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Li Q, Chao T, Wang Y, Xuan R, Guo Y, He P, Zhang L, Wang J. Transcriptome analysis reveals miRNA expression profiles in hypothalamus tissues during the sexual development of Jining grey goats. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:832. [PMID: 39232653 PMCID: PMC11373458 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10735-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/22/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exploring the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying goat sexual maturation can enhance breeding practices and optimize reproductive efficiency and is therefore substantially important for practical breeding purposes. As an essential neuroendocrine organ in animals, the hypothalamus is involved in sexual development and other reproductive processes in female animals. Although microRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified as significant regulators of goat reproduction, there is a lack of research on the molecular regulatory mechanisms of hypothalamic miRNAs that are involved in the sexual development of goats. Therefore, we examined the dynamic changes in serum hormone profiles and hypothalamic miRNA expression profiles at four developmental stages (1 day (neonatal, D1, n = 5), 2 months (prepubertal, M2, n = 5), 4 months (sexual maturity, M4, n = 5), and 6 months (breeding period, M6, n = 5)) during sexual development in Jining grey goats. RESULTS Transcriptome analysis revealed 95 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) in the hypothalamus of goats across the four developmental stages. The target genes of these miRNAs were significantly enriched in the GnRH signalling pathway, the PI3K-Akt signalling pathway, and the Ras signalling pathway (P < 0.05). Additionally, 16 DEMs are common among the M2 vs. D1, M4 vs. D1, and M6 vs. D1 comparisons, indicating that the transition from D1 to M2 represents a potentially critical period for sexual development in Jining grey goats. The bioinformatics analysis results indicate that miR-193a/miR-193b-3p-Annexin A7 (ANXA7), miR-324-5p-Adhesion G protein-coupled receptor A1 (ADGRA1), miR-324-3p-Erbb2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (ERBB2), and miR-324-3p-Rap guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3 (RAPGEF3) are potentially involved in biological processes such as hormone secretion, energy metabolism, and signal transduction. In addition, we further confirmed that miR-324-3p targets the regulatory gene RAPGEF3. CONCLUSION These results further enrich the expression profile of hypothalamic miRNAs in goats and provide important insights for studying the regulatory effects of hypothalamic miRNAs on the sexual development of goats after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City, 271014, Shandong Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-grain Feed Resources (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City, 271014, Shandong Province, China
| | - Tianle Chao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City, 271014, Shandong Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-grain Feed Resources (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City, 271014, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City, 271014, Shandong Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-grain Feed Resources (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City, 271014, Shandong Province, China
| | - Rong Xuan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City, 271014, Shandong Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-grain Feed Resources (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City, 271014, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yanfei Guo
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City, 271014, Shandong Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-grain Feed Resources (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City, 271014, Shandong Province, China
| | - Peipei He
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City, 271014, Shandong Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-grain Feed Resources (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City, 271014, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City, 271014, Shandong Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-grain Feed Resources (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City, 271014, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jianmin Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City, 271014, Shandong Province, China.
- Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Non-grain Feed Resources (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an City, 271014, Shandong Province, China.
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2
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Jeong HR, Hwang IT. The role of MicroRNAs as fine-tuners in the onset of puberty: a comprehensive review. Ann Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2024; 29:211-219. [PMID: 39231482 PMCID: PMC11374517 DOI: 10.6065/apem.2346238.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) are small, noncoding RNA molecules that play pivotal roles in gene expression, various biological processes, and development of disease. MiRNAs exhibit distinct expression patterns depending on time points and tissues, indicating their relevance to the development, differentiation, and somatic growth of organisms. MiRNAs are also involved in puberty onset and fertility. Although puberty is a universal stage in the life cycles of most organisms, the precise mechanisms initiating this process remain elusive. Genetic, hormonal, nutritional, environmental, and epigenetic factors are presumed contributors. The intricate regulation of puberty during growth also suggests that miRNAs are involved. This study aims to provide insight into the understanding of miRNAs roles in the initiation of puberty by reviewing the existing research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwal Rim Jeong
- Department of Pediatrics, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan, Korea
| | - Il Tae Hwang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kangdong Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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3
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Zacharjasz J, Sztachera M, Smuszkiewicz M, Piwecka M. Micromanaging the neuroendocrine system - A review on miR-7 and the other physiologically relevant miRNAs in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. FEBS Lett 2024; 598:1557-1575. [PMID: 38858179 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary axis is central to the functioning of the neuroendocrine system and essential for regulating physiological and behavioral homeostasis and coordinating fundamental body functions. The expanding line of evidence shows the indispensable role of the microRNA pathway in regulating the gene expression profile in the developing and adult hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Experiments provoking a depletion of miRNA maturation in the context of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis brought into focus a prominent involvement of miRNAs in neuroendocrine functions. There are also a few individual miRNAs and miRNA families that have been studied in depth revealing their crucial role in mediating the regulation of fundamental processes such as temporal precision of puberty timing, hormone production, fertility and reproduction capacity, and energy balance. Among these miRNAs, miR-7 was shown to be hypothalamus-enriched and the top one highly expressed in the pituitary gland, where it has a profound impact on gene expression regulation. Here, we review miRNA profiles, knockout phenotypes, and miRNA interaction (targets) in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis that advance our understanding of the roles of miRNAs in mammalian neurosecretion and related physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Zacharjasz
- Department of Non-coding RNAs, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Marta Sztachera
- Department of Non-coding RNAs, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Michał Smuszkiewicz
- Department of Non-coding RNAs, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Monika Piwecka
- Department of Non-coding RNAs, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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4
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张 余, 罗 飞. [Recent advances in the genetic etiology of central precocious puberty]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2024; 26:302-307. [PMID: 38557384 PMCID: PMC10986386 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2309098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Central precocious puberty (CPP) is a developmental disorder caused by early activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. The incidence of CPP is rapidly increasing, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Previous studies have shown that gain-of-function mutations in the KISS1R and KISS1 genes and loss-of-function mutations in the MKRN3, LIN28, and DLK1 genes may lead to early initiation of pubertal development. Recent research has also revealed the significant role of epigenetic factors such as DNA methylation and microRNAs in the regulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons, as well as the modulating effect of gene networks involving multiple variant genes on pubertal initiation. This review summarizes the genetic etiology and pathogenic mechanisms underlying CPP.
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Anderson GM, Hill JW, Kaiser UB, Navarro VM, Ong KK, Perry JRB, Prevot V, Tena-Sempere M, Elias CF. Metabolic control of puberty: 60 years in the footsteps of Kennedy and Mitra's seminal work. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2024; 20:111-123. [PMID: 38049643 PMCID: PMC10843588 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-023-00919-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
An individual's nutritional status has a powerful effect on sexual maturation. Puberty onset is delayed in response to chronic energy insufficiency and is advanced under energy abundance. The consequences of altered pubertal timing for human health are profound. Late puberty increases the chances of cardiometabolic, musculoskeletal and neurocognitive disorders, whereas early puberty is associated with increased risks of adult obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases and various cancers, such as breast, endometrial and prostate cancer. Kennedy and Mitra's trailblazing studies, published in 1963 and using experimental models, were the first to demonstrate that nutrition is a key factor in puberty onset. Building on this work, the field has advanced substantially in the past decade, which is largely due to the impressive development of molecular tools for experimentation and population genetics. In this Review, we discuss the latest advances in basic and translational sciences underlying the nutritional and metabolic control of pubertal development, with a focus on perspectives and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg M Anderson
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Jennifer W Hill
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
- Center for Diabetes and Endocrine Research, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Ursula B Kaiser
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Victor M Navarro
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ken K Ong
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - John R B Perry
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Wellcome-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Vincent Prevot
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S 1172, Lille, France
- European Genomic Institute for Diabetes (EGID), Lille, France
| | - Manuel Tena-Sempere
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain.
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cordoba, Spain.
