhanced discoverability, statistical analysis facilitation, article quality enhancement, and language barrier reduction, artificial intelligence (AI)-in particular, large language models like ChatGPT-has transformed academic writing. However, problems with errors that could occur and the need for transparency while utilizing AI tools still exist. Modifying reporting rules to include AI-driven writing tools such as ChatGPT is ethically and practically challenging. In academic writing, precautions for truth, privacy, and responsibility are necessary due to concerns about biases, openness, data limits, and potential legal ramifications. The CONSORT-AI and Standard Protocol Items: Recommendations for Interventional Trials (SPIRIT)-AI Steering Group expands the CONSORT guidelines for AI clinical trials-new checklists like METRICS and CLEAR help to promote transparency in AI studies. Responsible usage of technology in research and writing software adoption requires interdisciplinary collaboration and ethical assessment. This study explores the impact of AI technologies, specifically ChatGPT, on past reporting standards and the need for revised guidelines for open, reproducible, and robust scientific publications.

PCL injury following high energy trauma: associated injuries and postoperative complications "insights from a national registry study"

PURPOSE

The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) is a vital knee stabilizer. While PCL injuries are rare, high-energy traumas can lead to total ruptures, with accompanying injuries requiring surgery. This study aims to investigate the demographics, concomitant injuries, and postoperative complications of patients who underwent PCL reconstruction due to high-energy trauma in a large patient sample.

METHODS

Patients who underwent PCL reconstruction from 2016 to 2022 were retrospectively evaluated using data from a nationwide personal health recording system. Patient demographics, injury mechanisms, associated fractures, soft tissue injuries, and postoperative complications were collected from patient notes, clinical visits, and surgical notes. Individuals with a PCL injury following high-energy trauma (car accident, falls from height, motorcycle accident) with a minimum follow-up of 1 year were included in the study.

RESULTS

The study included 416 patients with a mean age of 32.4 years. Isolated PCL injuries (n = 97, 23.3%) were observed less frequently than multiple-ligament injuries (n = 319, 76.7%). Most cases were treated with single-stage surgery (86.8%), while staged surgeries were performed in a minority of cases (13.2%). There was no relationship between trauma mechanisms and multiple-ligament involvement, accompanying injuries, or postoperative complications. Surgeries following car accidents were more likely to occur as staged surgeries (p = 0.014). Additionally, the complication rates for staged surgeries and younger patients (≤ 18 years) were significantly higher (p = 0.009).

CONCLUSION

High-energy trauma-induced PCL injuries are often associated with severe concurrent knee injuries with multiple ligament involvement. PCL reconstructions following car accidents are more likely to be staged. These findings highlight the importance of careful consideration in managing these cases to minimize complications, particularly in younger age groups.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level III.

3,3-Dimethyl-1-Butanol and its Metabolite 3,3-Dimethylbutyrate Ameliorate Collagen-induced Arthritis Independent of Choline Trimethylamine Lyase Activity

Conflicting data exist in rheumatoid arthritis and the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) murine model of autoimmune arthritis regarding the role of bacterial carnitine and choline metabolism into the inflammatory product trimethylamine (TMA), which is oxidized in the liver to trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). Using two published inhibitors of bacterial TMA lyase, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butanol (DMB) and fluoromethylcholine (FMC), we tested if TMA/TMAO were relevant to inflammation in the development of CIA. Surprisingly, DMB-treated mice demonstrated > 50% reduction in arthritis severity compared to FMC and vehicle-treated mice, but amelioration of disease was independent of TMA/TMAO production. Given the apparent contradiction that DMB did not inhibit TMA, we then investigated the mechanism of protection by DMB. After verifying that DMB acted independently of the intestinal microbiome, we traced the metabolism of DMB within the host and identified a novel host-derived metabolite of DMB, 3,3-dimethyl-1-butyric acid (DMBut). In vivo studies of mice treated with DMB or DMBut demonstrated efficacy of both molecules in significantly reducing disease and proinflammatory cytokines in CIA, while in vitro studies suggest these molecules may act by modulating secretion of proinflammatory cytokines from macrophages. Altogether, our study suggests that DMB and/or its metabolites are protective in CIA through direct immunomodulatory effects rather than inhibition of bacterial TMA lyases.

Enhanced neural recovery and reduction of secondary damage in spinal cord injury through modulation of oxidative stress and neural response

Spinal cord injury (SCI) presents a critical medical challenge, marked by substantial neural damage and persistent functional deficits. This study investigates the therapeutic potential of cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) for SCI, utilizing a tailored dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) device to conduct comprehensive in vivo and in vitro analyses. The findings show that CAP treatment significantly improves functional recovery after SCI, reduces neuronal apoptosis, lowers inflammation, and increases axonal regeneration. These findings illustrate the efficacy of CAP in fostering a conducive environment for recovery by modulating inflammatory responses, enhancing neuronal survival, and encouraging regenerative processes. The underlying mechanism involves CAP's reactive oxygen species (ROS) reduction, followed by activating antioxidant enzymes. These findings position CAP as a pioneering approach for spinal cord injury (SCI) treatment, presenting opportunities for improved neural recovery and establishing a new paradigm in SCI therapy.

Anti-EGFR immunoliposomes for cabazitaxel delivery: From formulation development to in vivo evaluation in prostate cancer xenograft model

Liposomes functionalized with monoclonal antibodies offer targeted therapy for cancer, boasting advantages like sustained drug release, enhanced stability, passive accumulation in tumors, and interaction with overexpressed receptors on cancer cells. This study aimed to develop and characterize anti-EGFR immunoliposomes loaded with cabazitaxel and assess their properties against prostate cancer in vitro and in vivo. Using a Box-Behnken design, a formulation with soy phosphatidylcholine, 10% cholesterol, and a 1:20 drug-lipid ratio yielded nanometric particle size, low polydispersity and high drug encapsulation. Immunoliposomes were conjugated with cetuximab through DSPE-PEG-Maleimide lipid anchor. Characterization confirmed intact antibody structure and interaction with EGFR receptor following conjugation. Cabazitaxel was dispersed within the liposomes in the amorphous state, confirmed by solid-state analyses. In vitro release studies showed slower cabazitaxel release from immunoliposomes. Immunoliposomes had enhanced cabazitaxel cytotoxicity in EGFR-overexpressing DU145 cells without affecting non-tumor L929 cells. Cetuximab played an important role to improve cellular uptake in a time-dependent fashion in EGFR-overexpressing prostate cancer cells. In vivo, immunoliposomes led to significant tumor regression, improved survival, and reduced weight loss in xenograft mice. While cabazitaxel induced leukopenia, consistent with clinical findings, histological analysis revealed no evident toxicity. In conclusion, the immunoliposomes displayed suitable physicochemical properties for cabazitaxel delivery, exhibited cytotoxicity against EGFR-expressing prostate cancer cells, with high cell uptake, and induced significant tumor regression in vivo, with manageable systemic toxicity.

Identification of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Epitopes From Lyme Autoantigen Apolipoprotein B-100 and Borrelia burgdorferi Mcp4 in Murine Lyme Arthritis

BACKGROUND

During infection with the Lyme arthritis (LA) pathogen Borrelia burgdorferi, T-cell responses to both host and pathogen are dysregulated, resulting in chronic infection and frequent development of autoimmunity.

METHODS

To assess CD4+ T-cell epitopes presented during development of LA, we used an unbiased, immunopeptidomics approach to characterize the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II immunopeptidome in B burgdorferi-infected C57BL/6 (B6) mice, which develop mild, self-limiting LA, and infected B6 Il10-/- mice, which develop severe, persistent LA at 0, 4, and 16 weeks postinfection (22-23 mice per group).

RESULTS

Peptides derived from proteins involved in adaptive T- and B-cell responses and cholesterol metabolism, including human Lyme autoantigen apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB-100), were enriched in infected Il10-/- mice; whereas peptides derived from proteins involved in neutrophil extracellular net formation were enriched in infected B6 mice. Presentation of apoB-100 peptides showed evidence of epitope expansion during infection. Of several identified B burgdorferi peptides, only 1, a methyl-accepting chemotaxis protein peptide Mcp4442-462, was immunogenic.

CONCLUSIONS

ApoB-100, a human Lyme autoantigen, undergoes marked epitope expansion during LA development. The paucity of immunogenic B burgdorferi epitopes supports previous findings suggesting CD4+ T-cell responses are suppressed in murine LA.

