1
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Coupling between DNA replication, segregation, and the onset of constriction in Escherichia coli. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110539. [PMID: 35320717 PMCID: PMC9003928 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Escherichia coli cell cycle features two critical cell-cycle checkpoints: initiation of replication and the onset of constriction. While the initiation of DNA replication has been extensively studied, it is less clear what triggers the onset of constriction and when exactly it occurs during the cell cycle. Here, using high-throughput fluorescence microscopy in microfluidic devices, we determine the timing for the onset of constriction relative to the replication cycle in different growth rates. Our single-cell data and modeling indicate that the initiation of constriction is coupled to replication-related processes in slow growth conditions. Furthermore, our data suggest that this coupling involves the mid-cell chromosome blocking the onset of constriction via some form of nucleoid occlusion occurring independently of SlmA and the Ter linkage proteins. This work highlights the coupling between replication and division cycles and brings up a new nucleoid mediated control mechanism in E. coli. Using high-throughput microscopy, Tiruvadi-Krishnan et al. determine timings for critical cell-cycle checkpoints related to division and replication in Escherichia coli. The data, combined with cell-cycle modeling, show that the onset of constriction is blocked by the mid-cell nucleoid. In slow-growth conditions, the blockage is limiting for cell division.
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2
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Molecular Characterization of the Burkholderia cenocepacia dcw Operon and FtsZ Interactors as New Targets for Novel Antimicrobial Design. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9120841. [PMID: 33255486 PMCID: PMC7761207 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9120841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The worldwide spread of antimicrobial resistance highlights the need of new druggable cellular targets. The increasing knowledge of bacterial cell division suggested the potentiality of this pathway as a pool of alternative drug targets, mainly based on the essentiality of these proteins, as well as on the divergence from their eukaryotic counterparts. People suffering from cystic fibrosis are particularly challenged by the lack of antibiotic alternatives. Among the opportunistic pathogens that colonize the lungs of these patients, Burkholderia cenocepacia is a well-known multi-drug resistant bacterium, particularly difficult to treat. Here we describe the organization of its division cell wall (dcw) cluster: we found that 15 genes of the dcw operon can be transcribed as a polycistronic mRNA from mraZ to ftsZ and that its transcription is under the control of a strong promoter regulated by MraZ. B. cenocepacia J2315 FtsZ was also shown to interact with the other components of the divisome machinery, with a few differences respect to other bacteria, such as the direct interaction with FtsQ. Using an in vitro sedimentation assay, we validated the role of SulA as FtsZ inhibitor, and the roles of FtsA and ZipA as tethers of FtsZ polymers. Together our results pave the way for future antimicrobial design based on the divisome as pool of antibiotic cellular targets.
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3
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Abstract
The FtsZ protein is a highly conserved bacterial tubulin homolog. In vivo, the functional form of FtsZ is the polymeric, ring-like structure (Z-ring) assembled at the future division site during cell division. While it is clear that the Z-ring plays an essential role in orchestrating cytokinesis, precisely what its functions are and how these functions are achieved remain elusive. In this article, we review what we have learned during the past decade about the Z-ring's structure, function, and dynamics, with a particular focus on insights generated by recent high-resolution imaging and single-molecule analyses. We suggest that the major function of the Z-ring is to govern nascent cell pole morphogenesis by directing the spatiotemporal distribution of septal cell wall remodeling enzymes through the Z-ring's GTP hydrolysis-dependent treadmilling dynamics. In this role, FtsZ functions in cell division as the counterpart of the cell shape-determining actin homolog MreB in cell elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan McQuillen
- Department of Biophysics & Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA; ,
| | - Jie Xiao
- Department of Biophysics & Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA; ,
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4
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Wu F, Swain P, Kuijpers L, Zheng X, Felter K, Guurink M, Solari J, Jun S, Shimizu TS, Chaudhuri D, Mulder B, Dekker C. Cell Boundary Confinement Sets the Size and Position of the E. coli Chromosome. Curr Biol 2019; 29:2131-2144.e4. [PMID: 31155353 PMCID: PMC7050463 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 04/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Although the spatiotemporal structure of the genome is crucial to its biological function, many basic questions remain unanswered on the morphology and segregation of chromosomes. Here, we experimentally show in Escherichia coli that spatial confinement plays a dominant role in determining both the chromosome size and position. In non-dividing cells with lengths increased to 10 times normal, single chromosomes are observed to expand > 4-fold in size. Chromosomes show pronounced internal dynamics but exhibit a robust positioning where single nucleoids reside robustly at mid-cell, whereas two nucleoids self-organize at 1/4 and 3/4 positions. The cell-size-dependent expansion of the nucleoid is only modestly influenced by deletions of nucleoid-associated proteins, whereas osmotic manipulation experiments reveal a prominent role of molecular crowding. Molecular dynamics simulations with model chromosomes and crowders recapitulate the observed phenomena and highlight the role of entropic effects caused by confinement and molecular crowding in the spatial organization of the chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabai Wu
