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Xiao Z, Connor AJ, Worland AM, Tang YJ, Zha RH, Koffas M. Silk fibroin production in Escherichia coli is limited by a positive feedback loop between metabolic burden and toxicity stress. Metab Eng 2023; 77:231-241. [PMID: 37024071 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2023.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the metabolic elasticity and production bottlenecks for recombinant silk proteins in Escherichia coli, we performed a comprehensive characterization of one elastin-like peptide strain (ELP) and two silk protein strains (A5 4mer, A5 16mer). Our approach included 13C metabolic flux analysis, genome-scale modeling, transcription analysis, and 13C-assisted media optimization experiments. Three engineered strains maintained their central flux network during growth, while measurable metabolic flux redistributions (such as the Entner-Doudoroff pathway) were detected. Under metabolic burdens, the reduced TCA fluxes forced the engineered strain to rely more on substrate-level phosphorylation for ATP production, which increased acetate overflow. Acetate (as low as 10 mM) in the media was highly toxic to silk-producing strains, which reduced 4mer production by 43% and 16mer by 84%, respectively. Due to the high toxicity of large-size silk proteins, 16mer's productivity was limited, particularly in the minimal medium. Therefore, metabolic burden, overflow acetate, and toxicity of silk proteins may form a vicious positive feedback loop that fractures the metabolic network. Three solutions could be applied: 1) addition of building block supplements (i.e., eight key amino acids: His, Ile, Phe, Pro, Tyr, Lys, Met, Glu) to reduce metabolic burden; 2) disengagement of growth and production; and 3) use of non-glucose based substrate to reduce acetate overflow. Other reported strategies were also discussed in light of decoupling this positive feedback loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyang Xiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Alexander J Connor
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Alyssa M Worland
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Yinjie J Tang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
| | - R Helen Zha
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
| | - Mattheos Koffas
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
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2
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Yan L, Edgar TF, Baldea M. Dynamic process intensification: Fundamentals and implementation to ternary distillation. AIChE J 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingqing Yan
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas USA
| | - Thomas F. Edgar
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas USA
| | - Michael Baldea
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering The University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas USA
- Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences The University of Texas at Austin Austin Texas USA
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3
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Mitigation of host cell mutations and regime shift during microbial fermentation: a perspective from flux memory. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2020; 66:227-235. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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4
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Khambhati K, Bhattacharjee G, Gohil N, Braddick D, Kulkarni V, Singh V. Exploring the Potential of Cell-Free Protein Synthesis for Extending the Abilities of Biological Systems. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:248. [PMID: 31681738 PMCID: PMC6797904 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) system is a simple, rapid, and sensitive tool that is devoid of membrane-bound barriers, yet contains all the mandatory substrates, biomolecules, and machineries required for the synthesis of the desired proteins. It has the potential to overcome loopholes in the current in vivo production systems and is a promising tool in both basic and applied scientific research. It facilitates a simplified organization of desired experiments with a variety of reaction conditions, making CFPS a powerful tool in biological research. It has been used for the expansion of genetic code, assembly of viruses, and in metabolic engineering for production of toxic and complex proteins. Subsequently, CFPS systems have emerged as potent technology for high-throughput production of membrane proteins, enzymes, and therapeutics. The present review highlights the recent advances and uses of CFPS systems in biomedical, therapeutic, and biotechnological applications. Additionally, we highlight possible solutions to the potential biosafety issues that may be encountered while using CFPS technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khushal Khambhati
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Gargi Bhattacharjee
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Nisarg Gohil
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar, India
| | | | - Vishwesh Kulkarni
- School of Engineering, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Vijai Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar, India
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5
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6
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Jayaraman P, Yeoh JW, Zhang J, Poh CL. Programming the Dynamic Control of Bacterial Gene Expression with a Chimeric Ligand- and Light-Based Promoter System. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:2627-2639. [PMID: 30359530 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.8b00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To program cells in a dynamic manner, synthetic biologists require precise control over the threshold levels and timing of gene expression. However, in practice, modulating gene expression is widely carried out using prototypical ligand-inducible promoters, which have limited tunability and spatiotemporal resolution. Here, we built two dual-input hybrid promoters, each retaining the function of the ligand-inducible promoter while being enhanced with a blue-light-switchable tuning knob. Using the new promoters, we show that both ligand and light inputs can be synchronously modulated to achieve desired amplitude or independently regulated to generate desired frequency at a specific amplitude. We exploit the versatile programmability and orthogonality of the two promoters to build the first reprogrammable logic gene circuit capable of reconfiguring into logic OR and N-IMPLY logic on the fly in both space and time without the need to modify the circuit. Overall, we demonstrate concentration- and time-based combinatorial regulation in live bacterial cells with potential applications in biotechnology and synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Premkumar Jayaraman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583
- NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456
| | - Jing Wui Yeoh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583
- NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456
| | - Jingyun Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583
- NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456
| | - Chueh Loo Poh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583
- NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456
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7
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Patel S, Panchasara H, Braddick D, Gohil N, Singh V. Synthetic small RNAs: Current status, challenges, and opportunities. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:9619-9639. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shreya Patel
- Department of Microbiology, Synthetic Biology Laboratory School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area Gandhinagar India
| | - Happy Panchasara
- Department of Microbiology, Synthetic Biology Laboratory School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area Gandhinagar India
| | | | - Nisarg Gohil
- Department of Microbiology, Synthetic Biology Laboratory School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area Gandhinagar India
| | - Vijai Singh
- Department of Microbiology, Synthetic Biology Laboratory School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area Gandhinagar India
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8
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Tomazou M, Barahona M, Polizzi KM, Stan GB. Computational Re-design of Synthetic Genetic Oscillators for Independent Amplitude and Frequency Modulation. Cell Syst 2018; 6:508-520.e5. [PMID: 29680377 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
To perform well in biotechnology applications, synthetic genetic oscillators must be engineered to allow independent modulation of amplitude and period. This need is currently unmet. Here, we demonstrate computationally how two classic genetic oscillators, the dual-feedback oscillator and the repressilator, can be re-designed to provide independent control of amplitude and period and improve tunability-that is, a broad dynamic range of periods and amplitudes accessible through the input "dials." Our approach decouples frequency and amplitude modulation by incorporating an orthogonal "sink module" where the key molecular species are channeled for enzymatic degradation. This sink module maintains fast oscillation cycles while alleviating the translational coupling between the oscillator's transcription factors and output. We characterize the behavior of our re-designed oscillators over a broad range of physiologically reasonable parameters, explain why this facilitates broader function and control, and provide general design principles for building synthetic genetic oscillators that are more precisely controllable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marios Tomazou
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Mauricio Barahona
- Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Karen M Polizzi
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Guy-Bart Stan
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Imperial College Centre for Synthetic Biology, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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9
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Leistra AN, Amador P, Buvanendiran A, Moon-Walker A, Contreras LM. Rational Modular RNA Engineering Based on In Vivo Profiling of Structural Accessibility. ACS Synth Biol 2017; 6:2228-2240. [PMID: 28796489 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.7b00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial small RNAs (sRNAs) have been established as powerful parts for controlling gene expression. However, development and application of engineered sRNAs has primarily focused on regulating novel synthetic targets. In this work, we demonstrate a rational modular RNA engineering approach that uses in vivo structural accessibility measurements to tune the regulatory activity of a multisubstrate sRNA for differential control of its native target network. Employing the CsrB global sRNA regulator as a model system, we use published in vivo structural accessibility data to infer the contribution of its local structures (substructures) to function and select a subset for engineering. We then modularly recombine the selected substructures, differentially representing those of presumed high or low functional contribution, to build a library of 21 CsrB variants. Using fluorescent translational reporter assays, we demonstrate that the CsrB variants achieve a 5-fold gradient of control of well-characterized Csr network targets. Interestingly, results suggest that less conserved local structures within long, multisubstrate sRNAs may represent better targets for rational engineering than their well-conserved counterparts. Lastly, mapping the impact of sRNA variants on a signature Csr network phenotype indicates the potential of this approach for tuning the activity of global sRNA regulators in the context of metabolic engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail N. Leistra
- McKetta
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, 200
E. Dean Keeton Street Stop C0400, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Paul Amador
- Microbiology
Graduate Program, University of Texas at Austin, 100 E. 24th Street
Stop A6500, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Aishwarya Buvanendiran
- Biological
Sciences Program College of Natural Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, 120 Inner Campus Drive Stop G2500, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Alex Moon-Walker
- Biological
Sciences Program College of Natural Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, 120 Inner Campus Drive Stop G2500, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Lydia M. Contreras
- McKetta
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, 200