Impact of OATP2B1 on Pharmacokinetics of Atorvastatin Investigated in rSlco2b1-Knockout and SLCO2B1-Knockin Rats

The organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 2B1 is considered an emerging drug transporter that is found expressed in pharmacokinetically relevant organs such as the liver, small intestine, and kidney. Despite its interaction with various substrate drugs, the understanding of its in vivo relevance is still limited. In this study, we first validated the interaction of atorvastatin with rat OATP2B1 using transiently transfected HeLa cells. Moreover, we characterized our rSlco2b1-knockout and SLCO2B1-knockin rats for mRNA, protein expression, and localization of OATP2B1 in the liver, small intestine, and kidney. The transporter showed the highest expression in the liver followed by the small intestine. In humanized rats, human OATP2B1 is localized on the sinusoidal membrane of hepatocytes. In enterocytes of wild-type and humanized rats, the transporter was detected in the luminal membrane with the vast majority being localized subapical. Subsequently, we assessed atorvastatin pharmacokinetics in male wild-type, rSlco2b1-knockout, and SLCO2B1-knockin rats after a single-dose administration (orally and intravenously). Investigating the contribution of rat OATP2B1 or human OATP2B1 to oral atorvastatin pharmacokinetics revealed no differences in concentration-time profiles or pharmacokinetic parameters. However, when comparing the pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin after intravenous administration in SLCO2B1-humanized rats and knockout animals, notable differences were observed. In particular, the systemic exposure (area under the curve) decreased by approximately 40% in humanized animals, whereas the clearance was 57% higher in animals expressing human OATP2B1. These findings indicate that human OATP2B1 influences pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin after intravenous administration, most likely by contributing to the hepatic uptake. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Wild-type, rSlco2b1-knockout, and SLCO2B1-humanized Wistar rats were characterized for the expression of rat and human SLCO2B1/OATP2B1. Pharmacokinetic studies of atorvastatin over 24 hours were conducted in male wild-type, rSlco2b1-knockout, and SLCO2B1-humanized rats. After a single-dose intravenous administration, a lower systemic exposure and an increase in clearance were observed in SLCO2B1-humanized rats compared with knockout animals indicating a contribution of OATP2B1 to the hepatic clearance.

A yeast-malic acid crosslinker/polyacrylic acid hydrogel containing doxycycline for the treatment of periodontitis

Doxycycline (DX) is a drug of choice for the treatment of periodontitis, with the limitation of requiring a high dose, which may be overcome by the preparation of a targeted controlled-release hydrogel containing a newly synthesized yeast-malic acid crosslinker (YMC). YMC was synthesized via thermochemical modification of yeast with malic acid at 100-140 °C and compared with glutaraldehyde-saturated toluene (GST). Swelling capacity, acid and carboxyl content, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis, viscosity, cross-linking density, DX loading and release behavior at pH 6.5, mucoadhesion, and antimicrobial and periodontal efficacy of the glutaraldehyde hydrogel (HGG) and YMC hydrogel (HGY) were compared. Changes from C-O (1421 cm-1) to C[double bond, length as m-dash]OOR (1702 cm-1) in the infrared spectroscopy, along with changes in the degree of substitution from 0 to 0.39, degree of esterification from 0 to 40 ± 1.5 and COOH content from 129 ± 0.5 to 290 ± 0.5 (meq. per 100 g), were found between yeast to YMC, respectively. The results revealed 1.5 times more dynamic swelling, 0.25-fold decrease in acid content, 2.3-fold increase in carboxyl content, and 1.2- and 2.1-fold increases in cross-linking density and viscosity of HGY as compared to HGG, respectively. The SEM and BET results revealed that HGY had a 2 times greater porous surface than HGG. HGY/DX was 35 ± 2% more effective in controlling periodontitis bacteria, decreased periodontal depth from 4 to 3.2 mm, and gingival index from 3 to 1 as compared to HGG/DX in patients suffering from periodontitis. HGY/DX not only serves as a tool for the controlled release of DX in periodontal pockets but also contributes to the treatment of gingival periodontitis.

Preclinical pilot studies: Five common pitfalls and how to avoid them

Pilots are small-scale initial experiments that are intended to guide the design of future, larger studies, with a view to increasing their effectiveness. In this statistical primer we highlight five common mistakes that limit the utility of pilot studies and provide practical guidance to avoid such errors and increase their effectiveness. The common thread connecting these mistakes is insufficient planning and over-interpretation of the results. This approach compromises the ultimate goals of the research programme and the future experimental cascade. In support of our view that over-interpretation is an error, we present a simple simulation to demonstrate that pilots will generally generate an inaccurate estimate of the variability of the biological endpoint under study and that frequent under-estimation will lead to inconclusive and unethical subsequent experiments. We argue that well planned pilots are an important part of the research cascade and still need to be implemented to a high standard.

Circ_0002722-induced regulation of YAP promotes platinum resistance in oral squamous cell carcinoma: Implications for verteporfin therapy

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) poses a significant public health burden due to its high prevalence and poor prognosis. Platinum resistance is one of the major challenges in OSCC treatment. Yes-associated protein (YAP) has been identified as a pivotal player in OSCC tumorigenesis and progression. Circular RNA (circRNA) has been implicated in chemoresistance in various cancers by regulation the function of microRNA. Nevertheless, the specific mechanisms linking circRNA to YAP expression in OSCC remain poorly understood. In this study, we detected the YAP and circRNA hsa_circ_0002722 (circ_0002722) expression by western blot (WB) and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). We found that YAP and circ_0002722 were up-regulated in platinum resistance in OSCC tissues. Furthermore, transfection of circ_0002722 siRNA into platinum-resistant cells revealed that circ_0002722 acted as a regulator of miR-1305, which influenced YAP expression and thereby affected platinum sensitivity. In vivo experiments corroborated the synergistic effects of cisplatin and verteporfin (a YAP inhibitor) in combating platinum resistance. Targeting YAP emerges as a promising therapeutic strategy for addressing platinum resistance in OSCC, with circ_0002722 serving as a potential therapy target and valuable diagnostic marker. These findings shed light on the underlying mechanisms of platinum resistance, paving the way for the development of effective treatment approaches.

Effect of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound on the mineralization of force-treated cementoblasts and orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption via the Lamin A/C-Yes associated protein axis

AIMS

Orthodontic treatment commonly results in orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption (OIIRR). This condition arises from excessive orthodontic force, which triggerslocal inflammatory responses and impedes cementoblasts' mineralization capacity. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) shows potential in reducing OIIRR. However, the precise mechanisms through which LIPUS reduces OIIRR remain unclear. This study aimed to explore the effects and mechanisms of LIPUS on the mineralization of force-treated cementoblasts and its impact on OIIRR.

METHODS

We established a rat OIIRR model and locally administered LIPUS stimulation for 7 and 14 days. We analyzed root resorption volume, osteoclast differentiation, and the expression of osteocalcin and yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) using micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), hematoxylin and eosin, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry staining. In vitro, we applied compressive force and LIPUS to the immortalized mouse cementoblasts (OCCM30). We assessed mineralization using alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, alizarin red staining, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining.

RESULTS

In rats, LIPUS reduced OIIRR, as evidenced by micro-CT analysis and histological staining. In vitro, LIPUS enhanced mineralization of force-treated OCCM30 cells, as indicated by ALP and alizarin red staining, upregulated mRNA expression of mineralization-related genes, and increased protein expression of mineralization markers. Mechanistically, LIPUS activated YAP1 signaling via the cytoskeleton-Lamin A/C pathway, supported by immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrates that LIPUS promotes mineralization in force-treated cementoblasts and reduces OIIRR by activating YAP1 through the cytoskeletal-Lamin A/C signaling pathway. These findings provide fresh insights into how LIPUS benefits orthodontic treatment and suggest potential strategies for preventing and treating OIIRR.

Homeopathic Sulphur Ointment as Adjuvant in the Treatment of Sheep with Myiasis by Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae): A Case Series

BACKGROUND

 Myiasis by Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae) is a serious problem in animal health. Homeopathic Sulphur presents similarity with the clinical presentation verified in these cases and has already shown in vitro efficacy on the blowfly that causes this pathology. This article presents the report of a series of clinical cases of myiasis by C. hominivorax in sheep that underwent adjuvant treatment with homeopathic Sulphur and presents a theoretical-scientific discussion of biological events related to the clinical treatment of the condition.

PATIENTS

 Seven naturally occurring myiases affecting sheep from an experimental farm were treated by an ointment impregnated with the homeopathic medicine Sulph 12cH, used as adjuvant after the manual removal of accessible larvae from the wound during wound cleaning. The animals were treated daily and evaluated clinically until complete healing of the lesions. Clinical information on the evolution of the inflammatory and scarring process was collected. Blood counts and bacteriological examinations were performed before and after topical homeopathic treatment.