| | - Carol F Elias
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Caswell Diabetes Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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6
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Alghamdi A. Precocious Puberty: Types, Pathogenesis and Updated Management. Cureus 2023; 15:e47485. [PMID: 38021712 PMCID: PMC10663169 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.47485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Precocious puberty (PP) means the appearance of secondary sexual characters before the age of eight years in girls and nine years in boys. Puberty is indicated in girls by the enlargement of the breasts (thelarche) in girls and in boys by the enlargement of the testes in either volume or length (testicular volume = 4 mL, testicular length = 25 mm, or both). Two types of PP are recognized - namely central PP (CPP) and peripheral PP (PPP). This paper aims to describe the clinical findings and laboratory workup of PP and to illustrate the new trends in the management of precocious sexual maturation. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-independent type (PPP) refers to the development of early pubertal maturation not related to the central activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. It is classified into genetic or acquired disorders. The most common forms of congenital or genetic causes involve McCune-Albright syndrome (MAS), familial male-limited PP, and congenital adrenal hyperplasia. The acquired causes include exogenous exposure to androgens, functioning tumors or cysts, and the pseudo-PP of profound primary hypothyroidism. On the other hand, CPP is the most common and it is a gonadotropin-dependent form. It is due to premature maturation of the HPG axis. CPP may occur as genetic alterations, such as MKRN3, DLK1, or KISS1;as a part of mutations in the epigenetic factors that regulate the HPG axis, such as Lin28b and let-7; or as a part of syndromes, central lesions such as hypothalamic hamartoma, and others. A full, detailed history and physical examination should be taken. Furthermore, several investigations should be conducted for both types of PP, including the estimation of serum gonadotropins such as luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones and sex steroids, in addition to a radiographic workup and thyroid function tests. Treatment depends on the type of PP: Long-acting GnRHa, either intramuscularly or implanted, is the norm of care for CPP management, while in PPP, especially in congenital adrenal hyperplasia, the goal of management is to suppress adrenal androgen secretion by glucocorticoids. In addition, anastrozole and letrozole - third-generation aromatase inhibitors - are more potent for MAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Alghamdi
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Al Baha University, Al Baha, SAU
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7
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McIlwraith EK, He W, Belsham DD. Promise and Perils of MicroRNA Discovery Research: Working Toward Quality Over Quantity. Endocrinology 2023; 164:bqad111. [PMID: 37453100 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Since the first microRNA (miRNA) was described in 1993 in the humble worm Caenorhabditis elegans, the miRNA field has boomed, with more than 100 000 related patents filed and miRNAs now in ongoing clinical trials. Despite an advanced understanding of the biogenesis and action of miRNAs, applied miRNA research faces challenges and irreproducibility due to a lack of standardization. This review provides guidelines regarding miRNA investigation, while focusing on the pitfalls and considerations that are often overlooked in prevailing applied miRNA research. These include miRNA annotation and quantification, to modulation, target prediction, validation, and the study of circulating miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma K McIlwraith
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Wenyuan He
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Denise D Belsham
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
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8
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Naulé L, Mancini A, Pereira SA, Gassaway BM, Lydeard JR, Magnotto JC, Kim HK, Liang J, Matos C, Gygi SP, Merkle FT, Carroll RS, Abreu AP, Kaiser UB. MKRN3 inhibits puberty onset via interaction with IGF2BP1 and regulation of hypothalamic plasticity. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e164178. [PMID: 37092553 PMCID: PMC10243807 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.164178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Makorin ring finger protein 3 (MKRN3) was identified as an inhibitor of puberty initiation with the report of loss-of-function mutations in association with central precocious puberty. Consistent with this inhibitory role, a prepubertal decrease in Mkrn3 expression was observed in the mouse hypothalamus. Here, we investigated the mechanisms of action of MKRN3 in the central regulation of puberty onset. We showed that MKRN3 deletion in hypothalamic neurons derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells was associated with significant changes in expression of genes controlling hypothalamic development and plasticity. Mkrn3 deletion in a mouse model led to early puberty onset in female mice. We found that Mkrn3 deletion increased the number of dendritic spines in the arcuate nucleus but did not alter the morphology of GnRH neurons during postnatal development. In addition, we identified neurokinin B (NKB) as an Mkrn3 target. Using proteomics, we identified insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 1 (IGF2BP1) as another target of MKRN3. Interactome analysis revealed that IGF2BP1 interacted with MKRN3, along with several members of the polyadenylate-binding protein family. Our data show that one of the mechanisms by which MKRN3 inhibits pubertal initiation is through regulation of prepubertal hypothalamic development and plasticity, as well as through effects on NKB and IGF2BP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydie Naulé
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alessandra Mancini
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sidney A. Pereira
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brandon M. Gassaway
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John R. Lydeard
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - John C. Magnotto
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Han Kyeol Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joy Liang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Cynara Matos
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven P. Gygi
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Florian T. Merkle
- Metabolic Research Laboratories and Medical Research Council Metabolic Diseases Unit, Wellcome Trust – Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science and
- Wellcome Trust – Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Rona S. Carroll
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ana Paula Abreu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ursula B. Kaiser
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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9
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Brito VN, Canton APM, Seraphim CE, Abreu AP, Macedo DB, Mendonca BB, Kaiser UB, Argente J, Latronico AC. The Congenital and Acquired Mechanisms Implicated in the Etiology of Central Precocious Puberty. Endocr Rev 2023; 44:193-221. [PMID: 35930274 PMCID: PMC9985412 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnac020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The etiology of central precocious puberty (CPP) is multiple and heterogeneous, including congenital and acquired causes that can be associated with structural or functional brain alterations. All causes of CPP culminate in the premature pulsatile secretion of hypothalamic GnRH and, consequently, in the premature reactivation of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. The activation of excitatory factors or suppression of inhibitory factors during childhood represent the 2 major mechanisms of CPP, revealing a delicate balance of these opposing neuronal pathways. Hypothalamic hamartoma (HH) is the most well-known congenital cause of CPP with central nervous system abnormalities. Several mechanisms by which hamartoma causes CPP have been proposed, including an anatomical connection to the anterior hypothalamus, autonomous neuroendocrine activity in GnRH neurons, trophic factors secreted by HH, and mechanical pressure applied to the hypothalamus. The importance of genetic and/or epigenetic factors in the underlying mechanisms of CPP has grown significantly in the last decade, as demonstrated by the evidence of genetic abnormalities in hypothalamic structural lesions (eg, hamartomas, gliomas), syndromic disorders associated with CPP (Temple, Prader-Willi, Silver-Russell, and Rett syndromes), and isolated CPP from monogenic defects (MKRN3 and DLK1 loss-of-function mutations). Genetic and epigenetic discoveries involving the etiology of CPP have had influence on the diagnosis and familial counseling providing bases for potential prevention of premature sexual development and new treatment targets in the future. Global preventive actions inducing healthy lifestyle habits and less exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals during the lifespan are desirable because they are potentially associated with CPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius N Brito
- Discipline of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal
Medicine, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, University of Sao
Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246 903, Brazil
| | - Ana P M Canton
- Discipline of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal
Medicine, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, University of Sao
Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246 903, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Seraphim
- Discipline of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal
Medicine, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, University of Sao
Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246 903, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Abreu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of
Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School,
Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Delanie B Macedo
- Discipline of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal
Medicine, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, University of Sao
Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246 903, Brazil
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of
Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School,
Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Núcleo de Atenção Médica Integrada, Centro de Ciências da Saúde,
Universidade de Fortaleza, Fortaleza 60811 905,
Brazil
| | - Berenice B Mendonca
- Discipline of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal
Medicine, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, University of Sao
Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246 903, Brazil
| | - Ursula B Kaiser
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of
Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School,
Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jesús Argente
- Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Department of Endocrinology and
Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spanish PUBERE Registry,
CIBER of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, IMDEA
Institute, Madrid 28009, Spain
| | - Ana Claudia Latronico
- Discipline of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Internal
Medicine, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, University of Sao
Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246 903, Brazil
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Argente J, Dunkel L, Kaiser UB, Latronico AC, Lomniczi A, Soriano-Guillén L, Tena-Sempere M. Molecular basis of normal and pathological puberty: from basic mechanisms to clinical implications. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2023; 11:203-216. [PMID: 36620967 PMCID: PMC10198266 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(22)00339-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Puberty is a major maturational event; its mechanisms and timing are driven by genetic determinants, but also controlled by endogenous and environmental cues. Substantial progress towards elucidation of the neuroendocrine networks governing puberty has taken place. However, key aspects of the mechanisms responsible for the precise timing of puberty and its alterations have only recently begun to be deciphered, propelled by epidemiological data suggesting that pubertal timing is changing in humans, via mechanisms that are not yet understood. By integrating basic and clinical data, we provide a comprehensive overview of current advances on the physiological basis of puberty, with a particular focus on the roles of kisspeptins and other central transmitters, the underlying molecular and endocrine mechanisms, and the pathways involved in pubertal modulation by nutritional and metabolic cues. Additionally, we have summarised molecular features of precocious and delayed puberty in both sexes, as revealed by clinical and genetic studies. This Review is a synoptic up-to-date view of how puberty is controlled and of the pathogenesis of major pubertal alterations, from both a clinical and translational perspective. We also highlight unsolved challenges that will seemingly concentrate future research efforts in this active domain of endocrinology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Argente
- Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Endocrinology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, University Hospital Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Madrid, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; IMDEA Food Institute, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Leo Dunkel
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London Medical School, London, UK
| | - Ursula B Kaiser
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ana C Latronico
- Developmental Endocrinology Unit, Laboratory of Hormones and Molecular Genetics, LIM42, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alejandro Lomniczi
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Leandro Soriano-Guillén
- Service of Pediatrics, University Hospital Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Tena-Sempere
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, Córdoba, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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11
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Mørup N, Stakaitis R, Main AM, Golubickaite I, Hagen CP, Juul A, Almstrup K. Circulating levels and the bioactivity of miR-30b increase during pubertal progression in boys. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1120115. [PMID: 36742409 PMCID: PMC9893272 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1120115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Puberty marks the transition from childhood to adulthood and is initiated by activation of a pulsatile GnRH secretion from the hypothalamus. MKRN3 functions as a pre-pubertal break on the GnRH pulse generator and hypothalamic expression and circulating levels of MKRN3 decrease peri-pubertally. In rodents, microRNA miR-30b seems to directly target hypothalamic MKRN3 expression - and in boys, circulating levels of miR-30b-5p increase when puberty is pharmacologically induced. Similarly, miR-200b-3p and miR-155-5p have been suggested to inhibit expression of other proteins potentially involved in the regulation of GnRH secretion. Here we measure circulating levels of these three miRNAs as boys progress through puberty. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-six boys from the longitudinal part of the Copenhagen Puberty Study were included. All boys underwent successive clinical examinations including estimation of testis size by palpation. miR-30b-5p, miR-200b-3p, and miR-155-5p were measured in serum by RT-qPCR using a kit sensitive to the phosphorylation status of the miRNAs. Thirty-nine boys had miRNA levels measured in three consecutive samples (pre-, peri-, and post-pubertally) and seven boys had miR-30b-5p levels measured in ten consecutive samples during the pubertal transition. RESULTS When circulating levels of miR-30b-5p in pre- and peri-pubertal samples were compared with post-pubertal levels, we observed a significant increase of 2.3 and 2.2-fold (p-value<6.0×10-4), respectively, and a larger fraction of miR-30b-5p appeared to be phosphorylated post-pubertally indicating an increase in its bioactivity. We also observed a negative correlation between circulating levels of miR-30b-5p and MKRN3. The inter-individual variation in circulating miR-30b levels was substantial and we could not define a clinical threshold for miR-30b-5p suggestive of imminent puberty. Also, miR-155-5p showed significantly increasing levels from the peri- to the post-pubertal stage (p=3.0×10-3), whereas miR-200b-3p did not consistently increase. CONCLUSION Both circulating levels of miR-30b-5p and its bioactivity increase during the pubertal transition in boys supporting its role in the activation of the HPG axis at the onset of physiologically normal puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Mørup
- The Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Nina Mørup, ; Kristian Almstrup,
| | - Rytis Stakaitis
- The Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Laboratory of Molecular Neurooncology, Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Ailsa Maria Main
- The Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ieva Golubickaite
- The Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Casper P. Hagen
- The Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Juul
- The Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Almstrup
- The Department of Growth and Reproduction, Copenhagen University Hospital - Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The International Center for Research and Research Training in Endocrine Disruption of Male Reproduction and Child Health, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- *Correspondence: Nina Mørup, ; Kristian Almstrup,
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12
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Gui Z, Lv M, Han M, Li S, Mo Z. Effect of CPP-related genes on GnRH secretion and Notch signaling pathway during puberty. Biomed J 2022; 46:100575. [PMID: 36528337 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Puberty is a complex biological process of sexual development, influenced by genetic, metabolic-nutritional, environmental and socioeconomic factors, characterized by the development of secondary sexual characteristics, maturation of the gonads, leading to the acquisition of reproductive capacity. The onset of central precocious puberty (CPP) is mainly associated with the early activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and increased secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), leading to increased pituitary secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and activation of gonadal function. Due to the expense and invasiveness of current diagnostic testing and drug therapies for CPP, it would be helpful to find serum and genetic markers to facilitate diagnosis. In this paper, we summarized the related factors that may affect the expression of GnRH1 gene and the secretion and action pathway of GnRH and related sex hormones, and found several potential targets, such as MKRN3, DLK1 and KISS1. Although, the specific mechanism still needs to be further studied, we would be encouraged if the insights from this review could provide new insights for future research and clinical diagnosis and treatment of CPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Gui
- Guangxi Provincial Postgraduate Co-training Base for Collaborative Innovation in Basic Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China; Clinical Medicine of Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Mei Lv
- Guangxi Provincial Postgraduate Co-training Base for Collaborative Innovation in Basic Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China; Anshun City People's Hospital, Anshun, Guizhou, China
| | - Min Han
- Clinical Medicine of Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Shan Li
- Guangxi Provincial Postgraduate Co-training Base for Collaborative Innovation in Basic Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhongcheng Mo
- Guangxi Provincial Postgraduate Co-training Base for Collaborative Innovation in Basic Medicine, Department of Histology and Embryology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China; Guangxi Health Commission Key Laboratory of Basic Research in Sphingolipid Metabolism Related Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China.