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, the Netherlands; Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E California Blvd, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
| | - Pinaki Swain
- Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy 502285, Telangana, India
| | - Louis Kuijpers
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Xuan Zheng
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Kevin Felter
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Margot Guurink
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Jacopo Solari
- Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Suckjoon Jun
- Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr. La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Thomas S Shimizu
- Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Debasish Chaudhuri
- Institute of Physics, Sachivalaya Marg, Bhubaneswar 751005, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Anushaktinagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Bela Mulder
- Institute AMOLF, Science Park 104, 1098 XG, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Cell Biology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Cees Dekker
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, the Netherlands.
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5
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Vedyaykin AD, Ponomareva EV, Khodorkovskii MA, Borchsenius SN, Vishnyakov IE. Mechanisms of Bacterial Cell Division. Microbiology (Reading) 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261719030159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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6
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Dewachter L, Verstraeten N, Fauvart M, Michiels J. An integrative view of cell cycle control in Escherichia coli. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2018; 42:116-136. [PMID: 29365084 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuy005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial proliferation depends on the cells' capability to proceed through consecutive rounds of the cell cycle. The cell cycle consists of a series of events during which cells grow, copy their genome, partition the duplicated DNA into different cell halves and, ultimately, divide to produce two newly formed daughter cells. Cell cycle control is of the utmost importance to maintain the correct order of events and safeguard the integrity of the cell and its genomic information. This review covers insights into the regulation of individual key cell cycle events in Escherichia coli. The control of initiation of DNA replication, chromosome segregation and cell division is discussed. Furthermore, we highlight connections between these processes. Although detailed mechanistic insight into these connections is largely still emerging, it is clear that the different processes of the bacterial cell cycle are coordinated to one another. This careful coordination of events ensures that every daughter cell ends up with one complete and intact copy of the genome, which is vital for bacterial survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liselot Dewachter
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.,VIB Center for Microbiology, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Natalie Verstraeten
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.,VIB Center for Microbiology, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maarten Fauvart
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.,VIB Center for Microbiology, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Life Sciences and Imaging, Smart Electronics Unit, imec, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Michiels
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.,VIB Center for Microbiology, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
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7
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Männik J, Walker BE, Männik J. Cell cycle-dependent regulation of FtsZ in Escherichia coli in slow growth conditions. Mol Microbiol 2018; 110:1030-1044. [PMID: 30230648 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
FtsZ is the key regulator of bacterial cell division. It initiates division by forming a dynamic ring-like structure, the Z-ring, at the mid-cell. What triggers the formation of the Z-ring during the cell cycle is poorly understood. In Escherichia coli, the common view is that FtsZ concentration is constant throughout its doubling time and therefore regulation of assembly is controlled by some yet-to-be-identified protein-protein interactions. Using a newly developed functional, fluorescent FtsZ reporter, we performed a quantitative analysis of the FtsZ concentration throughout the cell cycle under slow growth conditions. In contrast to the common expectation, we show that FtsZ concentrations vary in a cell cycle-dependent manner, and that upregulation of FtsZ synthesis correlates with the formation of the Z-ring. The first half of the cell cycle shows an approximately fourfold upregulation of FtsZ synthesis, followed by its rapid degradation by ClpXP protease in the last 10% of the cell cycle. The initiation of rapid degradation coincides with the dissociation of FtsZ from the septum. Altogether, our data suggest that the Z-ring formation in slow growth conditions in E. coli is partially controlled by a regulatory sequence wherein upregulation of an essential cell cycle factor is followed by its degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaana Männik