RESULTS

 The homeopathic ointment Sulph 12cH was able to inhibit the development of parasitic C. hominivorax larvae and promote tissue repair and healing in naturally occurring myiasis in the sheep of this study.

CONCLUSION

 The homeopathic medicine Sulphur, formulated as an ointment, may be a useful new and adjuvant therapeutic option for treating myiasis in animals.

Fish oil supplementation during pregnancy decreases liver endocannabinoid system and lipogenic markers in newborn rats exposed to maternal high-fat diet

PURPOSE

Maternal high-fat diet (HF) programs obesity, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), hypertriglyceridemia, and hyperglycemia associated with increased endocannabinoid system (ECS) in the liver of adult male rat offspring. We hypothesized that maternal HF would induce sex specific ECS changes in the liver of newborn rats, prior to obesity onset, and maternal fish oil (FO) supplementation would reprogram the ECS and lipid metabolism markers preventing liver triglycerides (TG) accumulation.

METHODS

Female rats received a control (CT) (10.9% fat) or HF (28.7% fat) diet 8 weeks prior to mating and during pregnancy. A subgroup of HF dams received 3% FO supplementation in the HF diet (35.4% fat) during pregnancy (HFFO). Serum hormones and liver TG, ECS, lipid metabolism, oxidative stress and autophagy markers were assessed in male and female newborn offspring.

RESULTS

Maternal HF diet increased liver cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) in males and decreased CB2 in females, with no effect on liver TG. Maternal FO supplementation reduced liver CB1 regardless of the offspring sex, but reduced TG liver content only in females. FO reduced the liver content of the endocannabinoid anandamide in males, and the content of 2-arachidonoylglycerol in both sexes. Maternal HF increased lipogenic and decreased lipid oxidation markers, and FO induced the opposite regulation in the liver of offspring.

CONCLUSION

Prenatal HF and FO differentially modulate liver ECS in the offspring before obesity and MASLD development. These results suggest that maternal nutrition at critical stages of development can modulate the offspring's ECS, predisposing or preventing the onset of metabolic diseases.

Development of a novel dosing paradigm to model diazepam rescue therapy in preclinical seizure and epilepsy models

Diazepam is a cornerstone immediate-use antiseizure rescue therapy that may extend the duration between seizure clusters in people living with epilepsy. However, our mechanistic understanding of intermittent rescue therapy on disease progression is limited by the lack of suitable preclinical models. Specifically, the pharmacokinetics of diazepam varies widely between humans and laboratory animals. Here, we developed a novel repeat rescue therapy dosing paradigm in rats to maintain prolonged therapeutic concentrations seen in humans. Rats received three diazepam doses separated by 1 h (0.75, 1.5, or 3 mg/kg, intraperitoneal); plasma and brains were collected at 10 min and 1, 3, or 6 h following the last dose. Plasma and brain concentrations followed a dose-dependent increase with peak concentrations following the repeat 3 mg/kg paradigm (180 ng/mL) being equivalent to plasma levels observed in human studies with diazepam nasal spray. Increased brain-to-plasma ratios in this paradigm indicate that diazepam accumulation in the brain may be long-acting at the site of action. Overall, our repeat diazepam dosing paradigm mimics drug concentrations and accumulation seen in humans, offering a preclinical tool to study the impact of benzodiazepine rescue therapy on seizure-cluster biology in rodent models of epilepsy. PLAIN LANGUAGE SUMMARY: There is more to learn about how diazepam works in the brains of people who use it only when they have two or more seizures in 24 h (this is called a seizure cluster). Ethical studies in animals can be used to learn more about medicines in the body. In this study, we showed that three doses of diazepam in rats give about the same amount of the drug as one dose for a person. We can now test rats with epilepsy to see how the drug might work in people who take it when needed for seizure clusters.

Hyperglycemia induces microglial pyroptosis by increasing oxygen extraction rate: Implication in neurological impairment during ischemic stroke

Elevated levels of blood glucose in patients with ischemic stroke are associated with a worse prognosis. The present study aimed to explore whether hyperglycemia promotes microglial pyroptosis by increasing the oxygen extraction rate in an acute ischemic stroke model. C57BL/6 mice that underwent middle cerebral artery occlusion were used for assessment of blood glucose level and neurological function. The cerebral oxygen extraction ratio (CERO2), oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and partial pressure of brain tissue oxygen (PbtO2) were measured. To investigate the significance of the NOD‑like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, NLRP3‑/‑ mice were used, and the expression levels of NLRP3, caspase‑1, full‑length gasdermin D (GSDMD‑FL), GSDMD‑N domain (GSDMD‑N), IL‑1β and IL‑18 were evaluated. In addition, Z‑YVAD‑FMK, a caspase‑1 inhibitor, was used to treat microglia to determine whether activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome was required for the enhancing effect of hyperglycemia on pyroptosis. It was revealed that hyperglycemia accelerated cerebral injury in the acute ischemic stroke model, as evidenced by decreased latency to fall and the percentage of foot fault. Hyperglycemia aggravated hypoxia by increasing the oxygen extraction rate, as evidenced by increased CERO2 and OCR, and decreased PbtO2 in response to high glucose treatment. Furthermore, hyperglycemia‑induced microglial pyroptosis was confirmed by detection of increased levels of caspase‑1, GSDMD‑N, IL‑1β and IL‑18 and a decreased level of GSDMD‑FL. However, the knockout of NLRP3 attenuated these effects. Pharmacological inhibition of caspase‑1 also reduced the expression levels of GSDMD‑N, IL‑1β and IL‑18 in microglial cells. These results suggested that hyperglycemia stimulated NLRP3 inflammasome activation by increasing the oxygen extraction rate, thus leading to the aggravation of pyroptosis following ischemic stroke.

Defining blood hematology reference values in female pig-tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) using the Isolation Forest algorithm

BACKGROUND

Pig-tailed macaques (PTMs) are commonly used as preclinical models to assess antiretroviral drugs for HIV prevention research. Drug toxicities and disease pathologies are often preceded by changes in blood hematology. To better assess the safety profile of pharmaceuticals, we defined normal ranges of hematological values in PTMs using an Isolation Forest (iForest) algorithm.

METHODS

Eighteen female PTMs were evaluated. Blood was collected 1-24 times per animal for a total of 159 samples. Complete blood counts were performed, and iForest was used to analyze the hematology data to detect outliers.

RESULTS

Median, IQR, and ranges were calculated for 13 hematology parameters. From all samples, 22 outliers were detected. These outliers were excluded from the reference index.

CONCLUSIONS

Using iForest, we defined a normal range for hematology parameters in female PTMs. This reference index can be a valuable tool for future studies evaluating drug toxicities in PTMs.

Evaluation of stem-cell therapies in companion animal disease models: a concise review (2015-2023)

Companion animals in veterinary medicine develop multiple naturally occurring diseases analogous to human conditions. We previously reported a comprehensive review on the feasibility, safety, and biologic activity of using novel stem cell therapies to treat a variety of inflammatory conditions in dogs and cats (2008-2015) [Hoffman AM, Dow SW. Concise review: stem cell trials using companion animal disease models. Stem Cells. 2016;34(7):1709-1729. https://doi.org/10.1002/stem.2377]. The purpose of this review is to provide an updated summary of current studies in companion animal disease models that have evaluated stem cell therapeutics that are relevant to human disease. Here we have reviewed the literature from 2015 to 2023 for publications on stem cell therapies that have been evaluated in companion animals, including dogs, cats, and horses. The review excluded case reports or studies performed in experimentally induced models of disease, studies involving cancer, or studies in purpose-bred laboratory species such as rodents. We identified 45 manuscripts meeting these criteria, an increase from 19 that were described in the previous review [Hoffman AM, Dow SW. Concise review: stem cell trials using companion animal disease models. Stem Cells. 2016;34(7):1709-1729. https://doi.org/10.1002/stem.2377]. The majority of studies were performed in dogs (n = 28), with additional studies in horses (n = 9) and cats (n = 8). Disease models included those related to musculoskeletal disease (osteoarthritis and tendon/ligament injury), neurologic disease (canine cognitive dysfunction, intervertebral disc disease, spinal cord injury) gingival/dental disease (gingivostomatitis), dermatologic disease (atopic dermatitis), chronic multi-drug resistant infections, ophthalmic disease (keratoconjunctivitis sicca, eosinophilic keratitis, immune-mediated keratitis), cardiopulmonary disease (asthma, degenerative valve disease, dilated cardiomyopathy), gastrointestinal disease (inflammatory bowel disease, chronic enteropathy), and renal disease (chronic kidney disease). The majority of studies reported beneficial responses to stem cell treatment, with the exception of those related to more chronic processes such as spinal cord injury and chronic kidney disease. However, it should also be noted that 22 studies were open-label, baseline-controlled trials and only 12 studies were randomized and controlled, making overall study interpretation difficult. As noted in the previous review, improved regulatory oversight and consistency in manufacturing of stem cell therapies are needed. Enhanced understanding of the temporal course of disease processes using advanced-omics approaches may further inform mechanisms of action and help define appropriate timing of interventions. Future directions of stem-cell-based therapies could include use of stem-cell-derived extracellular vesicles, or cell conditioning approaches to direct cells to specific pathways that are tailored to individual disease processes and stages of illness.