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13
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Han M, Liang C, Liu Y, He X, Chu M. Integrated Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Crucial mRNAs and miRNAs Related to Fecundity in the Hypothalamus of Yunshang Black Goats during the Luteal Phase. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233397. [PMID: 36496918 PMCID: PMC9738480 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
A normal estrus cycle is essential for the breeding of goats, and the luteal phase accounts for most of the estrus cycle. The corpus luteum (CL) formed during the luteal phase is a transient endocrine gland that is crucial for the reproductive cycle and pregnancy maintenance, and is controlled by many regulatory factors. However, the molecular mechanism of the hypothalamus effect on the reproductive performance of different litter sizes during the luteal phase of goats has not been elucidated. In this study, RNA-sequencing was used to analyze the mRNA and miRNA expression profiles of the hypothalamic tissues with the high-fecundity goats during the luteal phase (LP-HF) and low-fecundity goats during the luteal phase (LP-LF). The RNA-seq results found that there were 1963 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) (890 up-regulated and 1073 down-regulated). The miRNA-seq identified 57 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs), including 11 up-regulated and 46 down-regulated, of which 199 DEGs were predicted to be potential target genes of DEMs. Meanwhile, the functional enrichment analysis identified several mRNA-miRNA pairs involved in the regulation of the hypothalamic activity, such as the common target gene MEA1 of novel-miR-972, novel-miR-125 and novel-miR-403, which can play a certain role as a related gene of the reproductive development in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and its regulated network, by regulating the androgen secretion. While another target gene ADIPOR2 of the novel-miR-403, is distributed in the hypothalamus and affects the reproductive system through a central role on the HPG axis and a peripheral role in the gonadal tissue. An annotation analysis of the DE miRNA-mRNA pairs identified targets related to biological processes, such as anion binding (GO:0043168) and small molecule binding (GO: 0036094). Subsequently, the KEGG(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathways were performed to analyze the miRNA-mRNA pairs with negatively correlated miRNAs. We found that the GnRH signaling pathway (ko04912), the estrogen signaling pathway (ko04915), the Fc gamma R-mediated phagocytosis (ko04666), and the IL-17 signaling pathway (ko04657), etc., were directly and indirectly associated with the reproductive process. These targeting interactions may be closely related to the reproductive performance of goats. The results of this study provide a reference for further research on the molecular regulation mechanism for the high fertility in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaoceng Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Chen Liang
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong 030801, China
| | - Yufang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoyun He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mingxing Chu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-010-62819850
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14
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Roberts SA, Naulé L, Chouman S, Johnson T, Johnson M, Carroll RS, Navarro VM, Kaiser UB. Hypothalamic Overexpression of Makorin Ring Finger Protein 3 Results in Delayed Puberty in Female Mice. Endocrinology 2022; 163:bqac132. [PMID: 35974456 PMCID: PMC10233297 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Makorin ring finger protein 3 (MKRN3) is an important neuroendocrine player in the control of pubertal timing and upstream inhibitor of gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion. In mice, expression of Mkrn3 in the hypothalamic arcuate and anteroventral periventricular nucleus is high early in life and declines before the onset of puberty. Therefore, we aimed to explore if the persistence of hypothalamic Mkrn3 expression peripubertally would result in delayed puberty. Female mice that received neonatal bilateral intracerebroventricular injections of a recombinant adeno-associated virus expressing Mkrn3 had delayed vaginal opening and first estrus compared with animals injected with control virus. Subsequent estrous cycles and fertility were normal. Interestingly, male mice treated similarly did not exhibit delayed puberty onset. Kiss1, Tac2, and Pdyn mRNA levels were increased in the mediobasal hypothalamus in females at postnatal day 28, whereas kisspeptin and neurokinin B protein levels in the arcuate nucleus were decreased, following Mkrn3 overexpression, compared to controls. Cumulatively, these data suggest that Mkrn3 may directly or indirectly target neuropeptides of Kiss1 neurons to degradation pathways. This mouse model suggests that MKRN3 may be a potential contributor to delayed onset of puberty, in addition to its well-established roles in central precocious puberty and the timing of menarche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Roberts
- Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lydie Naulé
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Soukayna Chouman
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tatyana Johnson
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marciana Johnson
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rona S Carroll
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Victor M Navarro
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ursula B Kaiser
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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15
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Precocious puberty in narcolepsy type 1: Orexin loss and/or neuroinflammation, which is to blame? Sleep Med Rev 2022; 65:101683. [PMID: 36096986 DOI: 10.1016/j.smrv.2022.101683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Narcolepsy type 1 (NT1) is a rare neurological sleep disorder triggered by postnatal loss of the orexin/hypocretin neuropeptides. Overweight/obesity and precocious puberty are highly prevalent comorbidities of NT1, with a close temporal correlation with disease onset, suggesting a common origin. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown and merit further investigation. The main question we address in this review is whether the occurrence of precocious puberty in NT1 is due to the lack of orexin/hypocretin or rather to a wider hypothalamic dysfunction in the context of neuroinflammation, which is likely to accompany the disease given its autoimmune origins. Our analysis suggests that the suspected generalized neuroinflammation of the hypothalamus in NT1 would tend to delay puberty rather than hastening it. In contrast, that the brutal loss of orexin/hypocretin would favor an early reactivation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion during the prepubertal period in vulnerable children, leading to early puberty onset. Orexin/hypocretin replacement could thus be envisaged as a potential treatment for precocious puberty in NT1. Additionally, we put forward an alternative hypothesis regarding the concomitant occurrence of sleepiness, weight gain and early puberty in NT1.
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16
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Roa J, Ruiz-Cruz M, Ruiz-Pino F, Onieva R, Vazquez MJ, Sanchez-Tapia MJ, Ruiz-Rodriguez JM, Sobrino V, Barroso A, Heras V, Velasco I, Perdices-Lopez C, Ohlsson C, Avendaño MS, Prevot V, Poutanen M, Pinilla L, Gaytan F, Tena-Sempere M. Dicer ablation in Kiss1 neurons impairs puberty and fertility preferentially in female mice. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4663. [PMID: 35945211 PMCID: PMC9363423 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32347-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Kiss1 neurons, producing kisspeptins, are essential for puberty and fertility, but their molecular regulatory mechanisms remain unfolded. Here, we report that congenital ablation of the microRNA-synthesizing enzyme, Dicer, in Kiss1 cells, causes late-onset hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in both sexes, but is compatible with pubertal initiation and preserved Kiss1 neuronal populations at the infantile/juvenile period. Yet, failure to complete puberty and attain fertility is observed only in females. Kiss1-specific ablation of Dicer evokes disparate changes of Kiss1-cell numbers and Kiss1/kisspeptin expression between hypothalamic subpopulations during the pubertal-transition, with a predominant decline in arcuate-nucleus Kiss1 levels, linked to enhanced expression of its repressors, Mkrn3, Cbx7 and Eap1. Our data unveil that miRNA-biosynthesis in Kiss1 neurons is essential for pubertal completion and fertility, especially in females, but dispensable for initial reproductive maturation and neuronal survival in both sexes. Our results disclose a predominant miRNA-mediated inhibitory program of repressive signals that is key for precise regulation of Kiss1 expression and, thereby, reproductive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Roa
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain. .,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain. .,Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004, Córdoba, Spain. .,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Miguel Ruiz-Cruz
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Francisco Ruiz-Pino
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Rocio Onieva
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Maria J Vazquez
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Maria J Sanchez-Tapia
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jose M Ruiz-Rodriguez
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Veronica Sobrino
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Alexia Barroso
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Violeta Heras
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Velasco
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Cecilia Perdices-Lopez
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Claes Ohlsson
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Soledad Avendaño
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Vincent Prevot
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S1172, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Matti Poutanen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Leonor Pinilla
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Francisco Gaytan
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004, Córdoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Manuel Tena-Sempere
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain. .,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Córdoba, 14004, Córdoba, Spain. .,Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004, Córdoba, Spain. .,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004, Córdoba, Spain. .,Institute of Biomedicine, Research Centre for Integrative Physiology and Pharmacology, and Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, 20520, Turku, Finland.
