Multidimensional analysis of immune responses identified biomarkers of recent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection

Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Specific T Cell Functional, Memory, and Activation Profiles in QuantiFERON-Reverters Are Consistent With Controlled Infection

Reversion of immune sensitization tests for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infection, such as interferon-gamma release assays or tuberculin skin test, has been reported in multiple studies. We hypothesized that QuantiFERON-TB Gold (QFT) reversion is associated with a decline of M.tb-specific functional T cell responses, and a distinct pattern of T cell and innate responses compared to persistent QFT+ and QFT- individuals. We compared groups of healthy adolescents (n=~30 each), defined by four, 6-monthly QFT tests: reverters (QFT+/+/-/-), non-converters (QFT-/-/-/-) and persistent positives (QFT+/+/+/+). We stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells with M.tb antigens (M.tb lysate; CFP-10/ESAT-6 and EspC/EspF/Rv2348 peptide pools) and measured M.tb-specific adaptive T cell memory, activation, and functional profiles; as well as functional innate (monocytes, natural killer cells), donor-unrestricted T cells (DURT: γδ T cells, mucosal-associated invariant T and natural killer T-like cells) and B cells by flow cytometry. Projection to latent space discriminant analysis was applied to determine features that best distinguished between QFT reverters, non-converters and persistent positives. No longitudinal changes in immune responses to M.tb were observed upon QFT reversion. M.tb-specific Th1 responses detected in reverters were of intermediate magnitude, higher than responses in QFT non-converters and lower than responses in persistent positives. About one third of reverters had a robust response to CFP-10/ESAT-6. Among those with measurable responses, lower proportions of T_SCM (CD45RA+CCR7+CD27+) and early differentiated (CD45RA-) IFN-γ-TNF+IL-2- M.tb lysate-specific CD4+ cells were observed in reverters compared with non-converters. Conversely, higher proportions of early differentiated and lower proportions of effector (CD45RA-CCR7-) CFP10/ESAT6-specific Th1 cells were observed in reverters compared to persistent-positives. No differences in M.tb-specific innate, DURT or B cell functional responses were observed between the groups. Statistical modelling misclassified the majority of reverters as non-converters more frequently than they were correctly classified as reverters or misclassified as persistent positives. These findings suggest that QFT reversion occurs in a heterogeneous group of individuals with low M.tb-specific T cell responses. In some individuals QFT reversion may result from assay variability, while in others the magnitude and differentiation status of M.tb-specific Th1 cells are consistent with well-controlled M.tb infection.