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Pathak RU, Phanindhar K, Mishra RK. Transposable elements as scaffold/matrix attachment regions: shaping organization and functions in genomes. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 10:1326933. [PMID: 38455359 PMCID: PMC10918478 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1326933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The hierarchical structure of eukaryotic genomes has regulatory layers, one of them being epigenetic "indexing" of the genome that leads to cell-type-specific patterns of gene expression. By establishing loops and defining chromatin domains, cells can achieve coordinated control over multi-locus segments of the genome. This is thought to be achieved using scaffold/matrix attachment regions (S/MARs) that establish structural and functional loops and topologically associating domains (TADs) that define a self-interacting region of the genome. Large-scale genome-wide mapping of S/MARs has begun to uncover these aspects of genome organization. A recent genome-wide study showed the association of transposable elements (TEs) with a significant fraction of S/MARs, suggesting that the multitude of TE-derived repeats constitute a class of anchorage sites of chromatin loops to nuclear architecture. In this study, we provide an insight that TE-driven dispersal of S/MARs has the potential to restructure the chromosomes by creating novel loops and domains. The combination of TEs and S/MARs, as elements that can hop through the genome along with regulatory capabilities, may provide an active mechanism of genome evolution leading to the emergence of novel features in biological systems. The significance is that a genome-wide study mapping developmental S/MARs reveals an intriguing link between these elements and TEs. This article highlights the potential of the TE-S/MAR combination to drive evolution by restructuring and shaping the genome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rakesh K. Mishra
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, Bengaluru, India
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Pentzold C, Kokal M, Pentzold S, Weise A. Sites of chromosomal instability in the context of nuclear architecture and function. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 78:2095-2103. [PMID: 33219838 PMCID: PMC7966619 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03698-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal fragile sites are described as areas within the tightly packed mitotic chromatin that appear as breaks or gaps mostly tracing back to a loosened structure and not a real nicked break within the DNA molecule. Most facts about fragile sites result from studies in mitotic cells, mainly during metaphase and mainly in lymphocytes. Here, we synthesize facts about the genomic regions that are prone to form gaps and breaks on metaphase chromosomes in the context of interphase. We conclude that nuclear architecture shapes the activity profile of the cell, i.e. replication timing and transcriptional activity, thereby influencing genomic integrity during interphase with the potential to cause fragility in mitosis. We further propose fragile sites as examples of regions specifically positioned in the interphase nucleus with putative anchoring points at the nuclear lamina to enable a tightly regulated replication–transcription profile and diverse signalling functions in the cell. Consequently, fragility starts before the actual display as chromosomal breakage in metaphase to balance the initial contradiction of cellular overgrowth or malfunctioning and maintaining diversity in molecular evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Pentzold
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07747, Jena, Germany.
| | - Miriam Kokal
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Pentzold
- Research Center Lobeda, Jena University Hospital, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Anja Weise
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07747, Jena, Germany
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Louzada S, Lopes M, Ferreira D, Adega F, Escudeiro A, Gama-Carvalho M, Chaves R. Decoding the Role of Satellite DNA in Genome Architecture and Plasticity-An Evolutionary and Clinical Affair. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E72. [PMID: 31936645 PMCID: PMC7017282 DOI: 10.3390/genes11010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Repetitive DNA is a major organizational component of eukaryotic genomes, being intrinsically related with their architecture and evolution. Tandemly repeated satellite DNAs (satDNAs) can be found clustered in specific heterochromatin-rich chromosomal regions, building vital structures like functional centromeres and also dispersed within euchromatin. Interestingly, despite their association to critical chromosomal structures, satDNAs are widely variable among species due to their high turnover rates. This dynamic behavior has been associated with genome plasticity and chromosome rearrangements, leading to the reshaping of genomes. Here we present the current knowledge regarding satDNAs in the light of new genomic technologies, and the challenges in the study of these sequences. Furthermore, we discuss how these sequences, together with other repeats, influence genome architecture, impacting its evolution and association with disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Louzada
- Laboratory of Cytogenomics and Animal Genomics (CAG), Department of Genetics and Biotechnology (DGB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (S.L.); (M.L.); (D.F.); (F.A.); (A.E.)