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17
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Sánchez-Garrido MA, García-Galiano D, Tena-Sempere M. Early programming of reproductive health and fertility: novel neuroendocrine mechanisms and implications in reproductive medicine. Hum Reprod Update 2022; 28:346-375. [PMID: 35187579 PMCID: PMC9071071 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmac005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) hypothesis, environmental changes taking place during early maturational periods may alter normal development and predispose to the occurrence of diverse pathologies later in life. Indeed, adverse conditions during these critical developmental windows of high plasticity have been reported to alter the offspring developmental trajectory, causing permanent functional and structural perturbations that in the long term may enhance disease susceptibility. However, while solid evidence has documented that fluctuations in environmental factors, ranging from nutrient availability to chemicals, in early developmental stages (including the peri-conceptional period) have discernible programming effects that increase vulnerability to develop metabolic perturbations, the impact and eventual mechanisms involved, of such developmental alterations on the reproductive phenotype of offspring have received less attention. OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE This review will summarize recent advances in basic and clinical research that support the concept of DOHaD in the context of the impact of nutritional and hormonal perturbations, occurring during the periconceptional, fetal and early postnatal stages, on different aspects of reproductive function in both sexes. Special emphasis will be given to the effects of early nutritional stress on the timing of puberty and adult gonadotropic function, and to address the underlying neuroendocrine pathways, with particular attention to involvement of the Kiss1 system in these reproductive perturbations. The implications of such phenomena in terms of reproductive medicine will also be considered. SEARCH METHODS A comprehensive MEDLINE search, using PubMed as main interface, of research articles and reviews, published mainly between 2006 and 2021, has been carried out. Search was implemented using multiple terms, focusing on clinical and preclinical data from DOHaD studies, addressing periconceptional, gestational and perinatal programming of reproduction. Selected studies addressing early programming of metabolic function have also been considered, when relevant. OUTCOMES A solid body of evidence, from clinical and preclinical studies, has documented the impact of nutritional and hormonal fluctuations during the periconceptional, prenatal and early postnatal periods on pubertal maturation, as well as adult gonadotropic function and fertility. Furthermore, exposure to environmental chemicals, such as bisphenol A, and maternal stress has been shown to negatively influence pubertal development and gonadotropic function in adulthood. The underlying neuroendocrine pathways and mechanisms involved have been also addressed, mainly by preclinical studies, which have identified an, as yet incomplete, array of molecular and neurohormonal effectors. These include, prominently, epigenetic regulatory mechanisms and the hypothalamic Kiss1 system, which likely contribute to the generation of reproductive alterations in conditions of early nutritional and/or metabolic stress. In addition to the Kiss1 system, other major hypothalamic regulators of GnRH neurosecretion, such as γ-aminobutyric acid and glutamate, may be targets of developmental programming. WIDER IMPLICATIONS This review addresses an underdeveloped area of reproductive biology and medicine that may help to improve our understanding of human reproductive disorders and stresses the importance, and eventual pathogenic impact, of early determinants of puberty, adult reproductive function and fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Angel Sánchez-Garrido
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, Cordoba, Spain
| | - David García-Galiano
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, Cordoba, Spain
| | - Manuel Tena-Sempere
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Spain
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Cordoba, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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18
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Sobrino V, Avendaño MS, Perdices-López C, Jimenez-Puyer M, Tena-Sempere M. Kisspeptins and the neuroendocrine control of reproduction: Recent progress and new frontiers in kisspeptin research. Front Neuroendocrinol 2022; 65:100977. [PMID: 34999056 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2021.100977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In late 2003, a major breakthrough in our understanding of the mechanisms that govern reproduction occurred with the identification of the reproductive roles of kisspeptins, encoded by the Kiss1 gene, and their receptor, Gpr54 (aka, Kiss1R). The discovery of this unsuspected reproductive facet attracted an extraordinary interest and boosted an intense research activity, in human and model species, that, in a relatively short period, established a series of basic concepts on the physiological roles of kisspeptins. Such fundamental knowledge, gathered in these early years of kisspeptin research, set the scene for the more recent in-depth dissection of the intimacies of the neuronal networks involving Kiss1 neurons, their precise mechanisms of regulation and the molecular underpinnings of the function of kisspeptins as pivotal regulators of all key aspects of reproductive function, from puberty onset to pulsatile gonadotropin secretion and the metabolic control of fertility. While no clear temporal boundaries between these two periods can be defined, in this review we will summarize the most prominent advances in kisspeptin research occurred in the last ten years, as a means to provide an up-dated view of the state of the art and potential paths of future progress in this dynamic, and ever growing domain of Neuroendocrinology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Sobrino
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Maria Soledad Avendaño
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Cecilia Perdices-López
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Manuel Jimenez-Puyer
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Manuel Tena-Sempere
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004 Cordoba, Spain; Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland.
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19
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Franssen D, Svingen T, Lopez Rodriguez D, Van Duursen M, Boberg J, Parent AS. A Putative Adverse Outcome Pathway Network for Disrupted Female Pubertal Onset to Improve Testing and Regulation of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals. Neuroendocrinology 2022; 112:101-114. [PMID: 33640887 DOI: 10.1159/000515478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The average age for pubertal onset in girls has declined over recent decades. Epidemiological studies in humans and experimental studies in animals suggest a causal role for endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) that are present in our environment. Of concern, current testing and screening regimens are inadequate in identifying EDCs that may affect pubertal maturation, not least because they do not consider early-life exposure. Also, the causal relationship between EDC exposure and pubertal timing is still a matter of debate. To address this issue, we have used current knowledge to elaborate a network of putative adverse outcome pathways (pAOPs) to identify how chemicals can affect pubertal onset. By using the AOP framework, we highlight current gaps in mechanistic understanding that need to be addressed and simultaneously point towards events causative of pubertal disturbance that could be exploited for alternative test methods. We propose 6 pAOPs that could explain the disruption of pubertal timing by interfering with the central hypothalamic trigger of puberty, GnRH neurons, and by so doing highlight specific modes of action that could be targeted for alternative test method development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Franssen
- Neuroendocrinology Unit, GIGA Neurosciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Terje Svingen
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Majorie Van Duursen
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Julie Boberg
- Division of Diet, Disease Prevention and Toxicology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anne-Simone Parent
- Neuroendocrinology Unit, GIGA Neurosciences, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU de Liège, Liège, Belgium
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20
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Fanis P, Morrou M, Tomazou M, Michailidou K, Spyrou GM, Toumba M, Skordis N, Neocleous V, Phylactou LA. Methylation status of hypothalamic Mkrn3 promoter across puberty. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1075341. [PMID: 36714607 PMCID: PMC9880154 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1075341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Makorin RING finger protein 3 (MKRN3) is an important factor located on chromosome 15 in the imprinting region associated with Prader-Willi syndrome. Imprinted MKRN3 is expressed in hypothalamic regions essential for the onset of puberty and mutations in the gene have been found in patients with central precocious puberty. The pubertal process is largely controlled by epigenetic mechanisms that include, among other things, DNA methylation at CpG dinucleotides of puberty-related genes. In the present study, we investigated the methylation status of the Mkrn3 promoter in the hypothalamus of the female mouse before, during and after puberty. Initially, we mapped the 32 CpG dinucleotides in the promoter, the 5'UTR and the first 50 nucleotides of the coding region of the Mkrn3 gene. Moreover, we identified a short CpG island region (CpG islet) located within the promoter. Methylation analysis using bisulfite sequencing revealed that CpG dinucleotides were methylated regardless of developmental stage, with the lowest levels of methylation being found within the CpG islet region. In addition, the CpG islet region showed significantly lower methylation levels at the pre-pubertal stage when compared with the pubertal or post-pubertal stage. Finally, in silico analysis of transcription factor binding sites on the Mkrn3 CpG islet identified the recruitment of 29 transcriptional regulators of which 14 were transcriptional repressors. Our findings demonstrate the characterization and differential methylation of the CpG dinucleotides located in the Mkrn3 promoter that could influence the transcriptional activity in pre-pubertal compared to pubertal or post-pubertal period. Further studies are needed to clarify the possible mechanisms and effects of differential methylation of the Mkrn3 promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlos Fanis
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Maria Morrou
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Marios Tomazou
- Department of Bioinformatics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Kyriaki Michailidou
- Biostatistics Unit, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - George M. Spyrou
- Department of Bioinformatics, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Meropi Toumba
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Child Endocrine Care, Department of Pediatrics, Aretaeio Hospital, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Nicos Skordis
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Paedi Center for Specialized Pediatrics, Nicosia, Cyprus
- Medical School, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Vassos Neocleous
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Leonidas A. Phylactou
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Function and Therapy, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology and Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
- *Correspondence: Leonidas A. Phylactou,
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21
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McIlwraith EK, Zhang N, Belsham DD. The Regulation of Phoenixin: A Fascinating Multidimensional Peptide. J Endocr Soc 2021; 6:bvab192. [PMID: 35059547 PMCID: PMC8763610 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvab192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The phoenixin (PNX) peptide is linked to the control of reproduction, food intake, stress, and inflammation. However, little is known about what regulates its gene and protein expression, information that is critical to understand the physiological role of PNX. In this review, we summarize what is known about the transcriptional control of Pnx and its receptor Gpr173. A main function of PNX is as a positive regulator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, but there is a lack of research on its control by reproductive hormones and peptides. PNX is also associated with food intake, and its expression is linked to feeding status, fatty acids, and glucose. It is influenced by environmental and hormonal-induced stress. The regulation of Pnx in most contexts remains an enigma, in part due to conflicting and negative results. An extensive analysis of the response of the Pnx gene to factors related to reproduction, metabolism, stress, and inflammation is required. Analysis of the Pnx promoter and epigenetic regulation must be considered to understand how this level of control contributes to its pleiotropic effects. PNX is now linked to a broad range of functions, but more research on its gene regulation is required to understand its place in overall physiology and therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ningtong Zhang
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Denise D Belsham
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
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22
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Jiang LQ, Zhou YQ, Yuan K, Zhu JF, Fang YL, Wang CL. Rare mutation in MKRN3 in two twin sisters with central precocious puberty: Two case reports. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:10018-10023. [PMID: 34877345 PMCID: PMC8610925 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i32.10018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caused by premature activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, there is increasing incidence of central precocious puberty (CPP), especially in girls. Makorin ring finger protein 3 (MKRN3), a maternal imprinted gene with a highly conserved sequence, is the most common genetic etiology associated with CPP. Approximately 50 different mutations in MKRN3 have been found in CPP.
