1
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Zhang N, Häring M, Wolf F, Großhans J, Kong D. Dynamics and functions of E-cadherin complexes in epithelial cell and tissue morphogenesis. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 5:585-601. [PMID: 38045551 PMCID: PMC10689684 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-023-00206-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Cell-cell adhesion is at the center of structure and dynamics of epithelial tissue. E-cadherin-catenin complexes mediate Ca2+-dependent trans-homodimerization and constitute the kernel of adherens junctions. Beyond the basic function of cell-cell adhesion, recent progress sheds light the dynamics and interwind interactions of individual E-cadherin-catenin complex with E-cadherin superclusters, contractile actomyosin and mechanics of the cortex and adhesion. The nanoscale architecture of E-cadherin complexes together with cis-interactions and interactions with cortical actomyosin adjust to junctional tension and mechano-transduction by reinforcement or weakening of specific features of the interactions. Although post-translational modifications such as phosphorylation and glycosylation have been implicated, their role for specific aspects of in E-cadherin function has remained unclear. Here, we provide an overview of the E-cadherin complex in epithelial cell and tissue morphogenesis focusing on nanoscale architectures by super-resolution approaches and post-translational modifications from recent, in particular in vivo, studies. Furthermore, we review the computational modelling in E-cadherin complexes and highlight how computational modelling has contributed to a deeper understanding of the E-cadherin complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhang
- Department of Biology, Philipps University, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Häring
- Göttingen Campus Institute for Dynamics of Biological Networks (CIDBN), Georg August University Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Fred Wolf
- Göttingen Campus Institute for Dynamics of Biological Networks (CIDBN), Georg August University Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Großhans
- Department of Biology, Philipps University, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- Göttingen Campus Institute for Dynamics of Biological Networks (CIDBN), Georg August University Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Deqing Kong
- Department of Biology, Philipps University, 35043 Marburg, Germany
- Göttingen Campus Institute for Dynamics of Biological Networks (CIDBN), Georg August University Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
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2
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Berent ZT, Jain I, Underhill GH, Wagoner Johnson AJ. Simulated confluence on micropatterned substrates correlates responses regulating cellular differentiation. Biotechnol Bioeng 2022; 119:1641-1659. [PMID: 35192191 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
While cells are known to behave differently based on the size of micropatterned islands and is thought to be related to cell size and cell-cell contacts, the exact threshold for this difference between small and large islands is unknown. Furthermore, while cell size and cell-cell contacts can be easily manipulated on small islands, they are harder to measure and continually monitor on larger islands. To investigate this size threshold, and to explore cell size, cell-cell contacts, and differentiation, we use a previously established simulation to plan experiments and explain results that we could not explain from experiments alone. We use five seeding densities covering three orders of magnitude over 25-500 µm diameter islands to examine markers of proliferation and differentiation in bone marrow derived mesenchymal cells (cell line). We show that osteogenic markers are most accurately described as a function of confluence for larger islands, but a function of time for smaller islands. We further show, using results of the simulation, that cell size and cell-cell contacts are also related to confluence on larger islands, but only cell-cell contacts are related to confluence on small islands. This work uses simulations to explain experimental results that could not be explained from experiments alone. Together, the simulations and experiments in this work show different differentiation patterns on large and small islands, and this simulation may be useful in planning future studies related to this work. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T Berent
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Green Street, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Ishita Jain
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1406 West Green Street, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Gregory H Underhill
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1406 West Green Street, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Amy J Wagoner Johnson
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Green Street, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Dr., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 320 Illini Union Bookstore 807 South Wright Street, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
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3
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Berent ZT, Wagoner Johnson AJ. Morphological switch is associated with increase in cell-cell contacts, ALP, and confluence above a minimum island area to perimeter ratio. J Biomed Mater Res A 2021; 110:164-180. [PMID: 34331408 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