The Absence of Gastrointestinal Redox Dyshomeostasis in the Brain-First Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease Induced by Bilateral Intrastriatal 6-Hydroxydopamine

The gut-brain axis plays an important role in Parkinson's disease (PD) by acting as a route for vagal propagation of aggregated α-synuclein in the gut-first endophenotype and as a mediator of gastrointestinal dyshomeostasis via the nigro-vagal pathway in the brain-first endophenotype of the disease. One important mechanism by which the gut-brain axis may promote PD is by regulating gastrointestinal redox homeostasis as overwhelming evidence suggests that oxidative stress plays a key role in the etiopathogenesis and progression of PD and the gastrointestinal tract maintains redox homeostasis of the organism by acting as a critical barrier to environmental and microbiological electrophilic challenges. The present aim was to utilize the bilateral intrastriatal 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) brain-first PD model to study the effects of isolated central pathology on redox homeostasis of the gastrointestinal tract. Three-month-old male Wistar rats were either not treated (intact controls; CTR) or treated bilaterally intrastriatally with vehicle (CIS) or 6-OHDA (6-OHDA). Motor deficits were assessed with the rotarod performance test, and the duodenum, ileum, and colon were dissected for biochemical analyses 12 weeks after the treatment. Lipid peroxidation, total antioxidant capacity, low-molecular-weight thiols, and protein sulfhydryls, the activity of total and Mn/Fe superoxide dismutases, and total and azide-insensitive catalase/peroxidase were measured. Both univariate and multivariate models analyzing redox biomarkers indicate that significant disturbances in gastrointestinal redox balance are not present. The findings demonstrate that motor impairment observed in the brain-first 6-OHDA model of PD can occur without concurrent redox imbalances in the gastrointestinal system.

Bidirectional fear modulation by discrete anterior insular circuits in male mice

The brain's ability to appraise threats and execute appropriate defensive responses is essential for survival in a dynamic environment. Humans studies have implicated the anterior insular cortex (aIC) in subjective fear regulation and its abnormal activity in fear/anxiety disorders. However, the complex aIC connectivity patterns involved in regulating fear remain under investigated. To address this, we recorded single units in the aIC of freely moving male mice that had previously undergone auditory fear conditioning, assessed the effect of optogenetically activating specific aIC output structures in fear, and examined the organization of aIC neurons projecting to the specific structures with retrograde tracing. Single-unit recordings revealed that a balanced number of aIC pyramidal neurons' activity either positively or negatively correlated with a conditioned tone-induced freezing (fear) response. Optogenetic manipulations of aIC pyramidal neuronal activity during conditioned tone presentation altered the expression of conditioned freezing. Neural tracing showed that non-overlapping populations of aIC neurons project to the amygdala or the medial thalamus, and the pathway bidirectionally modulated conditioned fear. Specifically, optogenetic stimulation of the aIC-amygdala pathway increased conditioned freezing, while optogenetic stimulation of the aIC-medial thalamus pathway decreased it. Our findings suggest that the balance of freezing-excited and freezing-inhibited neuronal activity in the aIC and the distinct efferent circuits interact collectively to modulate fear behavior.

Post mortem analysis of hepatic volume and lipid content by magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy in fixed murine neonates

Maternal obesity and hyperglycemia are linked to an elevated risk for obesity, diabetes, and steatotic liver disease in the adult offspring. To establish and validate a noninvasive workflow for perinatal metabolic phenotyping, fixed neonates of common mouse strains were analyzed postmortem via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)/magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to assess liver volume and hepatic lipid (HL) content. The key advantage of nondestructive MRI/MRS analysis is the possibility of further tissue analyses, such as immunohistochemistry, RNA extraction, and even proteomics, maximizing the data that can be gained per individual and therefore facilitating comprehensive correlation analyses. This study employed an MRI and 1H-MRS workflow to measure liver volume and HL content in 65 paraformaldehyde-fixed murine neonates at 11.7 T. Liver volume was obtained using semiautomatic segmentation of MRI acquired by a RARE sequence with 0.5-mm slice thickness. HL content was measured by a STEAM sequence, applied with and without water suppression. T1 and T2 relaxation times of lipids and water were measured for respective correction of signal intensity. The HL content, given as CH2/(CH2 + H2O), was calculated, and the intrasession repeatability of the method was tested. The established workflow yielded robust results with a variation of ~3% in repeated measurements for HL content determination. HL content measurements were further validated by correlation analysis with biochemically assessed triglyceride contents (R2 = 0.795) that were measured in littermates. In addition, image quality also allowed quantification of subcutaneous adipose tissue and stomach diameter. The highest HL content was measured in C57Bl/6N (4.2%) and the largest liver volume and stomach diameter in CBA (53.1 mm3 and 6.73 mm) and NMRI (51.4 mm3 and 5.96 mm) neonates, which also had the most subcutaneous adipose tissue. The observed effects were independent of sex and litter size. In conclusion, we have successfully tested and validated a robust MRI/MRS workflow that allows assessment of morphology and HL content and further enables paraformaldehyde-fixed tissue-compatible subsequent analyses in murine neonates.

Resveratrol ameliorates atrazine-induced caspase-dependent apoptosis and fibrosis in the testis of adult albino rats

Pesticides like atrazine which are frequently present in everyday surroundings, have adverse impacts on human health and may contribute to male infertility. The work aimed to analyze the histological and biochemical effects of atrazine on the testis in adult albino rats and whether co-administration with resveratrol could reverse the effect of atrazine. Forty adult male albino rats in good health participated in this study. They were categorized at random into four groups: the Group Ӏ received water through a gastric tube for two months every day, the Group ӀӀ received resveratrol (20 mg/kg body weight (b.w.)) through a gastric tube for two months every day, the Group ӀӀӀ received atrazine (50 mg/kg bw) through a gastric tube for two months every day, the Group ӀV received concomitant doses of atrazine and resveratrol for two months every day. The testes of the animals were then carefully removed and prepared for biochemical, immunohistochemical, light, and electron microscopic studies. Atrazine exposure led to a significant decrease in serum testosterone hormone level, upregulation of caspase 3 and iNOS mRNA levels, destructed seminiferous tubules with few sperms in their lumens, many collagen fibres accumulation in the tunica albuginea and the interstitium, abnormal morphology of some sperms as well as many vacuolations, and damaged mitochondria in the cytoplasm of many germ cells. Concomitant administration of resveratrol can improve these adverse effects. It was concluded that atrazine exposure is toxic to the testis and impairs male fertility in adult rat and coadministration of resveratrol guards against this toxicity.

Risks associated with cognitive function and management strategies in the clinical use of ADT: a systematic review from clinical and preclinical studies

Prostate cancer is one of the most common malignancies and a leading cause of death in men. Owing to its excellent anti-tumor effects, androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is widely used in the treatment of prostate cancer. However, its use is controversial because of its potential for inducing cognitive decline. In this review, we summarized the findings of preclinical and clinical studies investigating the effects of ADT on cognitive function in prostate cancer. We discussed the methods used to assess cognitive function in these studies, elucidated the mechanisms through which ADT affects cognitive function, and highlighted recent advancements in cognitive assessment methods. The findings of this review serve as a valuable reference for examining the relationship between ADT and cognitive function in future studies. Besides, the findings may help clinicians understand the advantages and disadvantages of ADT and optimize the treatment plan so as to minimize the adverse effects of ADT.