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Mariana Lopes
- Laboratory of Cytogenomics and Animal Genomics (CAG), Department of Genetics and Biotechnology (DGB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (S.L.); (M.L.); (D.F.); (F.A.); (A.E.)
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Daniela Ferreira
- Laboratory of Cytogenomics and Animal Genomics (CAG), Department of Genetics and Biotechnology (DGB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (S.L.); (M.L.); (D.F.); (F.A.); (A.E.)
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Filomena Adega
- Laboratory of Cytogenomics and Animal Genomics (CAG), Department of Genetics and Biotechnology (DGB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (S.L.); (M.L.); (D.F.); (F.A.); (A.E.)
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Ana Escudeiro
- Laboratory of Cytogenomics and Animal Genomics (CAG), Department of Genetics and Biotechnology (DGB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (S.L.); (M.L.); (D.F.); (F.A.); (A.E.)
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Margarida Gama-Carvalho
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Raquel Chaves
- Laboratory of Cytogenomics and Animal Genomics (CAG), Department of Genetics and Biotechnology (DGB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (S.L.); (M.L.); (D.F.); (F.A.); (A.E.)
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal;
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Fossi M, Amundson K, Kuppu S, Britt A, Comai L. Regeneration of Solanum tuberosum Plants from Protoplasts Induces Widespread Genome Instability. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 180:78-86. [PMID: 30792232 PMCID: PMC6501065 DOI: 10.1104/pp.18.00906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nontransgenic genome editing in regenerable protoplasts, plant cells free of their cell wall, could revolutionize crop improvement because it reduces regulatory and technical complexity. However, plant tissue culture is known to engender frequent unwanted variation, termed somaclonal variation. To evaluate the contribution of large-scale genome instability to this phenomenon, we analyzed potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) regenerated from either protoplasts or stem explants for copy number changes by comparison of Illumina read depth. Whereas a control set of eight plants that had been propagated by cuttings displayed no changes, all 15 protoplast regenerants tested were affected by aneuploidy or structural chromosomal changes. Certain chromosomes displayed segmental deletions and duplications ranging from one to many. Resampling different leaves of the same plant found differences in three regenerants, indicating frequent persistence of instability. By comparison, 33 regenerants from stem explants used for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation displayed less frequent but still considerable (18%) large-scale copy number changes. Repetition of certain instability patterns suggested greater susceptibility in specific genomic sites. These results indicate that tissue culture, depending on the protocol used, can induce genomic instability resulting in large-scale changes likely to compromise final plant phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Fossi
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616
- UC Davis Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - Kirk Amundson
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616
- UC Davis Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - Sundaram Kuppu
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - Anne Britt
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - Luca Comai
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616
- UC Davis Genome Center, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616
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Tapia-Pastrana F, Gómez-Acevedo S, Mercado-Ruaro P. Differences in Karyotypes between Two Populations of Crotalaria incana from Mexico. CYTOLOGIA 2018. [DOI: 10.1508/cytologia.83.431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Lin X, Gu D, Zhao H, Peng Y, Zhang G, Yuan T, Li M, Wang Z, Wang X, Cui S. LFR is functionally associated with AS2 to mediate leaf development in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 95:598-612. [PMID: 29775508 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Leaves are essential organs for plants. We previously identified a functional gene possibly encoding a component of the SWI/SNF complex named Leaf and Flower Related (LFR) in Arabidopsis thaliana. Loss-of-function mutants of LFR displayed obvious defects in leaf morphogenesis, indicating its vital role in leaf development. Here an allelic null mutant of ASYMMETRIC LEAVES2 (AS2), as2-6, was isolated as an enhancer of lfr-1 in petiole length, vasculature pattern and leaf margin development. The lfr as2 double-mutants showed enhanced ectopic expression of BREVIPEDICELLUS (BP) compared with each of the single-mutants, which is consistent with their synergistic genetic enhancement in multiple BP-dependent development processes. Moreover, LFR and several putative subunits of the SWI/SNF complex interacted physically with AS2. LFR associated with BP chromatin in an AS1-AS2-dependent manner to promote the nucleosome occupancy for appropriate BP repression in leaves. Taken together, our findings reveal that LFR and the SWI/SNF complex play roles in leaf development at least partly by repressing BP transcription as interacting factors of AS2, which expounds our understanding of BP repression at the chromatin structure level in leaf development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Lin
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Normal University, Hebei, 050024, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Normal University, Hebei, 050024, China
- Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Normal University, Hebei, 050024, China
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Hebei, 050024, China