During osteogenic differentiation in vitro, stem-like cells seeded at a low-density spread and are isolated. As the cells proliferate and mature, they become more cuboidal in shape with more cell-cell contacts. However, the coordination of this switch in cell morphology from elongated to cuboidal, cell-cell contacts, and differentiation is not known. In this work, we present results from experiments and a simulation of cell proliferation on protein-micropatterned islands that, independent of island size (25-1,000 μm) or shape (circles, squares, and hollow squares), shows a distinct morphological switch that is better described as a function of island confluence than time in culture, the standard measure in cell culture experiments. The simulation and experiments show cell morphology and island cell density versus confluence collapse to a single curve for all islands if the island area to perimeter ratio is ≥25 μm. Cell-cell contacts in the simulation and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression in experiments, a common marker for osteogenic differentiation, show exponential growth with confluence, rapidly increasing after the switch at ≈0.5 confluence. Furthermore, cell morphology, density, contacts, and ALP are better predicted by confluence than time in culture. The variability with time in culture leads to challenges in not only interpreting data but also in comparing data across research laboratories. This simulation can be used to predict cell behavior on different size and shape islands and to plan and optimize experiments that explore cell behavior as a function of a wide range of island geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary T Berent
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Amy J Wagoner Johnson
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA.,Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
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4
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Johnson RI. Hexagonal patterning of the Drosophila eye. Dev Biol 2021; 478:173-182. [PMID: 34245727 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A complex network of transcription factor interactions propagates across the larval eye disc to establish columns of evenly-spaced R8 precursor cells, the founding cells of Drosophila ommatidia. After the recruitment of additional photoreceptors to each ommatidium, the surrounding cells are organized into their stereotypical pattern during pupal development. These support cells - comprised of pigment and cone cells - are patterned to encapsulate the photoreceptors and separate ommatidia with an hexagonal honeycomb lattice. Since the proteins and processes essential for correct eye patterning are conserved, elucidating how these function and change during Drosophila eye patterning can substantially advance our understanding of transcription factor and signaling networks, cytoskeletal structures, adhesion complexes, and the biophysical properties of complex tissues during their morphogenesis. Our understanding of many of these aspects of Drosophila eye patterning is largely descriptive. Many important questions, especially relating to the regulation and integration of cellular events, remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth I Johnson
- Biology Department, Wesleyan University, 52 Lawn Avenue, Middletown, CT, USA.
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5
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Hildebrand S, Hultin S, Subramani A, Petropoulos S, Zhang Y, Cao X, Mpindi J, Kalloniemi O, Johansson S, Majumdar A, Lanner F, Holmgren L. The E-cadherin/AmotL2 complex organizes actin filaments required for epithelial hexagonal packing and blastocyst hatching. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9540. [PMID: 28842668 PMCID: PMC5572699 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10102-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells connect via cell-cell junctions to form sheets of cells with separate cellular compartments. These cellular connections are essential for the generation of cellular forms and shapes consistent with organ function. Tissue modulation is dependent on the fine-tuning of mechanical forces that are transmitted in part through the actin connection to E-cadherin as well as other components in the adherens junctions. In this report we show that p100 amotL2 forms a complex with E-cadherin that associates with radial actin filaments connecting cells over multiple layers. Genetic inactivation or depletion of amotL2 in epithelial cells in vitro or zebrafish and mouse in vivo, resulted in the loss of contractile actin filaments and perturbed epithelial packing geometry. We further showed that AMOTL2 mRNA and protein was expressed in the trophectoderm of human and mouse blastocysts. Genetic inactivation of amotL2 did not affect cellular differentiation but blocked hatching of the blastocysts from the zona pellucida. These results were mimicked by treatment with the myosin II inhibitor blebbistatin. We propose that the tension generated by the E-cadherin/AmotL2/actin filaments plays a crucial role in developmental processes such as epithelial geometrical packing as well as generation of forces required for blastocyst hatching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Hildebrand
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet and Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden.,Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Hultin
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aravindh Subramani
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sophie Petropoulos
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet and Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiaofang Cao
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala Biomedical Center (BMC), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - John Mpindi
- Medical Biotechnology, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Turku, Finland.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Kalloniemi
- Medical Biotechnology, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Turku, Finland.,Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Staffan Johansson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala Biomedical Center (BMC), Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Arindam Majumdar
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, 46285, USA
| | - Fredrik Lanner
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology (CLINTEC), Karolinska Institutet and Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden.
