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Church MC, Workman JL. The SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex: a critical regulator of metabolism. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:1327-1337. [PMID: 38666605 PMCID: PMC11346436 DOI: 10.1042/bst20231141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The close relationship between chromatin and metabolism has been well-studied in recent years. Many metabolites have been found to be cofactors used to modify chromatin, and these modifications can in turn affect gene transcription. One chromatin-associated factor responsible for regulating transcription is the SWI/SNF complex, an ATP-dependent chromatin remodeler conserved throughout eukaryotes. SWI/SNF was originally described in yeast as regulating genes involved in carbon source metabolism and mating type switching, and its mammalian counterpart has been extensively studied for its role in diseases such as cancer. The yeast SWI/SNF complex is closely associated with activation of stress response genes, many of which have metabolic functions. It is now recognized that this is a conserved function of the complex, and recent work has shown that mammalian SWI/SNF is also a key regulator of metabolic transcription. Emerging evidence suggests that loss of SWI/SNF introduces vulnerabilities to cells due to this metabolic influence, and that this may present opportunities for treatment of SWI/SNF-deficient cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Church
- Stowers Institute of Medical Research, 1000 E 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64118, U.S.A
| | - Jerry L. Workman
- Stowers Institute of Medical Research, 1000 E 50th Street, Kansas City, MO 64118, U.S.A
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Chellini F, Tani A, Parigi M, Palmieri F, Garella R, Zecchi-Orlandini S, Squecco R, Sassoli C. HIF-1α/MMP-9 Axis Is Required in the Early Phases of Skeletal Myoblast Differentiation under Normoxia Condition In Vitro. Cells 2023; 12:2851. [PMID: 38132171 PMCID: PMC10742321 DOI: 10.3390/cells12242851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α represents an oxygen-sensitive subunit of HIF transcriptional factor, which is usually degraded in normoxia and stabilized in hypoxia to regulate several target gene expressions. Nevertheless, in the skeletal muscle satellite stem cells (SCs), an oxygen level-independent regulation of HIF-1α has been observed. Although HIF-1α has been highlighted as a SC function regulator, its spatio-temporal expression and role during myogenic progression remain controversial. Herein, using biomolecular, biochemical, morphological and electrophysiological analyses, we analyzed HIF-1α expression, localization and role in differentiating murine C2C12 myoblasts and SCs under normoxia. In addition, we evaluated the role of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 as an HIF-1α effector, considering that MMP-9 is involved in myogenesis and is an HIF-1α target in different cell types. HIF-1α expression increased after 24/48 h of differentiating culture and tended to decline after 72 h/5 days. Committed and proliferating mononuclear myoblasts exhibited nuclear HIF-1α expression. Differently, the more differentiated elongated and parallel-aligned cells, which are likely ready to fuse with each other, show a mainly cytoplasmic localization of the factor. Multinucleated myotubes displayed both nuclear and cytoplasmic HIF-1α expression. The MMP-9 and MyoD (myogenic activation marker) expression synchronized with that of HIF-1α, increasing after 24 h of differentiation. By means of silencing HIF-1α and MMP-9 by short-interfering RNA and MMP-9 pharmacological inhibition, this study unraveled MMP-9's role as an HIF-1α downstream effector and the fact that the HIF-1α/MMP-9 axis is essential in morpho-functional cell myogenic commitment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flaminia Chellini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, Imaging Platform, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (F.C.); (A.T.); (M.P.); (S.Z.-O.)
| | - Alessia Tani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, Imaging Platform, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (F.C.); (A.T.); (M.P.); (S.Z.-O.)
| | - Martina Parigi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, Imaging Platform, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (F.C.); (A.T.); (M.P.); (S.Z.-O.)
| | - Francesco Palmieri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Physiological Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (F.P.); (R.G.)
| | - Rachele Garella
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Physiological Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (F.P.); (R.G.)
| | - Sandra Zecchi-Orlandini
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, Imaging Platform, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (F.C.); (A.T.); (M.P.); (S.Z.-O.)
| | - Roberta Squecco
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Physiological Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (F.P.); (R.G.)
| | - Chiara Sassoli
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Section of Anatomy and Histology, Imaging Platform, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy; (F.C.); (A.T.); (M.P.); (S.Z.-O.)
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