Temporal Dynamics of Plasma Catecholamines, Metabolic and Immune Markers, and the Corticosterone:DHEA Ratio in Farmed Crocodiles before and after an Acute Stressor

Commercial crocodilian farms face significant economic and livestock losses attributed to stress, which may be linked to their adopted husbandry practices. The development of appropriate and modernized husbandry guidelines, particularly those focused on stress mitigation, is impeded by the limited understanding of the crocodilian stress response. Fifteen grower Nile crocodiles were subjected to simulated acute transport stress, with blood samples collected at various intervals post-stress. Plasma levels of corticosterone (CORT), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), adrenaline, and noradrenaline were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. Glucose and lactate were measured using portable meters and the heterophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (HLR) was determined via differential leucocyte counts. Significant differences were elicited after the stressor, with acute fluctuations observed in the fast-acting catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline) when compared to the baseline. Downstream effects of these catecholamines and CORT appear to be associated with a persistent increase in plasma glucose and HLR. Lactate also showed acute fluctuations over time but returned to the baseline by the final measurement. DHEA, which is used in a ratio with CORT, showed fluctuations over time with an inverted release pattern to the catecholamines. The study highlights the temporal dynamics of physiological markers under acute stress, contributing to our understanding of crocodilian stress and potentially informing improved farming practices for conservation and sustainable management.

Circulating low-molecular-weight (poly)phenol metabolites in the brain: unveiling in vitro and in vivo blood-brain barrier transport

Circulating metabolites resulting from colonic metabolism of dietary (poly)phenols are highly abundant in the bloodstream, though still marginally explored, particularly concerning their brain accessibility. Our goal is to disclose (poly)phenol metabolites' blood-brain barrier (BBB) transport, in vivo and in vitro, as well as their role at BBB level. For three selected metabolites, benzene-1,2-diol-3-sulfate/benzene-1,3-diol-2-sulfate (pyrogallol-sulfate - Pyr-sulf), benzene-1,3-diol-6-sulfate (phloroglucinol-sulfate - Phlo-sulf), and phenol-3-sulfate (resorcinol-sulfate - Res-sulf), BBB transport was assessed in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC). Their potential in modulating in vitro BBB properties at circulating concentrations was also studied. Metabolites' fate towards the brain, liver, kidney, urine, and blood was disclosed in Wistar rats upon injection. Transport kinetics in HBMEC highlighted different BBB permeability rates, where Pyr-sulf emerged as the most in vitro BBB permeable metabolite. Pyr-sulf was also the most potent regarding BBB properties improvement, namely increased beta(β)-catenin membrane expression and reduction of zonula occludens-1 membrane gaps. Whereas no differences were observed for transferrin, increased expression of caveolin-1 upon Pyr-sulf and Res-sulf treatments was found. Pyr-sulf was also capable of modulating gene and protein expression of some solute carrier transporters. Notably, each of the injected metabolites exhibited a unique tissue distribution in vivo, with the remarkable ability to almost immediately reach the brain.

Electrochemotherapy with intravenous, intratumoral, or combined administration of bleomycin in the treatment of colorectal hepatic metastases in a rat model

Electrochemotherapy (ECT) combines the reversible electroporation (rEP) with intravenous (i.v.) or intratumoral (i.t.) administration of chemotherapeutic drugs. We conducted this study to compare the efficacy of i.v., i.t., and i.v. + i.t. injection of bleomycin (BLM) in ECT treatment of colorectal hepatic metastases in a rat model. WAG/Rij rats were randomized into three groups and underwent ECT with i.v., i.t., or i.v. + i.t. injection of BLM. Tumor volumes and oxygenation were measured by means of ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging. Moreover, liver and tumor tissue were analyzed by histology and immunohistochemistry. The i.v. and i.v. + i.t. groups exhibited a 44.0% and 46.6% reduction in oxygen saturation of the tumor tissue when compared to pretreatment values, whereas the i.t. group only showed a reduction of 35.2%. The extent of tumor tissue necrosis did not statistically differ between the groups. However, the i.t. group showed a tendency towards a lower necrosis rate. Cell proliferation, apoptotic cell death, vascularization, and immune cell infiltration were comparable in the treated tumors of the three groups. ECT with i.v. administration of BLM should be preferred in clinical practice, as the combined i.v. + i.t. therapy did not show superior oncological outcomes in the present study.

Mark-recapture validates the use of photo-identification for the widely distributed blue-spotted ribbontail ray, Taeniura lymma

The ability to identify individual animals can provide valuable insights into the behaviour, life history, survivorship, and demographics of wild populations. Photo-identification (photo-ID) uses unique natural markings to identify individuals and can be effective for scalable and non-invasive research on marine fauna. The successful application of photo-ID requires that chosen distinguishing markings are unique to individuals and persist over time. In this study, we validate the use of dorsal spot patterns for identifying individual blue-spotted ribbontail rays (Taeniura lymma) in conjunction with traditional tagging methods. Spot patterns were unique among T. lymma with 90.3% of individuals correctly identified using I3S photo-matching software from images taken up to 496 days apart. In comparison, traditional physical tagging methods showed a tag loss rate of 27% and a maximum tag retention period of only 356 days. Our findings demonstrate the effectiveness of photo-ID as a tool to monitor populations and better understand the ecology of the blue-spotted ribbontail ray without the need for physical tagging. The validation of photo-ID for this widespread species is important as it enables behavioural and demographic changes to be easily tracked in relation to coastal threats such as human development and habitat degradation.

Chemopreventive effect of modified zeng-sheng-ping on oral squamous cell carcinoma by regulating tumor associated macrophages through targeting tnf alpha induced protein 6

BACKGROUND

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common malignancy of the head and neck. Zeng-Sheng-Ping, composed of Sophora tonkinensis Gagnep., Bistorta officinalis Delarbre, Sonchus arvensis L., Prunella vulgaris L., Dioscorea bulbifera L., and Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz., was regarded as an anti-cancer drug with significant clinical efficacy, but was discontinued due to liver toxicity. Our research group developed a modified Zeng-Sheng-Ping (ZSP-M) based on original Zeng-Sheng-Ping that exhibited high efficiency and low toxicity in preliminary investigations, although its pharmacodynamic mechanism is still unclear. Here, we aimed to elucidate the pharmacodynamic material basis of ZSP-M and investigate its chemopreventive effect on OSCC by modulating tumor associated macrophages (TAMs).

METHODS

Components of ZSP-M were characterized using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Chemopreventive effect induced by ZSP-M against experimental oral cancer was investigated using the 4-nitroquinoline N-oxide precancerous lesion mouse model. RNA sequencing analysis was used to gain a global transcriptional view of the effect of ZSP-M treatment. A cell co-culture model was used to study the targeted effect of ZSP-M on TAMs and the biological properties of OSCC cells and to detect changes in TAM phenotypes. The binding of ZSP-M active compounds to TNF alpha induced protein 6 (TNFAIP6) protein was analyzed by molecular docking and dynamic simulation.

RESULTS

Forty main components of ZSP-M were identified, the most abundant of which were flavonoids. ZSP-M inhibited the degree of epithelial dysplasia in precancerous lesions by inhibiting the expression of the TNFAIP6 and CD163 proteins in the precancerous lesions of the tongue. ZSP-M inhibited proliferation, colony formation, migration and invasion of SCC7 cells by targeting TAMs. ZSP-M reduced the expression of CD163+ cells, inhibited the expression of TNFAIP6 protein, Arg1 mRNA and Il10 mRNA in TAMs, and reduced IL-10 cytokine release in the co-culture environment. This effect was maintained after the addition of recombinant TNFAIP6 protein. Computer simulations showed that trifolirhizin and maackiain are well-connected to TNFAIP6.

CONCLUSIONS

ZSP-M counteracts the immunosuppressive action of TAMs by specific targeting of TNFAIP6, thereby exerting chemopreventive activity of OSCC.

Antrodia camphorata Supplementation during Early Life Alters Gut Microbiota and Inhibits Young-Onset Intestinal Tumorigenesis in APC1638N Mice Later in Life

Young-onset colorectal cancer is an increasing concern worldwide due to the growing prevalence of Westernized lifestyles in childhood and adolescence. Environmental factors during early life, particularly early-life nutrition, significantly contribute to the increasing incidence. Recently, there have been reports of beneficial effects, including anti-inflammation and anti-cancer, of a unique fungus (Antrodia camphorate, AC) native to Taiwan. The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of AC supplementation in early life on the development of young-onset intestinal tumorigenesis. APC1638N mice were fed with a high-fat diet (HF) at 4-12 weeks of age, which is equivalent to human childhood/adolescence, before switching to a normal maintenance diet for an additional 12 weeks up to 24 weeks of age, which is equivalent to young to middle adulthood in humans. Our results showed that the body weight in the HF groups significantly increased after 8 weeks of feeding (p < 0.05). Following a switch to a normal maintenance diet, the change in body weight persisted. AC supplementation significantly suppressed tumor incidence and multiplicity in females (p < 0.05) and reduced IGF-1 and Wnt/β-catenin signaling (p < 0.05). Moreover, it altered the gut microbiota, suppressed inflammatory responses, and created a microenvironment towards suppressing tumorigenesis later in life.