| | - Lars Holmgren
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska (CCK), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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6
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Quantitative modelling of epithelial morphogenesis: integrating cell mechanics and molecular dynamics. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 67:153-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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7
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Kim S, Cassidy JJ, Yang B, Carthew RW, Hilgenfeldt S. Hexagonal Patterning of the Insect Compound Eye: Facet Area Variation, Defects, and Disorder. Biophys J 2017; 111:2735-2746. [PMID: 28002749 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The regular hexagonal array morphology of facets (ommatidia) in the Drosophila compound eye is accomplished by regulation of cell differentiation and planar cell polarity during development. Mutations in certain genes disrupt regulation, causing a breakdown of this perfect symmetry, so that the ommatidial pattern shows onset of disorder in the form of packing defects. We analyze a variety of such mutants and compare them to normal (wild-type), finding that mutants show increased local variation in ommatidial area, which is sufficient to induce a significant number of defects. A model formalism based on Voronoi construction is developed to predict the observed correlation between ommatidium size variation and the number of defects, and to study the onset of disorder in this system with statistical tools. The model uncovers a previously unknown large-scale systematic size variation of the ommatidia across the eye of both wild-type and mutant animals. Such systematic variation of area, as well as its statistical fluctuations, are found to have distinct effects on eye disorder that can both be quantitatively modeled. Furthermore, the topological order is also influenced by the internal structure of the ommatidia, with cells of greater relative mechanical stiffness providing constraints to ommatidial deformation and thus to defect generation. Without free parameters, the simulation predicts the size-topology correlation for both wild-type and mutant eyes. This work develops formalisms of size-topology correlation that are very general and can be potentially applied to other cellular structures near the onset of disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwoo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois.
| | - Justin J Cassidy
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Boyuan Yang
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Richard W Carthew
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Sascha Hilgenfeldt
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
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8
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Brodland GW. How computational models can help unlock biological systems. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 47-48:62-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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9
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Kim S, Hilgenfeldt S. Cell shapes and patterns as quantitative indicators of tissue stress in the plant epidermis. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:7270-5. [PMID: 26264286 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm01563d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In a confluent, single-cell tissue layer, we show that cell shapes and statistics correlate directly with the tissue's mechanical properties, described by an energy functional with generic interfacial terms only. Upon increasing the cohesive component of the model, we observe a clear transition from a tense state with isotropic cells to a relaxed state with anisotropic cells. Signatures of the transition are present in the interfacial mechanics, the domain geometry, and the domain statistics, thus linking all three fields of study. This transition persists for all cell size distributions, but its exact position is crucially dependent on fluctuations in the parameter values of the functional (quenched disorder). The magnitude of fluctuations can be matched to the observed shape distribution of cells, so that visual observation of cell shapes and statistics provides information about the mechanical state of the tissue. Comparing with experimental data from the Cucumis epidermis, we find that the system is located right at the transition, allowing the tissue to relieve most of the local stress while maintaining integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwoo Kim
- Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA.
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10
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Du X, Osterfield M, Shvartsman SY. Computational analysis of three-dimensional epithelial morphogenesis using vertex models. Phys Biol 2014; 11:066007. [PMID: 25410646 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/11/6/066007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The folding of epithelial sheets, accompanied by cell shape changes and rearrangements, gives rise to three-dimensional structures during development. Recently, some aspects of epithelial morphogenesis have been modeled using vertex models, in which each cell is approximated by a polygon; however, these models have been largely confined to two dimensions. Here, we describe an adaptation of these models in which the classical two-dimensional vertex model is embedded in three dimensions. This modification allows for the construction of complex three-dimensional shapes from simple sheets of cells. We describe algorithmic, computational, and biophysical aspects of our model, with the view that it may be useful for formulating and testing hypotheses regarding the mechanical forces underlying a wide range of morphogenetic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- XinXin Du
- Molecular and Cellular Physiology Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA. Bioengineering Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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11