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Bryant E Walker
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
| | - Jaan Männik
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37996, USA
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8
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Jain P, Malakar B, Khan MZ, Lochab S, Singh A, Nandicoori VK. Delineating FtsQ-mediated regulation of cell division in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:12331-12349. [PMID: 29903917 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying and characterizing the individual contributors to bacterial cellular elongation and division will improve our understanding of their impact on cell growth and division. Here, we delineated the role of ftsQ, a terminal gene of the highly conserved division cell wall (dcw) operon, in growth, survival, and cell length maintenance in the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). We found that FtsQ overexpression significantly increases the cell length and number of multiseptate cells. FtsQ depletion in Mtb resulted in cells that were shorter than WT cells during the initial growth stages (4 days after FtsQ depletion) but were longer than WT cells at later stages (10 days after FtsQ depletion) and compromised the survival in vitro and in differentiated THP1 macrophages. Overexpression of N- and C-terminal FtsQ regions altered the cell length, and the C-terminal domain alone complemented the FtsQ depletion phenotype. MS analyses suggested robust FtsQ phosphorylation on Thr-24, and although phosphoablative and -mimetic mutants rescued the FtsQ depletion-associated cell viability defects, they failed to complement the cell length defects. MS and coimmunoprecipitation experiments identified 63 FtsQ-interacting partners, and we show that the interaction of FtsQ with the recently identified cell division protein SepIVA is independent of FtsQ phosphorylation and suggests a role of FtsQ in modulating cell division. FtsQ exhibited predominantly septal localization in both the presence and absence of SepIVA. Our results suggest a role for FtsQ in modulating the length, division, and survival of Mtb cells both in vitro and in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Jain
- From the National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067 and
| | - Basanti Malakar
- From the National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067 and
| | - Mehak Zahoor Khan
- From the National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067 and
| | - Savita Lochab
- From the National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067 and
| | - Archana Singh
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, New Delhi 110025, India
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9
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Yang D, Jennings AD, Borrego E, Retterer ST, Männik J. Analysis of Factors Limiting Bacterial Growth in PDMS Mother Machine Devices. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:871. [PMID: 29765371 PMCID: PMC5938360 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The microfluidic mother machine platform has attracted much interest for its potential in studies of bacterial physiology, cellular organization, and cell mechanics. Despite numerous experiments and development of dedicated analysis software, differences in bacterial growth and morphology in narrow mother machine channels compared to typical liquid media conditions have not been systematically characterized. Here we determine changes in E. coli growth rates and cell dimensions in different sized dead-end microfluidic channels using high resolution optical microscopy. We find that E. coli adapt to the confined channel environment by becoming narrower and longer compared to the same strain grown in liquid culture. Cell dimensions decrease as the channel length increases and width decreases. These changes are accompanied by increases in doubling times in agreement with the universal growth law. In channels 100 μm and longer, cell doublings can completely stop as a result of frictional forces that oppose cell elongation. Before complete cessation of elongation, mechanical stresses lead to substantial deformation of cells and changes in their morphology. Our work shows that mechanical forces rather than nutrient limitation are the main growth limiting factor for bacterial growth in long and narrow channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Yang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Anna D Jennings
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Evalynn Borrego
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Scott T Retterer
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Jaan Männik
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, United States
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10
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Huls PG, Vischer NOE, Woldringh CL. Different Amounts of DNA in Newborn Cells of Escherichia coli Preclude a Role for the Chromosome in Size Control According to the "Adder" Model. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:664. [PMID: 29675011 PMCID: PMC5895768 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the recently-revived adder model for cell size control, newborn cells of Escherichia coli will grow and divide after having added a constant size or length, ΔL, irrespective of their size at birth. Assuming exponential elongation, this implies that large newborns will divide earlier than small ones. The molecular basis for the constant size increment is still unknown. As DNA replication and cell growth are coordinated, the constant ΔL could be based on duplication of an equal amount of DNA, ΔG, present in newborn cells. To test this idea, we measured amounts of DNA and lengths of nucleoids in DAPI-stained cells growing in batch culture at slow and fast rates. Deeply-constricted cells were divided in two subpopulations of longer and shorter lengths than average; these were considered to represent large and small prospective daughter cells, respectively. While at slow growth, large and small prospective daughter cells contained similar amounts of DNA, fast growing cells with multiforked replicating chromosomes, showed a significantly higher amount of DNA (20%) in the larger cells. This observation precludes the hypothesis that ΔL is based on the synthesis of a constant ΔG. Growth curves were constructed for siblings generated by asymmetric division and growing according to the adder model. Under the assumption that all cells at the same growth rate exhibit the same time between initiation of DNA replication and cell division (i.e., constant C+D-period), the constructions predict that initiation occurs at different sizes (Li) and that, at fast growth, large newborn cells transiently contain more DNA than small newborns, in accordance with the observations. Because the state of segregation, measured as the distance between separated nucleoids, was found to be more advanced in larger deeply-constricted cells, we propose that in larger newborns nucleoid separation occurs faster and at a shorter length, allowing them to divide earlier. We propose a composite model in which both differential initiation and segregation leads to an adder-like behavior of large and small newborn cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Huls
- Faculty of Science, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Norbert O E Vischer
- Bacterial Cell Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Conrad L Woldringh
- Bacterial Cell Biology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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11
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Condon SGF, Mahbuba DA, Armstrong CR, Diaz-Vazquez G, Craven SJ, LaPointe LM, Khadria AS, Chadda R, Crooks JA, Rangarajan N, Weibel DB, Hoskins AA, Robertson JL, Cui Q, Senes A. The FtsLB subcomplex of the bacterial divisome is a tetramer with an uninterrupted FtsL helix linking the transmembrane and periplasmic regions. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:1623-1641. [PMID: 29233891 PMCID: PMC5798294 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In Escherichia coli, FtsLB plays a central role in the initiation of cell division, possibly transducing a signal that will eventually lead to the activation of peptidoglycan remodeling at the forming septum. The molecular mechanisms by which FtsLB operates in the divisome, however, are not understood. Here, we present a structural analysis of the FtsLB complex, performed with biophysical, computational, and in vivo methods, that establishes the organization of the transmembrane region and proximal coiled coil of the complex. FRET analysis in vitro is consistent with formation of a tetramer composed of two FtsL and two FtsB subunits. We predicted subunit contacts through co-evolutionary analysis and used them to compute a structural model of the complex. The transmembrane region of FtsLB is stabilized by hydrophobic packing and by a complex network of hydrogen bonds. The coiled coil domain probably terminates near the critical constriction control domain, which might correspond to a structural transition. The presence of strongly polar amino acids within the core of the tetrameric coiled coil suggests that the coil may split into two independent FtsQ-binding domains. The helix of FtsB is interrupted between the transmembrane and coiled coil regions by a flexible Gly-rich linker. Conversely, the data suggest that FtsL forms an uninterrupted helix across the two regions and that the integrity of this helix is indispensable for the function of the complex. The FtsL helix is thus a candidate for acting as a potential mechanical connection to communicate conformational changes between periplasmic, membrane, and cytoplasmic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samson G F Condon
- From the Department of Biochemistry
- the Integrated Program in Biochemistry
| | - Deena-Al Mahbuba
- From the Department of Biochemistry
- the Integrated Program in Biochemistry
| | | | | | - Samuel J Craven
- From the Department of Biochemistry
- the Integrated Program in Biochemistry
| | - Loren M LaPointe
- From the Department of Biochemistry
- the Integrated Program in Biochemistry
| | - Ambalika S Khadria
- From the Department of Biochemistry
- the Integrated Program in Biochemistry
| | - Rahul Chadda
- the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - John A Crooks
- From the Department of Biochemistry
- the Integrated Program in Biochemistry
| | | | | | | | - Janice L Robertson
- the Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa 52242
| | - Qiang Cui
- the Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706 and
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12
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Du S, Lutkenhaus J. Assembly and activation of the Escherichia coli divisome. Mol Microbiol 2017; 105:177-187. [PMID: 28419603 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cell division in Escherichia coli is mediated by a large protein complex called the divisome. Most of the divisome proteins have been identified, but how they assemble onto the Z ring scaffold to form the divisome and work together to synthesize the septum is not well understood. In this review, we summarize the latest findings on divisome assembly and activation as well as provide our perspective on how these two processes might be regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishen Du
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Joe Lutkenhaus
- Department of Microbiology, Molecular Genetics and Immunology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
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