Small for Gestational Age Calves: Part II-Reduced Fertility, Productive Performance, and Survival in Holstein Friesian Heifers Born Small for Their Gestational Age

Recently: more attention has been given to low-birth-weight calves, often without considering gestation length. Calves can be classified as small for gestational age (SGA) when their birth weight is below the 10th percentile, similar to the definition in human medicine. While SGA babies face various health risks, it remains unclear if SGA calves face similar long-term health consequences. This study aimed to investigate the long-term effects on fertility, productive performance, and overall survival in Holstein Friesian (HF) heifers born SGA. Chi-squared analysis assessed culling and survival rates, and linear mixed-effect models evaluated the impact of gestational age group (small, average, or large for gestational age, respectively, SGA, AGA, and LGA) on growth, fertility, milk yield, and lifespan. SGA calves showed catch-up growth at six months but weighed significantly less at twelve months (p = 0.003). Age at first insemination and calving did not differ significantly, although SGA heifers required more inseminations (2.3 ± 1.50) compared to AGA and LGA heifers (1.7 ± 0.98 and 1.5 ± 0.89, respectively, p = 0.006). SGA calves tended to be culled more during the first lactation than AGA calves (25.0% vs. 11.9%, p = 0.078) and showed lower survival to second calving (p = 0.019) compared to AGA and LGA heifers. The Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated a tendency for gestational age to affect overall survival (p = 0.1), with SGA heifers having a higher risk of leaving the herd prematurely (p = 0.035, hazard ratio = 1.53). Milk yield per productive day was significantly lower in SGA heifers (21.2 ± 8.73 kg) compared to AGA and LGA heifers (26.9 ± 5.01 kg and 26.3 ± 3.38 kg, respectively, p = 0.006). This study reveals that HF calves born SGA suffer long-term consequences, although further research is needed to understand the economic impact of rearing SGA heifers.

Dexmedetomidine on the interplay of IL-6 and STAT3 pathways in adrenal gland damage-induced scalding burns in rats

Scalding burns are a common form of thermal injury that often leads to systemic complications. Pro-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-6 (IL-6) and the activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) pathways have been linked to the pathophysiology of organ damage caused by burns. This study aimed to investigate the potential therapeutic effects of dexmedetomidine, an α2-adrenergic receptor agonist with anti-inflammatory properties, on the interplay of IL-6 and STAT3 pathways in adrenal gland damage following scalding burns in rats. Twenty-eight rats were divided randomly into four groups. Rats in group 1 (n=7, control) were given only 0.9% intraperitoneal (i.p.) NaCl. Rats in group 2 (n=7, DEX) were exposed to 25°C water for 17 s on day 1 and received 100 mcg/kg/day dexmedetomidine i.p. for 3 days; for rats in group 3 (n=7, Burn), boiling water of 94°C was applied inside for 17 s. Rats in group 4 (n=7, Burn+DEX) were exposed to 94°C water for 17 s and received 100 mcg/kg/day dexmedetomidine i.p. for 3 days. Adrenal gland tissues were histopathological examined, and STAT3, IL-6, and TUNEL staining were performed using immunohistochemically. Our results revealed that scalding burns increased IL-6 and STAT3 expression in the adrenal glands of rats. Histological analysis demonstrated that dexmedetomidine administration ameliorated adrenal gland damage and reduced inflammatory cell infiltration. Our findings suggest that dexmedetomidine protects the adrenal glands in scalding burns. This protection appears to be mediated, at least in part, by its modulation of IL-6 and STAT3 pathways.

Small for Gestational Age Calves: Part I-Concept and Definition, Contributing Prenatal Factors and Neonatal Body Morphometrics in Holstein Friesian Calves

Low birth weight (BW) calves exhibit higher mortality rates, reduced body weights at parturition, lower first-lactation milk yields, and longer parturition to first insemination intervals. In human medicine, small for gestational age (SGA) births are associated with increased perinatal morbidity and long-term metabolic risks. This study aimed to define SGA in Holstein Friesian (HF) calves, evaluate their body measurements and proportions, and identify its prenatal risk factors. Four linear regression models were built with weight as a function for gestation length for bull and heifer calves born from nulli- or multiparous dams. Calves with a BW below the 10th percentile were classified as SGA. Differences in body measurements were analyzed using ANOVA, and logistic regression models identified prenatal risk factors to be born SGA. Gestation length, calf sex, and dam parity were crucial variables in defining SGA. SGA calves had significantly smaller body measurements (p < 0.001) and larger body proportions (p < 0.001) compared to average and large calves. For nulliparous dams, a higher 2nd trimester temperature-humidity index (p = 0.032) and older age at parturition (>26 months, p = 0.026) significantly increased the birth of SGA calves. For multiparous dams, both low (<5800 kg, p = 0.049) and high (6700-8600 kg, p = 0.027) milk yields during gestation lead to more SGA births, although very high-yielding dams (>8600 kg) did not birth more SGA calves. This study establishes SGA in HF calves, suggests SGA calves are asymmetrical with evidence of "brain sparing", and highlights the impact of prenatal factors on calf size at birth. Further research is needed to determine the long-term effects of being born SGA on growth, reproductive performance, and productivity.

Synergistic Enhancement of Chemotherapy-Induced Cell Death and Antitumor Efficacy against Tumoral T-Cell Lymphoblasts by IMMUNEPOTENT CRP

T-cell malignancies, including T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) and T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-LBL), present significant challenges to treatment due to their aggressive nature and chemoresistance. Chemotherapies remain a mainstay for their management, but the aggressiveness of these cancers and their associated toxicities pose limitations. Immunepotent CRP (ICRP), a bovine dialyzable leukocyte extract, has shown promise in inducing cytotoxicity against various cancer types, including hematological cancers. In this study, we investigated the combined effect of ICRP with a panel of chemotherapies on cell line models of T-ALL and T-LBL (CEM and L5178Y-R cells, respectively) and its impact on immune system cells (peripheral blood mononuclear cells, splenic and bone marrow cells). Our findings demonstrate that combining ICRP with chemotherapies enhances cytotoxicity against tumoral T-cell lymphoblasts. ICRP + Cyclophosphamide (CTX) cytotoxicity is induced through a caspase-, reactive oxygen species (ROS)-, and calcium-dependent mechanism involving the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, an increase in ROS production, and caspase activation. Low doses of ICRP in combination with CTX spare non-tumoral immune cells, overcome the bone marrow-induced resistance to CTX cell death, and improves the CTX antitumor effect in vivo in syngeneic Balb/c mice challenged with L5178Y-R. This led to a reduction in tumor volume and a decrease in Ki-67 proliferation marker expression and the granulocyte/lymphocyte ratio. These results set the basis for further research into the clinical application of ICRP in combination with chemotherapeutic regimens for improving outcomes in T-cell malignancies.

Resolvin D2-induced reparative dentin and pulp stem cells after pulpotomy in a rat model

Introduction

Vital pulp therapy (VPT) is performed to preserve dental pulp. However, the biocompatibility of the existing materials is of concern. Therefore, novel materials that can induce pulp healing without adverse effects need to be developed. Resolvin D2 (RvD2), one of specialized pro-resolving mediators, can resolve inflammation and promote the healing of periapical lesions. Therefore, RvD2 may be suitable for use in VPT. In the present study, we evaluated the efficacy of RvD2 against VPT using in vivo and in vitro models.

Methods

First molars of eight-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were used for pulpotomy. They were then divided into three treatment groups: RvD2, phosphate-buffered saline, and calcium hydroxide groups. Treatment results were assessed using radiological, histological, and immunohistochemical (GPR18, TNF-α, Ki67, VEGF, TGF-β, CD44, CD90, and TRPA1) analyses. Dental pulp-derived cells were treated with RvD2 in vitro and analyzed using cell-proliferation and cell-migration assays, real-time PCR (Gpr18, Tnf-α, Il-1β, Tgf-β, Vegf, Nanog, and Trpa1), ELISA (VEGF and TGF-β), immunocytochemistry (TRPA1), and flow cytometry (dental pulp stem cells: DPSCs).

Results

The formation of calcified tissue in the pulp was observed in the RvD2 and calcium hydroxide groups. RvD2 inhibited inflammation in dental pulp cells. RvD2 promoted cell proliferation and migration and the expression of TGF-β and VEGF in vitro and in vivo. RvD2 increased the number of DPSCs. In addition, RvD2 suppressed TRPA1 expression as a pain receptor.