CASE SUMMARY This case report involves identical twin sisters presenting with premature thelarche at the age of 6 years. The left hand bone age of both patients revealed advanced age (9 years). Pelvic B ultrasound indicated enlargement of the ovaries. Luteinizing hormone (LH) releasing hormone testing confirmed CPP. Whole-exome sequencing detected the c.841C>T mutation in MKRN3, leading to a single base substitution, in the twins. This mutation was inherited from the father and paternal grandmother. After 3 mo of treatment with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog, levels of LH, follicle-stimulating hormone, and estradiol in the proband’s sister returned to normal levels.
CONCLUSION Here, we report a rare mutation (c.841C>T) in MKRN3 in identical twin sisters with CPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Qiong Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yan-Qiong Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ke Yuan
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jian-Fang Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yan-Lan Fang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chun-Lin Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
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23
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Lieu CV, Loganathan N, Belsham DD. Mechanisms Driving Palmitate-Mediated Neuronal Dysregulation in the Hypothalamus. Cells 2021; 10:3120. [PMID: 34831343 PMCID: PMC8617942 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamus maintains whole-body homeostasis by integrating information from circulating hormones, nutrients and signaling molecules. Distinct neuronal subpopulations that express and secrete unique neuropeptides execute the individual functions of the hypothalamus, including, but not limited to, the regulation of energy homeostasis, reproduction and circadian rhythms. Alterations at the hypothalamic level can lead to a myriad of diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, and infertility. The excessive consumption of saturated fatty acids can induce neuroinflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and resistance to peripheral signals, ultimately leading to hyperphagia, obesity, impaired reproductive function and disturbed circadian rhythms. This review focuses on the how the changes in the underlying molecular mechanisms caused by palmitate exposure, the most commonly consumed saturated fatty acid, and the potential involvement of microRNAs, a class of non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally, can result in detrimental alterations in protein expression and content. Studying the involvement of microRNAs in hypothalamic function holds immense potential, as these molecular markers are quickly proving to be valuable tools in the diagnosis and treatment of metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calvin V. Lieu
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building 3247A, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; (C.V.L.); (N.L.)
| | - Neruja Loganathan
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building 3247A, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; (C.V.L.); (N.L.)
| | - Denise D. Belsham
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building 3247A, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; (C.V.L.); (N.L.)
- Departments of Obstetrics/Gynecology and Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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24
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Vazquez MJ, Daza-Dueñas S, Tena-Sempere M. Emerging Roles of Epigenetics in the Control of Reproductive Function: Focus on Central Neuroendocrine Mechanisms. J Endocr Soc 2021; 5:bvab152. [PMID: 34703958 PMCID: PMC8533971 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvab152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproduction is an essential function for perpetuation of the species. As such, it is controlled by sophisticated regulatory mechanisms that allow a perfect match between environmental conditions and internal cues to ensure adequate pubertal maturation and achievement of reproductive capacity. Besides classical genetic regulatory events, mounting evidence has documented that different epigenetic mechanisms operate at different levels of the reproductive axis to finely tune the development and function of this complex neuroendocrine system along the lifespan. In this mini-review, we summarize recent evidence on the role of epigenetics in the control of reproduction, with special focus on the modulation of the central components of this axis. Particular attention will be paid to the epigenetic control of puberty and Kiss1 neurons because major developments have taken place in this domain recently. In addition, the putative role of central epigenetic mechanisms in mediating the influence of nutritional and environmental cues on reproductive function will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jesus Vazquez
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Silvia Daza-Dueñas
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Manuel Tena-Sempere
- Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Cordoba (IMIBIC), 14004 Cordoba, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain.,Hospital Universitario Reina Sofia, 14004 Cordoba, Spain.,CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 14004 Cordoba, Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland
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25
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Maione L, Bouvattier C, Kaiser UB. Central precocious puberty: Recent advances in understanding the aetiology and in the clinical approach. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2021; 95:542-555. [PMID: 33797780 PMCID: PMC8586890 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Central precocious puberty (CPP) results from early activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. The current state of knowledge of the complex neural network acting at the level of the hypothalamus and the GnRH neuron to control puberty onset has expanded, particularly in the context of molecular interactions. Along with these advances, the knowledge of pubertal physiology and pathophysiology has also increased. This review focuses on regulatory abnormalities occurring at the hypothalamic level of the HPG axis to cause CPP. The clinical approach to diagnosis of puberty and pubertal disorders is also reviewed, with a particular focus on aetiologies of CPP. The recent identification of mutations in MKRN3 and DLK1 in familial as well sporadic forms of CPP has changed the state of the art of the approach to patients with CPP. Genetic advances have also had important repercussions beyond consideration of puberty alone. Syndromic disorders and central nervous system lesions associated with CPP are also discussed. If untreated, these conditions may lead to adverse physical, psychosocial and medical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Maione
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’Hypophyse, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris-Saclay University, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Claire Bouvattier
- Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’Hypophyse, Université Paris-Saclay, Paris-Saclay University, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Ursula B. Kaiser
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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26
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Lopez-Rodriguez D, Franssen D, Heger S, Parent AS. Endocrine-disrupting chemicals and their effects on puberty. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 35:101579. [PMID: 34563408 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2021.101579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sexual maturation in humans is characterized by a unique individual variability. Pubertal onset is a highly heritable polygenic trait but it is also affected by environmental factors such as obesity or endocrine disrupting chemicals. The last 30 years have been marked by a constant secular trend toward earlier age at onset of puberty in girls and boys around the world. More recent data, although more disputed, suggest an increased incidence in idiopathic central precocious puberty. Such trends point to a role for environmental factors in pubertal changes. Animal data suggest that the GnRH-neuronal network is highly sensitive to endocrine disruption during development. This review focuses on the most recent data regarding secular trend in pubertal timing as well as potential new epigenetic mechanisms explaining the developmental and transgenerational effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals on pubertal timing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Delphine Franssen
- GIGA Neurosciences, Neuroendocrinology Unit, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Sabine Heger
- Children's Hospital Bult, Janusz-Korczak-Allee 12, 30173, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anne-Simone Parent
- GIGA Neurosciences, Neuroendocrinology Unit, University of Liège, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Liège, Belgium.
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27
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Barbieri F, Inzaghi E, Caruso Nicoletti M, Cassio A, Grandone A, DE Sanctis L, Bizzarri C. Biological clock and heredity in pubertal timing: what is new? Minerva Pediatr (Torino) 2021; 73:537-548. [PMID: 34264049 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-5276.21.06511-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Puberty represents a milestone during a person's life and is characterized by several physical and psychological changes which end with the achievement of sexual maturation and of fertility. Puberty onset depends on a series of sophisticated, not completely understood, mechanisms certainly involving Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) and its effects on pituitary gonadotropins. As recent evidence has demonstrated that pubertal timing deeply affects future adult health life, much efforts have been performed in order to clarify the exact actors involved in the onset and progression of puberty. Genetic factors are undoubtedly essential players in the regulation of pubertal development, accounting for approximately 50-80% of its variability. Mutations in genes such as KISS1, MKRN3 and DLK1 have been associated with central precocious puberty. Interestingly, a possible involvement of epigenetic mechanisms has been proposed as additional element able to affect pubertal phase. Environmental factors have recently attracted much attention. Indeed, an overall decrease in the age of puberty has been observed in the last decades. As genetic factors require long time to exert their effect, other players, such as environmental ones, may be involved. Special focus has been posed on nutritional status, endocrine-disrupting chemicals with non-conclusive results. Pubertal timing deeply affects future life, suggesting the need to clarify mechanisms driving pubertal onset and progression, in order to identify tailored therapeutic strategies and targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Barbieri
- Pediatric Section, Department of translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Elena Inzaghi
- Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Manuela Caruso Nicoletti
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandra Cassio
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, S.Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Grandone
- Departement of Women's and Children's Health and General and Specialized Surgery, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Napoli, Italy
| | - Luisa DE Sanctis
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Carla Bizzarri
- Unit of Endocrinology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy -
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Delli V, Silva MSB, Prévot V, Chachlaki K. The KiNG of reproduction: Kisspeptin/ nNOS interactions shaping hypothalamic GnRH release. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 532:111302. [PMID: 33964320 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is the master regulator of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, and therefore of fertility and reproduction. The release pattern of GnRH by the hypothalamus includes both pulses and surges. However, despite a considerable body of evidence in support of a determinant role for kisspeptin, the mechanisms regulating a GnRH pulse and surge remain a topic of debate. In this review we challenge the view of kisspeptin as an absolute "monarch", and instead present the idea of a Kisspeptin-nNOS-GnRH or "KiNG" network that is responsible for generating the "GnRH pulse" and "GnRH surge". In particular, the neuromodulator nitric oxide (NO) has opposite effects to kisspeptin on GnRH secretion in many respects, acting as the Yin to kisspeptin's Yang and creating a dynamic system in which kisspeptin provides the "ON" signal, promoting GnRH release, while NO mediates the "OFF" signal, acting as a tonic brake on GnRH secretion. This interplay between an activator and an inhibitor, which is in turn fine-tuned by the gonadal steroid environment, thus leads to the generation of GnRH pulses and surges and is crucial for the proper development and function of the reproductive axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Delli
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S 1172, F-59000, Lille, France; FHU, 1000 Days for Health, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Mauro S B Silva
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S 1172, F-59000, Lille, France; FHU, 1000 Days for Health, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Vincent Prévot
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S 1172, F-59000, Lille, France; FHU, 1000 Days for Health, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Konstantina Chachlaki
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR-S 1172, F-59000, Lille, France; FHU, 1000 Days for Health, F-59000, Lille, France; University Research Institute of Child Health and Precision Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, "Aghia Sophia" Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece.