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Romereim SM, Conoan NH, Chen B, Dudley AT. A dynamic cell adhesion surface regulates tissue architecture in growth plate cartilage. Development 2014; 141:2085-95. [PMID: 24764078 DOI: 10.1242/dev.105452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The architecture and morphogenetic properties of tissues are founded in the tissue-specific regulation of cell behaviors. In endochondral bones, the growth plate cartilage promotes bone elongation via regulated chondrocyte maturation within an ordered, three-dimensional cell array. A key event in the process that generates this cell array is the transformation of disordered resting chondrocytes into clonal columns of discoid proliferative cells aligned with the primary growth vector. Previous analysis showed that column-forming chondrocytes display planar cell divisions, and the resulting daughter cells rearrange by ∼90° to align with the lengthening column. However, these previous studies provided limited information about the mechanisms underlying this dynamic process. Here we present new mechanistic insights generated by application of a novel time-lapse confocal microscopy method along with immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. We show that, during cell division, daughter chondrocytes establish a cell-cell adhesion surface enriched in cadherins and β-catenin. Rearrangement into columns occurs concomitant with expansion of this adhesion surface in a process more similar to cell spreading than to migration. Column formation requires cell-cell adhesion, as reducing cadherin binding via chelation of extracellular calcium inhibits chondrocyte rearrangement. Importantly, physical indicators of cell polarity, such as cell body alignment, are not prerequisites for oriented cell behavior. Our results support a model in which regulation of adhesive surface dynamics and cortical tension by extrinsic signaling modifies the thermodynamic landscape to promote organization of daughter cells in the context of the three-dimensional growth plate tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Romereim
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Anatomy and the Mary and Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985965 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5965, USA
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12
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Kim S, Cai M, Hilgenfeldt S. Lewis' law revisited: the role of anisotropy in size-topology correlations. NEW JOURNAL OF PHYSICS 2014; 16:015024. [PMID: 26045694 PMCID: PMC4451434 DOI: 10.1088/1367-2630/16/1/015024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Since F T Lewis' pioneering work in the 1920s, a linear correlation between the average in-plane area of domains in a two-dimensional (2D) cellular structure and the number of neighbors of the domains has been empirically proposed, with many supporting and dissenting findings in the ensuing decades. Revisiting Lewis' original experiment, we take a larger set of more detailed data on the cells in the epidermal layer of Cucumis, and analyze the data in the light of recent results on size-topology correlations. We find that the correlation between the number-of-neighbor distribution (topology) and the area distribution is altered over that of many other 2D cellular systems (such as foams or disc packings), and that the systematic deviation can be explained by the anisotropic shape of the Cucumis cells. We develop a novel theory of size-topology correlation taking into account the characteristic aspect ratio of the cells within the framework of a granocentric model, and show that both Lewis' and our experimental data is consistent with the theory. In contrast to the granocentric model for isotropic domains, the new theory results in an approximately linear correlation consistent with Lewis' law. These statistical effects can be understood from the increased number of configurations available to a plane-filling domain system with non-isotropic elements, for the first time providing a firm explanation of why Lewis' law is valid in some systems and fails in others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwoo Kim
- Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 W Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Muyun Cai
- Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 W Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Sascha Hilgenfeldt
- Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 W Green Street, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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13
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Transcriptional regulation of tissue organization and cell morphogenesis: the fly retina as a case study. Dev Biol 2013; 385:168-78. [PMID: 24099926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Understanding how a functional organ can be produced from a small group of cells remains an outstanding question in cell and developmental biology. The developing compound eye of Drosophila has long been a model of choice for addressing this question by dissecting the cellular, genetic and molecular pathways that govern cell specification, differentiation, and multicellular patterning during organogenesis. In this review, the author focussed on cell and tissue morphogenesis during fly retinal development, including the regulated changes in cell shape and cell packing that ultimately determine the shape and architecture of the compound eye. In particular, the author reviewed recent studies that highlight the prominent roles of transcriptional and hormonal controls that orchestrate the cell shape changes, cell-cell junction remodeling and polarized membrane growth that underlie photoreceptor morphogenesis and retinal patterning.
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14
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Cell adhesion in Drosophila: versatility of cadherin and integrin complexes during development. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2012; 24:702-12. [PMID: 22938782 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We highlight recent progress in understanding cadherin and integrin function in the model organism Drosophila. New functions for these adhesion receptors continue to be discovered in this system, emphasising the importance of cell adhesion within the developing organism and showing that the requirement for cell adhesion changes between cell types. New ways to control adhesion have been discovered, including controlling the expression and recruitment of adhesion components, their posttranslational modification, recycling and turnover. Importantly, even ubiquitous adhesion components can function differently in distinct cellular contexts.
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