E. Dean Keeton Street Stop C0400, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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10
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11
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Reimers AM, Reimers AC. The steady-state assumption in oscillating and growing systems. J Theor Biol 2016; 406:176-86. [PMID: 27363728 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2016.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The steady-state assumption, which states that the production and consumption of metabolites inside the cell are balanced, is one of the key aspects that makes an efficient analysis of genome-scale metabolic networks possible. It can be motivated from two different perspectives. In the time-scales perspective, we use the fact that metabolism is much faster than other cellular processes such as gene expression. Hence, the steady-state assumption is derived as a quasi-steady-state approximation of the metabolism that adapts to the changing cellular conditions. In this article we focus on the second perspective, stating that on the long run no metabolite can accumulate or deplete. In contrast to the first perspective it is not immediately clear how this perspective can be captured mathematically and what assumptions are required to obtain the steady-state condition. By presenting a mathematical framework based on the second perspective we demonstrate that the assumption of steady-state also applies to oscillating and growing systems without requiring quasi-steady-state at any time point. However, we also show that the average concentrations may not be compatible with the average fluxes. In summary, we establish a mathematical foundation for the steady-state assumption for long time periods that justifies its successful use in many applications. Furthermore, this mathematical foundation also pinpoints unintuitive effects in the integration of metabolite concentrations using nonlinear constraints into steady-state models for long time periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra-M Reimers
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Arnimallee 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany; International Max Planck Research School for Computational Biology and Scientific Computing, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestr 63-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Arne C Reimers
- Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica, Science Park 123, 1098 XG Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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12
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Čupić Ž, Marković VM, Maćešić S, Stanojević A, Damjanović S, Vukojević V, Kolar-Anić L. Dynamic transitions in a model of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2016; 26:033111. [PMID: 27036189 DOI: 10.1063/1.4944040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic properties of a nonlinear five-dimensional stoichiometric model of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis were systematically investigated. Conditions under which qualitative transitions between dynamic states occur are determined by independently varying the rate constants of all reactions that constitute the model. Bifurcation types were further characterized using continuation algorithms and scale factor methods. Regions of bistability and transitions through supercritical Andronov-Hopf and saddle loop bifurcations were identified. Dynamic state analysis predicts that the HPA axis operates under basal (healthy) physiological conditions close to an Andronov-Hopf bifurcation. Dynamic properties of the stress-control axis have not been characterized experimentally, but modelling suggests that the proximity to a supercritical Andronov-Hopf bifurcation can give the HPA axis both, flexibility to respond to external stimuli and adjust to new conditions and stability, i.e., the capacity to return to the original dynamic state afterwards, which is essential for maintaining homeostasis. The analysis presented here reflects the properties of a low-dimensional model that succinctly describes neurochemical transformations underlying the HPA axis. However, the model accounts correctly for a number of experimentally observed properties of the stress-response axis. We therefore regard that the presented analysis is meaningful, showing how in silico investigations can be used to guide the experimentalists in understanding how the HPA axis activity changes under chronic disease and/or specific pharmacological manipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Željko Čupić
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir M Marković
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Stevan Maćešić
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ana Stanojević
- Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Svetozar Damjanović
- Institute of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Dr Subotica 13, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladana Vukojević
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, CMM L8:01, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ljiljana Kolar-Anić
- Department of Catalysis and Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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13
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Advances in synthetic dynamic circuits design: using novel synthetic parts to engineer new generations of gene oscillations. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2015; 36:161-7. [PMID: 26342588 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2015.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
As bioengineering applications expand, the need to design and implement circuits that exhibit dynamic properties increases. In particular, schemes that control precise patterns of gene expression as a function of time are essential for balancing multiple metabolic objectives in natural and synthetic systems. Given that modularity has been an important component of dynamic circuits, recent efforts to improve dynamic circuits have focused on replacing old parts for new components that increase the robustness, stability, and tunability. In this review, we show that incorporation of novel components such as regulatory noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), promoter-transcription factor pairs, and metabolite sensors have allowed traditional dynamic circuits to obtain more robust functionality and improved dynamic properties.