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29
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Vanacker C, Bouret SG, Giacobini P, Prévot V. [Precocious puberty and neuropilin-1 signaling in GnRH neurons]. Med Sci (Paris) 2021; 37:366-371. [PMID: 33908854 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/2021035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The survival of the species depends on two closely interlinked processes: the correct functioning of the reproductive system, and the balance between the energy needs of an individual and the supply of energy sources through feeding. These two processes are regulated in the hypothalamus, which produces neurohormones that control various physiological functions. Among these neurohormones, GnRH controls not only the maturation and function of the reproductive organs, including the ovaries and the testes, during puberty and in adulthood, but also sexual attraction. Recent evidence suggest that neuropilin-1-mediated signaling in GnRH-synthesizing neurons could be a linchpin that holds together various neuroanatomical, physiological and behavioral adaptations involved in triggering puberty and achieving reproductive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Vanacker
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Équipe développement et plasticité du cerveau neuroendocrine, FHU 1 000 jours pour la Santé, Lille Neuroscience et Cognition, UMR-S1172, 1 place de Verdun, 59045 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Sébastien G Bouret
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Équipe développement et plasticité du cerveau neuroendocrine, FHU 1 000 jours pour la Santé, Lille Neuroscience et Cognition, UMR-S1172, 1 place de Verdun, 59045 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Paolo Giacobini
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Équipe développement et plasticité du cerveau neuroendocrine, FHU 1 000 jours pour la Santé, Lille Neuroscience et Cognition, UMR-S1172, 1 place de Verdun, 59045 Lille Cedex, France
| | - Vincent Prévot
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Équipe développement et plasticité du cerveau neuroendocrine, FHU 1 000 jours pour la Santé, Lille Neuroscience et Cognition, UMR-S1172, 1 place de Verdun, 59045 Lille Cedex, France
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30
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Li C, Han T, Li Q, Zhang M, Guo R, Yang Y, Lu W, Li Z, Peng C, Wu P, Tian X, Wang Q, Wang Y, Zhou V, Han Z, Li H, Wang F, Hu R. MKRN3-mediated ubiquitination of Poly(A)-binding proteins modulates the stability and translation of GNRH1 mRNA in mammalian puberty. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:3796-3813. [PMID: 33744966 PMCID: PMC8053111 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The family of Poly(A)-binding proteins (PABPs) regulates the stability and translation of messenger RNAs (mRNAs). Here we reported that the three members of PABPs, including PABPC1, PABPC3 and PABPC4, were identified as novel substrates for MKRN3, whose deletion or loss-of-function mutations were genetically associated with human central precocious puberty (CPP). MKRN3-mediated ubiquitination was found to attenuate the binding of PABPs to the poly(A) tails of mRNA, which led to shortened poly(A) tail-length of GNRH1 mRNA and compromised the formation of translation initiation complex (TIC). Recently, we have shown that MKRN3 epigenetically regulates the transcription of GNRH1 through conjugating poly-Ub chains onto methyl-DNA bind protein 3 (MBD3). Therefore, MKRN3-mediated ubiquitin signalling could control both transcriptional and post-transcriptional switches of mammalian puberty initiation. While identifying MKRN3 as a novel tissue-specific translational regulator, our work also provided new mechanistic insights into the etiology of MKRN3 dysfunction-associated human CPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanyin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Tianting Han
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingrun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Menghuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenli Lu
- Department of Juvenile Endocrinology, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Zhengwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chao Peng
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Ping Wu
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xiaoxu Tian
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Qinqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuexiang Wang
- Institute of Nutritional and Health Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue-yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Vincent Zhou
- Shao-Hua-Ye M.D. Inc, 416 W Las Tunas Dr Ste 205, San Gabriel, CA 91776, USA
| | - Ziyan Han
- Occidental College, 1600 campus Rd, LA, CA 90041, USA
| | - Hecheng Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Oral Implantology, Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, Shanghai 200001, China
| | - Ronggui Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200031, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease, Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, China
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Guo L, Li Y, Cirillo KM, Marick RA, Su Z, Yin X, Hua X, Mills GB, Sahni N, Yi SS. mi-IsoNet: systems-scale microRNA landscape reveals rampant isoform-mediated gain of target interaction diversity and signaling specificity. Brief Bioinform 2021; 22:6225086. [PMID: 33855356 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbab091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) is not a single sequence, but a series of multiple variants (also termed isomiRs) with sequence and expression heterogeneity. Whether and how these isoforms contribute to functional variation and complexity at the systems and network levels remain largely unknown. To explore this question systematically, we comprehensively analyzed the expression of small RNAs and their target sites to interrogate functional variations between novel isomiRs and their canonical miRNA sequences. Our analyses of the pan-cancer landscape of miRNA expression indicate that multiple isomiRs generated from the same miRNA locus often exhibit remarkable variation in their sequence, expression and function. We interrogated abundant and differentially expressed 5' isomiRs with novel seed sequences via seed shifting and identified many potential novel targets of these 5' isomiRs that would expand interaction capabilities between small RNAs and mRNAs, rewiring regulatory networks and increasing signaling circuit complexity. Further analyses revealed that some miRNA loci might generate diverse dominant isomiRs that often involved isomiRs with varied seeds and arm-switching, suggesting a selective advantage of multiple isomiRs in regulating gene expression. Finally, experimental validation indicated that isomiRs with shifted seed sequences could regulate novel target mRNAs and therefore contribute to regulatory network rewiring. Our analysis uncovers a widespread expansion of isomiR and mRNA interaction networks compared with those seen in canonical small RNA analysis; this expansion suggests global gene regulation network perturbations by alternative small RNA variants or isoforms. Taken together, the variations in isomiRs that occur during miRNA processing and maturation are likely to play a far more complex and plastic role in gene regulation than previously anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Guo
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yongsheng Li
- Department of Oncology, Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Kara M Cirillo
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 78957, USA
| | - Robert A Marick
- Department of Oncology, Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Zhe Su
- Department of Oncology, Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Xing Yin
- Department of Oncology, Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Xu Hua
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97201, USA.,Precision Oncology, Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Nidhi Sahni
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 78957, USA.,Program in Quantitative and Computational Biosciences (QCB), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - S Stephen Yi
- Department of Oncology, Livestrong Cancer Institutes, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.,Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences (ICES), The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.,Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Graduate Programs (ILSGP), College of Natural Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cockrell School of Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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32
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Atay E, Kılınç S, Ulfer G, Yigitbasi T, Cakici C, Turan M, Ceran O, Atay Z. The role of makorin ring finger protein-3, kisspeptin, and neurokinin B in the physiology of minipuberty. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2021; 34:325-332. [PMID: 33675211 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2020-0331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is no data regarding the interrelationships of circulating Makorin Ring Finger Protein-3 (MKRN3), Kisspeptin (KISS1), and Neurokinin B (NKB) concentrations during minipuberty in humans. OBJECTIVE To determine temporal changes in circulating concentrations of MKRN3, KISS1, NKB, and gonadotropins and investigate interrelationships between them in healthy full-term (FT) and preterm (PT) infants during minipuberty period. METHODS A prospective study of 6-month follow-up performed. Eighty-seven healthy newborns, 48 FT (19 boys/29 girls), and 39 PT (21 boys/18 girls) (gestational age 31-37 weeks), were included. Blood samples were taken at 7 days (D7), 2 months (M2), and 6 months (M6) of age. Serum MKRN3, KISS1, NKB, LH, FSH, total testosterone (TT), and estradiol (E2) concentrations were measured. RESULTS Seventy infants completed the study. MKRN3, KISS1, and NKB concentrations were similar in FT girls and boys. PT boys and girls also had similar concentrations of MKRN3, KISS1, and NKB. FT babies had significantly higher NKB concentrations than PT babies at D7, M2, and M6. MKRN3 and KISS1 concentrations do not differ between FT and PT babies. A strong positive correlation was found between MKRN3 and KISS1 at each time point and in all groups. FSH, LH, TT/E2 concentrations decrease while those of MKRN3 and KISS1 have a trend to increase toward the end of minipuberty. No correlation was detected between gonadotropins and MKRN3, KISS1, NKB concentrations. CONCLUSION Strong positive correlation demonstrated between KISS1 and MKRN3 suggests that interrelationship between molecules controlling minipuberty is not similar to those at puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enver Atay
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Suna Kılınç
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Health Sciences University Istanbul Bağcılar Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gozde Ulfer
- Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Turkan Yigitbasi
- Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cagri Cakici
- Department of Biochemistry, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Murat Turan
- NICU, Istanbul Kosuyolu Medipol Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Omer Ceran
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Atay
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
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33
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Seraphim CE, Canton APM, Montenegro L, Piovesan MR, Macedo DB, Cunha M, Guimaraes A, Ramos CO, Benedetti AFF, de Castro Leal A, Gagliardi PC, Antonini SR, Gryngarten M, Arcari AJ, Abreu AP, Kaiser UB, Soriano-Guillén L, Escribano-Muñoz A, Corripio R, Labarta JI, Travieso-Suárez L, Ortiz-Cabrera NV, Argente J, Mendonca BB, Brito VN, Latronico AC. Genotype-Phenotype Correlations in Central Precocious Puberty Caused by MKRN3 Mutations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:1041-1050. [PMID: 33383582 PMCID: PMC7993586 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Loss-of-function mutations of makorin RING finger protein 3 (MKRN3) are the most common monogenic cause of familial central precocious puberty (CPP). OBJECTIVE To describe the clinical and hormonal features of a large cohort of patients with CPP due to MKRN3 mutations and compare the characteristics of different types of genetic defects. METHODS Multiethnic cohort of 716 patients with familial or idiopathic CPP screened for MKRN3 mutations using Sanger sequencing. A group of 156 Brazilian girls with idiopathic CPP (ICPP) was used as control group. RESULTS Seventy-one patients (45 girls and 26 boys from 36 families) had 18 different loss-of-function MKRN3 mutations. Eight mutations were classified as severe (70% of patients). Among the 71 patients, first pubertal signs occurred at 6.2 ± 1.2 years in girls and 7.1 ± 1.5 years in boys. Girls with MKRN3 mutations had a shorter delay between puberty onset and first evaluation and higher follicle-stimulating hormone levels than ICPP. Patients with severe MKRN3 mutations had a greater bone age advancement than patients with missense mutations (2.3 ± 1.6 vs 1.6 ± 1.4 years, P = .048), and had higher basal luteinizing hormone levels (2.2 ± 1.8 vs 1.1 ± 1.1 UI/L, P = .018) at the time of presentation. Computational protein modeling revealed that 60% of the missense mutations were predicted to cause protein destabilization. CONCLUSION Inherited premature activation of the reproductive axis caused by loss-of-function mutations of MKRN3 is clinically indistinct from ICPP. However, the type of genetic defect may affect bone age maturation and gonadotropin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Eduardo Seraphim