| | - Dandan Gu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Normal University, Hebei, 050024, China
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Hebei, 050024, China
| | - Hongtao Zhao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Normal University, Hebei, 050024, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Normal University, Hebei, 050024, China
- Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Normal University, Hebei, 050024, China
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Hebei, 050024, China
| | - Yue Peng
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Hebei, 050024, China
| | - Guofang Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Normal University, Hebei, 050024, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Normal University, Hebei, 050024, China
- Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Normal University, Hebei, 050024, China
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Hebei, 050024, China
| | - Tingting Yuan
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Normal University, Hebei, 050024, China
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Hebei, 050024, China
| | - Mengge Li
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Hebei, 050024, China
| | - Zhijuan Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Normal University, Hebei, 050024, China
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Hebei, 050024, China
| | - Xiutang Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Normal University, Hebei, 050024, China
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Hebei, 050024, China
| | - Sujuan Cui
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Hebei Normal University, Hebei, 050024, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Ministry of Education, Hebei Normal University, Hebei, 050024, China
- Hebei Collaboration Innovation Center for Cell Signaling, Hebei Normal University, Hebei, 050024, China
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Hebei, 050024, China
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Ikematsu S, Tasaka M, Torii KU, Uchida N. ERECTA-family receptor kinase genes redundantly prevent premature progression of secondary growth in the Arabidopsis hypocotyl. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2017; 213:1697-1709. [PMID: 27891614 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Secondary growth is driven by continuous cell proliferation and differentiation of the cambium that acts as vascular stem cells, producing xylem and phloem to expand vascular tissues laterally. During secondary growth of hypocotyls in Arabidopsis thaliana, the xylem undergoes a drastic phase transition from a parenchyma-producing phase to a fiber-producing phase at the appropriate time. However, it remains to be fully elucidated how progression of secondary growth is properly controlled. We focused on phenotypes of hypocotyl vasculatures caused by double mutation in ERECTA (ER) and ER-LIKE1 (ERL1) receptor-kinase genes to elucidate their roles in secondary growth. ER and ERL1 redundantly suppressed excessive radial growth of the hypocotyl vasculature during secondary growth. ER and ERL1 also prevented premature initiation of the fiber differentiation process mediated by the NAC SECONDARY WALL THICKENING PROMOTING FACTORs in the hypocotyl xylem. Upon floral transition, the hypocotyl xylem gained a competency to respond to GA in a BREVIPEDICELLUS-dependent manner, which was a prerequisite for fiber differentiation. However, even after the floral transition, ER and ERL1 prevented precocious initiation of the GA-mediated fiber formation. Collectively, our findings reveal that ER and ERL1 redundantly prevent premature progression of sequential events in secondary growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuka Ikematsu
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Masao Tasaka
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Keiko U Torii
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Naoyuki Uchida
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
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Recurrence of Chromosome Rearrangements and Reuse of DNA Breakpoints in the Evolution of the Triticeae Genomes. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2016; 6:3837-3847. [PMID: 27729435 PMCID: PMC5144955 DOI: 10.1534/g3.116.035089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal rearrangements (CRs) play important roles in karyotype diversity and speciation. While many CR breakpoints have been characterized at the sequence level in yeast, insects, and primates, little is known about the structure of evolutionary CR breakpoints in plant genomes, which are much more dynamic in genome size and sequence organization. Here, we report identification of breakpoints of a translocation between chromosome arms 4L and 5L of Triticeae, which is fixed in several species, including diploid wheat and rye, by comparative mapping and analysis of the draft genome and chromosome survey sequences of the Triticeae species. The wheat translocation joined the ends of breakpoints downstream of a WD40 gene on 4AL and a gene of the PMEI family on 5AL. A basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor gene in 5AL junction was significantly restructured. Rye and wheat share the same position for the 4L breakpoint, but the 5L breakpoint positions are not identical, although very close in these two species, indicating the recurrence of 4L/5L translocations in the Triticeae. Although barley does not carry the translocation, collinearity across the breakpoints was violated by putative inversions and/or transpositions. Alignment with model grass genomes indicated that the translocation breakpoints coincided with ancient inversion junctions in the Triticeae ancestor. Our results show that the 4L/5L translocation breakpoints represent two CR hotspots reused during Triticeae evolution, and support breakpoint reuse as a widespread mechanism in all eukaryotes. The mechanisms of the recurrent translocation and its role in Triticeae evolution are also discussed.