Conclusion

RvD2 induced the formation of reparative dentin, anti-inflammatory effects, and decreased pain, along with the proliferation of DPSCs via the expression of VEGF and TGF-β, on the pulp surface in pulpotomy models.

Fabrication of ECM protein coated hollow collagen channels to study peripheral nerve regeneration

Peripheral nerve injury is a prevalent clinical problem that often leads to lifelong disability and reduced quality of life. Although peripheral nerves can regenerate, recovery after severe injury is slow and incomplete. The current gold standard treatment, autologous nerve transplantation, has limitations including donor site morbidity and poor functional outcomes, highlighting the need for improved repair strategies. We developed a reproducible in vitro hollow channel collagen gel construct to investigate peripheral nerve regeneration (PNR) by exploring the influence of key extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins on axonal growth and regeneration. Channels were coated with ECM proteins: collagen IV, laminin, or fibronectin and seeded with dorsal root ganglia (DRG) collected from E16 rat embryos to compare the ability of the ECM proteins to enhance axonal growth. Robust axonal extension and Schwann cell (SC) infiltration were observed in fibronectin-coated channels, suggesting its superiority over other ECM proteins. Differential effects of ECM proteins on axons and SCs indicated direct growth stimulation beyond SC-mediated guidance. In vitro laceration injury modeling further confirmed fibronectin's superior pro-regenerative effects, showcasing its potential in enhancing axonal regrowth post-injury. Advancing in vitro modeling that closely replicates native microenvironments will accelerate progress in overcoming the limitations of current nerve repair approaches.

Navigating ESKAPE Pathogens: Considerations and Caveats for Animal Infection Models Development

The misuse of antibiotics has led to the global spread of drug-resistant bacteria, especially multi-drug-resistant (MDR) ESKAPE pathogens (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter species). These opportunistic bacteria pose a significant threat, in particular within hospitals, where they cause nosocomial infections, leading to substantial morbidity and mortality. To comprehensively explore ESKAPE pathogenesis, virulence, host immune response, diagnostics, and therapeutics, researchers increasingly rely on necessitate suitable animal infection models. However, no single model can fully replicate all aspects of infectious diseases. Notably when studying opportunistic pathogens in immunocompetent hosts, rapid clearance by the host immune system can limit the expression of characteristic disease symptoms. In this study, we examine the critical role of animal infection models in understanding ESKAPE pathogens, addressing limitations and research gaps. We discuss applications and highlight key considerations for effective models. Thoughtful decisions on disease replication, parameter monitoring, and data collection are crucial for model reliability. By meticulously replicating human diseases and addressing limitations, researchers maximize the potential of animal infection models. This aids in targeted therapeutic development, bridges knowledge gaps, and helps combat MDR ESKAPE pathogens, safeguarding public health.

Comparative analysis of energy homeostasis regulation at different altitudes in Hengduan Mountain of red-backed vole, Eothenomys miletus, during high-fat diet acclimation: examining gut microbial and physiological interactions

The study aimed to explore the similarities and differences in gut microorganisms and their functions in regulating body mass in Eothenomys miletus across different altitudes in the Hengduan Mountains when exposed to a high-fat diet. Eothenomys miletus specimens were gathered from Dali (DL) and Xianggelila (XGLL) in Yunnan Province, China, and categorized into control, high-fat (1 week of high-fat diet), and re-feeding groups (1 week of high-fat diet followed by 2 weeks of standard food). The analysis utilized 16S rRNA sequencing to assess the diversity and structure of intestinal microbial communities in E. miletus. The investigation focused on the impact of high-fat diet consumption and different altitudes on gut microbial diversity, structure, and physiological markers. Results revealed that a high-fat diet influenced the beta diversity of gut microorganisms in E. miletus, leading to variations in microbial community structure between the two regions with different altitudes. High-fat food significantly affected body mass, white adipose tissue mass, triglycerides, and leptin levels, but not food intake. Specific intestinal microorganisms were observed in the high-fat groups, aiding in food digestion and being enriched in particular flora. In particular, microbial genera like Lactobacillus and Hylemonella were enriched in the high-fat group of DL. The enriched microbiota in the control group was associated with plant polysaccharide and cellulose decomposition. Following a high-fat diet, gut microbiota adapted to support lipid metabolism and energy supply, while upon re-feeding, the focus shifted back to cellulose digestion. These findings suggested that alterations in gut microbial composition, alongside physiological markers, play a vital role in adaptation of E. miletus to the diverse habitats of the Hengduan Mountains at varying altitudes.

Stroke and Translational Research - Review of Experimental Models with a Focus on Awake Ischaemic Induction and Anaesthesia

Animal models are an indispensable tool in the study of ischaemic stroke with hundreds of drugs emerging from the preclinical pipeline. However, all of these drugs have failed to translate into successful treatments in the clinic. This has brought into focus the need to enhance preclinical studies to improve translation. The confounding effects of anaesthesia on preclinical stroke modelling has been raised as an important consideration. Various volatile and injectable anaesthetics are used in preclinical models during stroke induction and for outcome measurements such as imaging or electrophysiology. However, anaesthetics modulate several pathways essential in the pathophysiology of stroke in a dose and drug dependent manner. Most notably, anaesthesia has significant modulatory effects on cerebral blood flow, metabolism, spreading depolarizations, and neurovascular coupling. To minimise anaesthetic complications and improve translational relevance, awake stroke induction has been attempted in limited models. This review outlines anaesthetic strategies employed in preclinical ischaemic rodent models and their reported cerebral effects. Stroke related complications are also addressed with a focus on infarct volume, neurological deficits, and thrombolysis efficacy. We also summarise routinely used focal ischaemic stroke rodent models and discuss the attempts to induce some of these models in awake rodents.

Prediction of isometric forces from combined epidural spinal cord and neuromuscular electrical stimulation in the rat lower limb

Although epidural spinal cord and muscle stimulation have each been separately used for restoration of movement after spinal cord injury, their combined use has not been widely explored. Using both approaches in combination could provide more flexible control compared to using either approach alone, but whether responses evoked from such combined stimulation can be easily predicted is unknown. We evaluate whether responses evoked by combined spinal and muscle stimulation can be predicted simply, as the linear summation of responses produced by each type of stimulation individually. Should this be true, it would simplify the prediction of co-stimulation responses and the development of control schemes for spinal cord injury rehabilitation. In healthy anesthetized rats, we measured hindlimb isometric forces in response to spinal and muscle stimulation. Force prediction errors were calculated as the difference between predicted and observed co-stimulation forces. We found that spinal and muscle co-stimulation could be closely predicted as the linear summation of the individual spinal and muscle responses and that the errors were relatively low. We discuss the implications of these results to the use of combined muscle and spinal stimulation for the restoration of movement following spinal cord injury.

Preclinical evaluation of [18F]SYN1 and [18F]SYN2, novel radiotracers for PET myocardial perfusion imaging

BACKGROUND

Positron emission tomography (PET) is now an established diagnostic method for myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) in coronary artery disease, which is the main cause of death globally. The available tracers show several limitations, therefore, the 18F-labelled tracer is in high demand nowadays. The preclinical studies on normal Wistar rats aimed to characterise two potential, novel radiotracers, [18F]SYN1 and [18F]SYN2, to evaluate which is a better candidate for PET MPI cardiotracer.

RESULTS

The dynamic microPET images showed rapid myocardial uptake for both tracers. However, the uptake was higher and also stable for [18F]SYN2, with an average standardized uptake value of 3.8. The biodistribution studies confirmed that [18F]SYN2 uptake in the cardiac muscle was high and stable (3.02%ID/g at 15 min and 2.79%ID/g at 6 h) compared to [18F]SYN1 (1.84%ID/g at 15 min and 0.32%ID/g at 6 h). The critical organs determined in dosimetry studies were the small intestine and the kidneys. The estimated effective dose for humans was 0.00714 mSv/MBq for [18F]SYN1 and 0.0109 mSv/MBq for [18F]SYN2. The tested dose level of 2 mg/kg was considered to be the No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) for both candidates. The better results were achieved for [18F]SYN2, therefore, further preclinical studies were conducted only for this tracer. Radioligand binding assays showed significant responses in 3 from 68 assays: muscarinic acetylcholine M1 and M2 receptors and potassium channel hERG. The compound was mostly metabolised via an oxidative N-dealkylation, while the fluor substituent was not separated from the molecule.

CONCLUSION

[18F]SYN2 showed a favourable pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profile, which enabled a clear visualization of the heart in microPET. The compound was well-tolerated in studies in normal rats with moderate radiation exposure. The results encourage further exploration of [18F]SYN2 in clinical studies.