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM/42, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Correspondence: Ana Claudia Latronico, MD, PhD, Hospital das Clínicas da FMUSP, Divisão de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 255, 7o andar, sala 7037—CEP: 05403-900—Cerqueira César—São Paulo, SP, Brazil. and
| | - Ana Pinheiro Machado Canton
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM/42, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciana Montenegro
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM/42, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maiara Ribeiro Piovesan
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM/42, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Delanie B Macedo
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marina Cunha
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM/42, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline Guimaraes
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM/42, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Oliveira Ramos
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM/42, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anna Flavia Figueiredo Benedetti
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM/42, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrea de Castro Leal
- Departamento de Saúde Integrada da Universidade do Estado do Pará (UEPA), Santarém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Priscila C Gagliardi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Nemours Children’s Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Sonir R Antonini
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mirta Gryngarten
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas “Dr. César Bergadá” (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas – FEI - División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andrea J Arcari
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas “Dr. César Bergadá” (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas – FEI - División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Paula Abreu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ursula B Kaiser
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Leandro Soriano-Guillén
- Department of Pediatrics, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spanish PUBERE Registry, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arancha Escribano-Muñoz
- Endocrinology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Virgen of Arrixaca, Spanish PUBERE Registry, Murcia, Spain
| | - Raquel Corripio
- Pediatric Endocrinology Department, Corporació Parc Taulí Hospital Universitari. Institut d’Investigació i Innovació Parc Taulí I3PT. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Spanish PUBERE Registry, Sabadell, Spain
| | - José I Labarta
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Spanish PUBERE Registry, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Lourdes Travieso-Suárez
- Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Department of Endocrinology and Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spanish PUBERE Registry, CIBER of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, IMDEA Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nelmar Valentina Ortiz-Cabrera
- Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Department of Endocrinology and Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spanish PUBERE Registry, CIBER of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, IMDEA Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Argente
- Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Department of Endocrinology and Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spanish PUBERE Registry, CIBER of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, IMDEA Institute, Madrid, Spain
| | - Berenice B Mendonca
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM/42, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vinicius N Brito
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM/42, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia Latronico
- Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular LIM/42, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
Puberty is characterized by major changes in the anatomy and function of reproductive organs. Androgen activity is low before puberty, but during pubertal development, the testes resume the production of androgens. Major physiological changes occur in the testicular cell compartments in response to the increase in intratesticular testosterone concentrations and androgen receptor expression. Androgen activity also impacts on the internal and external genitalia. In target cells, androgens signal through a classical and a nonclassical pathway. This review addresses the most recent advances in the knowledge of the role of androgen signaling in postnatal male sexual development, with a special emphasis on human puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodolfo A Rey
- Centro de Investigaciones Endocrinológicas "Dr. César Bergadá" (CEDIE), CONICET - FEI - División de Endocrinología, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, C1425EFD Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Histología, Embriología, Biología Celular y Genética, C1121ABG Buenos Aires, Argentina
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35
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Abstract
Puberty, which in humans is considered to include both gonadarche and adrenarche, is the period of becoming capable of reproducing sexually and is recognized by maturation of the gonads and development of secondary sex characteristics. Gonadarche referring to growth and maturation of the gonads is fundamental to puberty since it encompasses increased gonadal steroid secretion and initiation of gametogenesis resulting from enhanced pituitary gonadotropin secretion, triggered in turn by robust pulsatile GnRH release from the hypothalamus. This chapter reviews the development of GnRH pulsatility from before birth until the onset of puberty. In humans, GnRH pulse generation is restrained during childhood and juvenile development. This prepubertal hiatus in hypothalamic activity is considered to result from a neurobiological brake imposed upon the GnRH pulse generator resident in the infundibular nucleus. Reactivation of the GnRH pulse generator initiates pubertal development. Current understanding of the genetics and physiology of the brake will be discussed, as will hypotheses proposed to account for timing the resurgence in pulsatile GnRH and initiation of puberty. The chapter ends with a discussion of disorders associated with precocious or delayed puberty with a focus on those with etiologies attributed to aberrant GnRH neuron anatomy or function. A pediatric approach to patients with pubertal disorders is provided and contemporary treatments for both precocious and delayed puberty outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selma Feldman Witchel
- Pediatric Endocrinology, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.
| | - Tony M Plant
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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36
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Naulé L, Maione L, Kaiser UB. Puberty, A Sensitive Window of Hypothalamic Development and Plasticity. Endocrinology 2021; 162:bqaa209. [PMID: 33175140 PMCID: PMC7733306 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Puberty is a developmental period characterized by a broad range of physiologic changes necessary for the acquisition of adult sexual and reproductive maturity. These changes mirror complex modifications within the central nervous system, including within the hypothalamus. These modifications result in the maturation of a fully active hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis, the neuroendocrine cascade ensuring gonadal activation, sex steroid secretion, and gametogenesis. A complex and finely regulated neural network overseeing the HPG axis, particularly the pubertal reactivation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion, has been progressively unveiled in the last 3 decades. This network includes kisspeptin, neurokinin B, GABAergic, and glutamatergic neurons as well as glial cells. In addition to substantial modifications in the expression of key targets, several changes in neuronal morphology, neural connections, and synapse organization occur to establish mature and coordinated neurohormonal secretion, leading to puberty initiation. The aim of this review is to outline the current knowledge of the major changes that neurons secreting GnRH and their neuronal and glial partners undergo before and after puberty. Emerging mediators upstream of GnRH, uncovered in recent years, are also addressed herein. In addition, the effects of sex steroids, particularly estradiol, on changes in hypothalamic neurodevelopment and plasticity are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydie Naulé
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Luigi Maione
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Paris Saclay University, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Department Endocrinology and Reproductive Diseases, Bicêtre Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Ursula B Kaiser
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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37
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Li X, Xiao J, Li K, Zhou Y. MiR-199-3p modulates the onset of puberty in rodents probably by regulating the expression of Kiss1 via the p38 MAPK pathway. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2020; 518:110994. [PMID: 32818586 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.110994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The Kiss1 gene plays an indispensable role in modulating the onset of puberty and fertility in mammals. Although an increasing number of genetic and environmental factors that influence reproduction through Kiss1 have been identified, the function of microRNAs, a class of posttranscriptional regulators, in regulating Kiss1 expression remains poorly understood. This study aimed at investigating the mechanism by which Kiss1 expression is regulated by microRNAs. A simplified miRNome screen by a dual-fluorescence reporter system based on Kiss1 was performed to identify microRNAs that affect the expression of Kiss1. The expression patterns of the identified microRNAs during the period of murine sexual development were investigated, and only miR-199-3p was studied further. Aided by bioinformatics algorithms, miR-199-3p was demonstrated to be a repressor of Kiss1 expression, as it blocked the expression of Kiss1 through the p38 MAPK pathway by simultaneously inhibiting several targets in both GT1-7 cells and primary hypothalamic neurons. Both the inhibition of the p38 MAPK pathway by the intracerebroventricular administration of chemical agents in rats and the ectopic expression of miR-199-3p by lentivirus injection in the hypothalamus in mice delayed puberty onset and gonad development. Our results presented a novel regulatory mechanism of puberty onset which the sustained downregulation of miR-199-3p might gradually release the inhibition of the p38 MAPK/Fos/CREB/Kiss1 pathway during puberty development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Li
- Key Laboratory of Science & Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai, China; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junhua Xiao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuxun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Science & Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Donghua University, Shanghai, China; College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering & Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, China.