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14
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Improving prediction fidelity of cellular metabolism with kinetic descriptions. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2015; 36:57-64. [PMID: 26318076 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Several modeling frameworks for describing and redirecting cellular metabolism have been developed keeping pace with the rapid development in high-throughput data generation and advances in metabolic engineering techniques. The incorporation of kinetic information within stoichiometry-only modeling techniques offers potential advantages for improved phenotype prediction and consequently more precise computational strain design. In addition to substrate-level kinetic regulatory information, the integration of a number of additional layers of regulation at the transcription, translation, and post-translation levels is sought after by many research groups. However, the practical integration of these complex biological processes into a unified framework amenable to design remains an ongoing challenge.
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15
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Brockman IM, Prather KLJ. Dynamic metabolic engineering: New strategies for developing responsive cell factories. Biotechnol J 2015; 10:1360-9. [PMID: 25868062 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic engineering strategies have enabled improvements in yield and titer for a variety of valuable small molecules produced naturally in microorganisms, as well as those produced via heterologous pathways. Typically, the approaches have been focused on up- and downregulation of genes to redistribute steady-state pathway fluxes, but more recently a number of groups have developed strategies for dynamic regulation, which allows rebalancing of fluxes according to changing conditions in the cell or the fermentation medium. This review highlights some of the recently published work related to dynamic metabolic engineering strategies and explores how advances in high-throughput screening and synthetic biology can support development of new dynamic systems. Dynamic gene expression profiles allow trade-offs between growth and production to be better managed and can help avoid build-up of undesired intermediates. The implementation is more complex relative to static control, but advances in screening techniques and DNA synthesis will continue to drive innovation in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene M Brockman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kristala L J Prather
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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Abstract
Chemical process systems engineering considers complex supply chains which are coupled networks of dynamically interacting systems. The quest to optimize the supply chain while meeting robustness and flexibility constraints in the face of ever changing environments necessitated the development of theoretical and computational tools for the analysis, synthesis and design of such complex engineered architectures. However, it was realized early on that optimality is a complex characteristic required to achieve proper balance between multiple, often competing, objectives. As we begin to unravel life's intricate complexities, we realize that that living systems share similar structural and dynamic characteristics; hence much can be learned about biological complexity from engineered systems. In this article, we draw analogies between concepts in process systems engineering and conceptual models of health and disease; establish connections between these concepts and physiologic modeling; and describe how these mirror onto the physiological counterparts of engineered systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis P Androulakis
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854 ; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854 ; Department of Surgery, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
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17
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Singh V. Recent advances and opportunities in synthetic logic gates engineering in living cells. SYSTEMS AND SYNTHETIC BIOLOGY 2014; 8:271-82. [PMID: 26396651 DOI: 10.1007/s11693-014-9154-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Revised: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Recently, a number of synthetic biologic gates including AND, OR, NOR, NOT, XOR and NAND have been engineered and characterized in a wide range of hosts. The hope in the emerging synthetic biology community is to construct an inventory of well-characterized parts and install distinct gene and circuit behaviours that are externally controllable. Though the field is still growing and major successes are yet to emerge, the payoffs are predicted to be significant. In this review, we highlight specific examples of logic gates engineering with applications towards fundamental understanding of network complexity and generating a novel socially useful applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijai Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Invertis University, Bareilly- Lucknow National Highway-24, Bareilly, 243123 India ; Synthetic Biology Laboratory, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 689-798 Republic of Korea
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