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Farré M, Robinson TJ, Ruiz-Herrera A. An Integrative Breakage Model of genome architecture, reshuffling and evolution: The Integrative Breakage Model of genome evolution, a novel multidisciplinary hypothesis for the study of genome plasticity. Bioessays 2015; 37:479-88. [PMID: 25739389 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201400174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of genomic reorganization, the mechanics of genomic transmission to offspring during germ line formation, and how these structural changes contribute to the speciation process, and genetic disease is far from complete. Earlier attempts to understand the mechanism(s) and constraints that govern genome remodeling suffered from being too narrowly focused, and failed to provide a unified and encompassing view of how genomes are organized and regulated inside cells. Here, we propose a new multidisciplinary Integrative Breakage Model for the study of genome evolution. The analysis of the high-level structural organization of genomes (nucleome), together with the functional constrains that accompany genome reshuffling, provide insights into the origin and plasticity of genome organization that may assist with the detection and isolation of therapeutic targets for the treatment of complex human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Farré
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus UAB, Barcelona, Spain
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Liebsch D, Sunaryo W, Holmlund M, Norberg M, Zhang J, Hall HC, Helizon H, Jin X, Helariutta Y, Nilsson O, Polle A, Fischer U. Class I KNOX transcription factors promote differentiation of cambial derivatives into xylem fibers in the Arabidopsis hypocotyl. Development 2015; 141:4311-9. [PMID: 25371365 DOI: 10.1242/dev.111369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The class I KNOX transcription factors SHOOT MERISTEMLESS (STM) and KNAT1 are important regulators of meristem maintenance in shoot apices, with a dual role of promoting cell proliferation and inhibiting differentiation. We examined whether they control stem cell maintenance in the cambium of Arabidopsis hypocotyls, a wood-forming lateral meristem, in a similar fashion as in the shoot apical meristem. Weak loss-of-function alleles of KNAT1 and STM led to reduced formation of xylem fibers - highly differentiated cambial derivatives - whereas cell proliferation in the cambium was only mildly affected. In a knat1;stm double mutant, xylem fiber differentiation was completely abolished, but residual cambial activity was maintained. Expression of early and late markers of xylary cell differentiation was globally reduced in the knat1;stm double mutant. KNAT1 and STM were found to act through transcriptional repression of the meristem boundary genes BLADE-ON-PETIOLE 1 (BOP1) and BOP2 on xylem fiber differentiation. Together, these data indicate that, in the cambium, KNAT1 and STM, contrary to their function in the shoot apical meristem, promote cell differentiation through repression of BOP genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Liebsch
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå SE-901 83, Sweden
| | - Widi Sunaryo
- Department of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen DE-37077, Germany
| | - Mattias Holmlund
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå SE-901 83, Sweden
| | - Mikael Norberg
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå SE-901 83, Sweden
| | - Jing Zhang
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Hardy C Hall
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå SE-901 83, Sweden
| | - Hanna Helizon
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå SE-901 83, Sweden
| | - Xu Jin
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå SE-901 83, Sweden Department of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen DE-37077, Germany
| | - Ykä Helariutta
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Ove Nilsson
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå SE-901 83, Sweden
| | - Andrea Polle
- Department of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen DE-37077, Germany
| | - Urs Fischer
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå SE-901 83, Sweden Department of Forest Botany and Tree Physiology, University of Göttingen, Göttingen DE-37077, Germany
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