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38
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Maione L, Naulé L, Kaiser UB. Makorin RING finger protein 3 and central precocious puberty. CURRENT OPINION IN ENDOCRINE AND METABOLIC RESEARCH 2020; 14:152-159. [PMID: 32984644 PMCID: PMC7518508 DOI: 10.1016/j.coemr.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Makorin RING finger protein 3 (MKRN3) is a key inhibitor of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. Loss-of-function mutations in MKRN3 cause familial and sporadic central precocious puberty (CPP), while polymorphisms are associated with age at menarche. To date, 115 patients with CPP carrying MKRN3 mutations have been described, harboring 48 different genetic variants. The prevalence of MKRN3 mutations in genetically screened populations with CPP is estimated at 9.0%. Girls are more commonly and more seriously affected than boys. MKRN3 is expressed in humans and rodents in the central nervous system. Circulating levels in humans and hypothalamic expression in rodents decrease during pubertal progression. Although some MKRN3 regulators have been identified, the precise mechanism by which MKRN3 inhibits the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis remains elusive. The role of makorins in developmental physiology and organ differentiation and the role of maternal imprinting are discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Maione
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Lydie Naulé
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Ursula B Kaiser
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
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39
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Vanacker C, Trova S, Shruti S, Casoni F, Messina A, Croizier S, Malone S, Ternier G, Hanchate NK, Rasika S, Bouret SG, Ciofi P, Giacobini P, Prevot V. Neuropilin-1 expression in GnRH neurons regulates prepubertal weight gain and sexual attraction. EMBO J 2020; 39:e104633. [PMID: 32761635 PMCID: PMC7527814 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020104633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothalamic neurons expressing gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), the "master molecule" regulating reproduction and fertility, migrate from their birthplace in the nose to their destination using a system of guidance cues, which include the semaphorins and their receptors, the neuropilins and plexins, among others. Here, we show that selectively deleting neuropilin-1 in new GnRH neurons enhances their survival and migration, resulting in excess neurons in the hypothalamus and in their unusual accumulation in the accessory olfactory bulb, as well as an acceleration of mature patterns of activity. In female mice, these alterations result in early prepubertal weight gain, premature attraction to male odors, and precocious puberty. Our findings suggest that rather than being influenced by peripheral energy state, GnRH neurons themselves, through neuropilin-semaphorin signaling, might engineer the timing of puberty by regulating peripheral adiposity and behavioral switches, thus acting as a bridge between the reproductive and metabolic axes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Vanacker
- Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine BrainUniv. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR‐S 1172LilleFrance
- FHU, 1000 Days for HealthLilleFrance
| | - Sara Trova
- Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine BrainUniv. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR‐S 1172LilleFrance
- FHU, 1000 Days for HealthLilleFrance
| | - Sonal Shruti
- Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine BrainUniv. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR‐S 1172LilleFrance
- FHU, 1000 Days for HealthLilleFrance
| | - Filippo Casoni
- Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine BrainUniv. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR‐S 1172LilleFrance
- FHU, 1000 Days for HealthLilleFrance
| | - Andrea Messina
- Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine BrainUniv. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR‐S 1172LilleFrance
- FHU, 1000 Days for HealthLilleFrance
| | - Sophie Croizier
- Center for Integrative GenomicsUniversity of LausanneLausanneSwitzerland
| | - Samuel Malone
- Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine BrainUniv. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR‐S 1172LilleFrance
- FHU, 1000 Days for HealthLilleFrance
| | - Gaetan Ternier
- Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine BrainUniv. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR‐S 1172LilleFrance
- FHU, 1000 Days for HealthLilleFrance
| | - Naresh Kumar Hanchate
- Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine BrainUniv. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR‐S 1172LilleFrance
- FHU, 1000 Days for HealthLilleFrance
| | - S Rasika
- Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine BrainUniv. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR‐S 1172LilleFrance
- FHU, 1000 Days for HealthLilleFrance
| | - Sebastien G Bouret
- Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine BrainUniv. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR‐S 1172LilleFrance
- FHU, 1000 Days for HealthLilleFrance
| | - Philippe Ciofi
- Inserm U1215Neurocentre MagendieBordeauxFrance
- Université de BordeauxBordeauxFrance
| | - Paolo Giacobini
- Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine BrainUniv. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR‐S 1172LilleFrance
- FHU, 1000 Days for HealthLilleFrance
| | - Vincent Prevot
- Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine BrainUniv. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, UMR‐S 1172LilleFrance
- FHU, 1000 Days for HealthLilleFrance
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40
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Abreu AP, Toro CA, Song YB, Navarro VM, Bosch MA, Eren A, Liang JN, Carroll RS, Latronico AC, Rønnekleiv OK, Aylwin CF, Lomniczi A, Ojeda S, Kaiser UB. MKRN3 inhibits the reproductive axis through actions in kisspeptin-expressing neurons. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:4486-4500. [PMID: 32407292 PMCID: PMC7410046 DOI: 10.1172/jci136564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of loss-of-function mutations in MKRN3 in patients with central precocious puberty in association with the decrease in MKRN3 expression in the medial basal hypothalamus of mice before the initiation of reproductive maturation suggests that MKRN3 is acting as a brake on gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion during childhood. In the current study, we investigated the mechanism by which MKRN3 prevents premature manifestation of the pubertal process. We showed that, as in mice, MKRN3 expression is high in the hypothalamus of rats and nonhuman primates early in life, decreases as puberty approaches, and is independent of sex steroid hormones. We demonstrated that Mkrn3 is expressed in Kiss1 neurons of the mouse hypothalamic arcuate nucleus and that MKRN3 repressed promoter activity of human KISS1 and TAC3, 2 key stimulators of GnRH secretion. We further showed that MKRN3 has ubiquitinase activity, that this activity is reduced by MKRN3 mutations affecting the RING finger domain, and that these mutations compromised the ability of MKRN3 to repress KISS1 and TAC3 promoter activity. These results indicate that MKRN3 acts to prevent puberty initiation, at least in part, by repressing KISS1 and TAC3 transcription and that this action may involve an MKRN3-directed ubiquitination-mediated mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Abreu
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Carlos A. Toro
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center–OHSU, Hillsboro, Oregon, USA
| | - Yong Bhum Song
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Victor M. Navarro
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Martha A. Bosch
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Aysegul Eren
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Joy N. Liang
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rona S. Carroll
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ana Claudia Latronico
- Laboratório de Hormônios e Genética Molecular, Unidade de Endocrinologia do Desenvolvimento, Disciplina de Endocrinologia e Metabologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Oline K. Rønnekleiv
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Carlos F. Aylwin
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center–OHSU, Hillsboro, Oregon, USA
| | - Alejandro Lomniczi
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center–OHSU, Hillsboro, Oregon, USA
| | - Sergio Ojeda
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center–OHSU, Hillsboro, Oregon, USA
| | - Ursula B. Kaiser
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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41
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Abbara A, Dhillo WS. Makorin rings the kisspeptin bell to signal pubertal initiation. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:3957-3960. [PMID: 32687068 PMCID: PMC7410055 DOI: 10.1172/jci139586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The signals maintaining quiescence of the reproductive endocrine axis during childhood before its reawakening at puberty had been enigmatic. Studies in patients with abnormal puberty have illuminated the identity of the signals; kisspeptin has emerged as a major stimulator of puberty, and makorin RING finger protein 3 (MKRN3) as an inhibitory signal that prevents premature initiation of puberty. In this issue of the JCI, Abreu et al. investigated the mechanism by which MKRN3 regulates pubertal onset. The authors found that a reduction in MKRN3 alleviated the constraint on kisspeptin-expressing neurons to allow pubertal initiation, a phenomenon observed across species, including nonhuman primates. Further, the ubiquitinase activity of MKRN3 required its RING finger domain, in order to repress the promoter activity of genes encoding kisspeptin and neurokinin B. These data advance our understanding of the regulation of kisspeptin-expressing neurons by MKRN3 to initiate puberty.
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42
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Navarro VM. Metabolic regulation of kisspeptin - the link between energy balance and reproduction. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2020; 16:407-420. [PMID: 32427949 PMCID: PMC8852368 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-020-0363-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hypothalamic kisspeptin neurons serve as the nodal regulatory centre of reproductive function. These neurons are subjected to a plethora of regulatory factors that ultimately affect the release of kisspeptin, which modulates gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) release from GnRH neurons to control the reproductive axis. The presence of sufficient energy reserves is critical to achieve successful reproduction. Consequently, metabolic factors impose a very tight control over kisspeptin synthesis and release. This Review offers a synoptic overview of the different steps in which kisspeptin neurons are subjected to metabolic regulation, from early developmental stages to adulthood. We cover an ample array of known mechanisms that underlie the metabolic regulation of KISS1 expression and kisspeptin release. Furthermore, the novel role of kisspeptin neurons as active players within the neuronal circuits that govern energy balance is discussed, offering evidence of a bidirectional role of these neurons as a nexus between metabolism and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor M Navarro
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Boston, MA, USA.
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43
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Identification of RNA-Binding Proteins as Targetable Putative Oncogenes in Neuroblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21145098. [PMID: 32707690 PMCID: PMC7403987 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21145098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is a common childhood cancer with almost a third of those affected still dying, thus new therapeutic strategies need to be explored. Current experimental therapies focus mostly on inhibiting oncogenic transcription factor signalling. Although LIN28B, DICER and other RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) have reported roles in neuroblastoma development and patient outcome, the role of RBPs in neuroblastoma is relatively unstudied. In order to elucidate novel RBPs involved in MYCN-amplified and other high-risk neuroblastoma subtypes, we performed differential mRNA expression analysis of RBPs in a large primary tumour cohort (n = 498). Additionally, we found via Kaplan–Meier scanning analysis that 685 of the 1483 tested RBPs have prognostic value in neuroblastoma. For the top putative oncogenic candidates, we analysed their expression in neuroblastoma cell lines, as well as summarised their characteristics and existence of chemical inhibitors. Moreover, to help explain their association with neuroblastoma subtypes, we reviewed candidate RBPs’ potential as biomarkers, and their mechanistic roles in neuronal and cancer contexts. We found several highly significant RBPs including RPL22L1, RNASEH2A, PTRH2, MRPL11 and AFF2, which remain uncharacterised in neuroblastoma. Although not all RBPs appear suitable for drug design, or carry prognostic significance, we show that several RBPs have strong rationale for inhibition and mechanistic studies, representing an alternative, but nonetheless promising therapeutic strategy in neuroblastoma treatment.
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44
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Li C, Lu W, Yang L, Li Z, Zhou X, Guo R, Wang J, Wu Z, Dong Z, Ning G, Shi Y, Gu Y, Chen P, Hao Z, Han T, Yang M, Wang W, Huang X, Li Y, Gao S, Hu R. MKRN3 regulates the epigenetic switch of mammalian puberty via ubiquitination of MBD3. Natl Sci Rev 2020; 7:671-685. [PMID: 34692086 PMCID: PMC8288866 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwaa023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Central precocious puberty (CPP) refers to a human syndrome of early puberty initiation with characteristic increase in hypothalamic production and release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Previously, loss-of-function mutations in human MKRN3, encoding a putative E3 ubiquitin ligase, were found to contribute to about 30% of cases of familial CPP. MKRN3 was thereby suggested to serve as a ‘brake’ of mammalian puberty onset, but the underlying mechanisms remain as yet unknown. Here, we report that genetic ablation of Mkrn3 did accelerate mouse puberty onset with increased production of hypothalamic GnRH1. MKRN3 interacts with and ubiquitinates MBD3, which epigenetically silences GNRH1 through disrupting the MBD3 binding to the GNRH1 promoter and recruitment of DNA demethylase TET2. Our findings have thus delineated a molecular mechanism through which the MKRN3–MBD3 axis controls the epigenetic switch in the onset of mammalian puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanyin Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenli Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Liguang Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhengwei Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoyi Zhou
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Rong Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junqi Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhebao Wu
- Center for Pituitary Tumor, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Zhiya Dong
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Guang Ning
- Shanghai Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors and E-Institute for Endocrinology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yujiang Shi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yinmin Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zijian Hao
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tianting Han
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Meiqiang Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xuehui Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Yixue Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, CAS-MPG Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shan Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Bio-medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215163, China
| | - Ronggui Hu
- Department of Pediatrics, Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China; State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Cancer Center, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
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