Improving laboratory animal genetic reporting: LAG-R guidelines

The biomedical research community addresses reproducibility challenges in animal studies through standardized nomenclature, improved experimental design, transparent reporting, data sharing, and centralized repositories. The ARRIVE guidelines outline documentation standards for laboratory animals in experiments, but genetic information is often incomplete. To remedy this, we propose the Laboratory Animal Genetic Reporting (LAG-R) framework. LAG-R aims to document animals' genetic makeup in scientific publications, providing essential details for replication and appropriate model use. While verifying complete genetic compositions may be impractical, better reporting and validation efforts enhance reliability of research. LAG-R standardization will bolster reproducibility, peer review, and overall scientific rigor.

Noradrenergic current responses of neurons in rat oculomotor neural integrators

The prepositus hypoglossi nucleus (PHN) and the interstitial nucleus of Cajal (INC) are involved in the control of horizontal and vertical gaze, respectively. A previous study showed that PHN neurons exhibit depolarized or hyperpolarized responses to noradrenaline (NA). However, the adrenoceptor types that participate in NA-induced responses and the effects of NA on INC neurons have not yet been investigated. Furthermore, the relationship between NA-induced responses and neuron types defined by neurotransmitter phenotypes has not been determined. In this study, we investigated NA-induced current responses in PHN and INC neurons and the relationships between these responses and neuron types using whole cell recordings in wild-type and transgenic rat brainstem slices. Local application of NA to the cell soma induced slow inward (SI) and slow outward (SO) currents that were mainly mediated by α1 and α2 adrenoceptors, respectively. These current responses were observed in both PHN and INC neurons, although the proportion of INC neurons that responded to NA was low. Analyses of the distributions of the current responses revealed that in the PHN, all fluorescently identified inhibitory neurons exhibited SI currents, whereas glutamatergic and cholinergic neurons exhibited both SI and SO currents. In the INC, glutamatergic and inhibitory neurons preferentially exhibited SI and SO currents, respectively. When the PHN and INC neurons were characterized by their firing pattern, we found that the proportions of the currents depended on their firing pattern. These results suggest that various modes of noradrenergic modulation in horizontal and vertical neural integrators are dependent on neuron type.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Noradrenergic modulation of oculomotor neural integrators involved in gaze control has not been elucidated. Here, we report that noradrenaline (NA)-induced slow inward (SI) and outward (SO) currents are mediated mainly by α1 and α2 adrenoceptors in neurons that participate in horizontal and vertical gaze control. The NA-induced current responses differed depending on the neurotransmitter phenotype and firing pattern. These results suggest various modes of noradrenergic modulation in horizontal and vertical integrator neurons.

Effects of mid‑gestational sevoflurane and magnesium sulfate on maternal oxidative stress, inflammation and fetal brain histopathology

Models of inflammation, oxidative stress, hyperoxia and hypoxia have demonstrated that magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), a commonly used drug in obstetrics, has neuroprotective potential. In the present study, the effects of MgSO4 treatment on inflammation, oxidative stress and fetal brain histopathology were evaluated in an experimental rat model following sevoflurane (Sv) exposure during the mid-gestational period. Rats were randomly divided into groups: C (control; no injections or anesthesia), Sv (exposure to 2.5% Sv for 2 h), MgSO4 (administered 270 mg/kg MgSO4 intraperitoneally) and Sv + MgSO4 (Sv administered 30 min after MgSO4 injection). Inflammatory and oxidative stress markers were measured in the serum and neurotoxicity was investigated histopathologically in fetal brain tissue. Short-term mid-gestational exposure to a 1.1 minimum alveolar concentration of Sv did not significantly increase the levels of any of the measured biochemical markers, except for TNF-α. Histopathological evaluations demonstrated no findings suggestive of pathological apoptosis, neuroinflammation or oxidative stress-induced cell damage. MgSO4 injection prior to anesthesia caused no significant differences in biochemical or histopathological marker levels compared to the C and Sv groups. The present study indicated that short-term exposure to Sv could potentially be considered a harmless external stimulus to the fetal brain.

The mitigating effect of para-hydroxycinnamic acid in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice through targeting oxidative, inflammatory and fibrotic pathways

This study investigated the therapeutic benefits of para-hydroxycinnamic acid in mice with bleomycin-induced lung fibrosis. Forty male BALB/c mice were randomly assigned to four groups: normal, which received 0.9% normal saline; induced, which received a single dose of bleomycin (5 mg/kg) by oropharyngeal challenge; pirfenidone-treated; and para-hydroxycinnamic acid-treated, which challenged with bleomycin and received a daily oral dose of 300 and 50 mg/kg, respectively, from day 7 to day 21. Tissue pro-fibrotic and inflammatory cytokines, oxidative indicators, pulmonary histopathology, immunohistochemistry of fibrotic proteins and the assessment of gene expression by RT-qPCR were evaluated on day 22 after euthanizing animals. Pirfenidone and para-hydroxycinnamic acid managed to alleviate the fibrotic endpoints by statistically improving the weight index, histopathological score and reduced expression of fibrotic-related proteins in immune-stained lung sections, as well as fibrotic markers measured in serum samples. They also managed to alleviate tissue levels of oxidative stress and inflammatory and pro-fibrotic mediators. para-Hydroxycinnamic acid enhanced the expression of crucial genes associated with oxidative stress, inflammation and fibrosis in vivo. para-Hydroxycinnamic acid has demonstrated similar effectiveness to pirfenidone, suggesting it could be a promising treatment for fibrotic lung conditions by inhibiting the TGF-β1/Smad3 pathway or through its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.

Spleen autotransplantation on liver versus greater omentum for simultaneous injuries of liver and spleen: an experimental study

Purpose

In a simulated situation of simultaneous spleen and liver trauma, we aimed to compare the outcomes of treating both injuries with spleen autotransplantation on the omentum (SAO) alongside hepatorrhaphy versus spleen autotransplantation as a patch on the liver parenchyma.

Methods

A total of 24 rats were separated into two groups: the SAO and the spleen autotransplantation on the liver. They underwent a uniform and simultaneous procedure involving full-thickness injuries to the left lobe of the liver and grade 4 spleen injuries. We measured hemoglobin, white blood cell (WBC), complement (C3 and C4), and immunoglobulin G, M, and A (IgG, IgM, IgA) levels before and 4 weeks after the surgery. We utilized Technetium-99m scintigraphy to evaluate the posttransplant splenic graft functions 4 weeks after the surgery.

Results

The two groups had no significant difference in the hematologic and immunologic factors before surgery. However, both procedures significantly reduced hemoglobin, C3, IgG, and IgA levels (all P<0.05). WBC counts significantly increased in the SAO group, whereas the IgM level decreased after the intervention (P<0.05). WBC was increased in the SAO group, while IgM and IgA were decreased in the SAO group. The Technetium uptake was similar between the two groups (P=0.3).

Conclusions

In simultaneous spleen and liver injuries, the autotransplantation of splenic into the liver parenchyma appears to be a promising surgical approach for preserving spleen function and hepatorrhaphy at the same time instead of doing them separately.

Effect of different doses of camelina cake inclusion as a substitute of dietary soyabean meal on growth performance and gut health of weaned pigs

Camelina cake (CAM) is a co-product proposed as an alternative protein source; however, piglet data are still limited. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different doses of CAM in substitution of soyabean meal on the growth, health and gut health of weaned pigs. At 14 d post-weaning (d0), sixty-four piglets were assigned either to a standard diet or to a diet with 4 %, 8 % or 12 % of CAM. Piglets were weighed weekly. At d7 and d28, faeces were collected for microbiota and polyamine and blood for reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM) and thyroxine analysis. At d28, pigs were slaughtered, organs were weighed, pH was recorded on gut, colon was analysed for volatile fatty acids (VFA) and jejunum was used for morphological and gene expression analysis. Data analysis was carried out using a mixed model including diet, pen and litter as factors; linear and quadratic contrasts were tested. CAM linearly reduced the average daily gain from d0-d7, d0-d14, d0-d21 and d0-d28 (P ≤ 0·01). From d0-d7 increasing CAM linearly decreased feed intake (P = 0·04) and increased linearly the feed to gain (P = 0·004). CAM increased linearly the liver weight (P < 0·0001) and affected the cadaverine (P < 0·001). The diet did not affect the ROM, thyroxine, intestinal pH, VFA and morphology. All doses of CAM increased the α diversity indices at d28 (P < 0·05). CAM at 4 % promoted the abundance of Butyricicoccaceae_UCG-008. Feeding with CAM enhanced resilience in the gut microbiome and can be evaluated as a potential alternative protein source with dose-dependent limitations on piglet growth performance.