1
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Zhang J, Ruiz M, Bergh PO, Henricsson M, Stojanović N, Devkota R, Henn M, Bohlooly-Y M, Hernández-Hernández A, Alsheimer M, Borén J, Pilon M, Shibuya H. Regulation of meiotic telomere dynamics through membrane fluidity promoted by AdipoR2-ELOVL2. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2315. [PMID: 38485951 PMCID: PMC10940294 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46718-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The cellular membrane in male meiotic germ cells contains a unique class of phospholipids and sphingolipids that is required for male reproduction. Here, we show that a conserved membrane fluidity sensor, AdipoR2, regulates the meiosis-specific lipidome in mouse testes by promoting the synthesis of sphingolipids containing very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLC-PUFAs). AdipoR2 upregulates the expression of a fatty acid elongase, ELOVL2, both transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally, to synthesize VLC-PUFA. The depletion of VLC-PUFAs and subsequent accumulation of palmitic acid in AdipoR2 knockout testes stiffens the cellular membrane and causes the invagination of the nuclear envelope. This condition impairs the nuclear peripheral distribution of meiotic telomeres, leading to errors in homologous synapsis and recombination. Further, the stiffened membrane impairs the formation of intercellular bridges and the germ cell syncytium, which disrupts the orderly arrangement of cell types within the seminiferous tubules. According to our findings we propose a framework in which the highly-fluid membrane microenvironment shaped by AdipoR2-ELOVL2 underpins meiosis-specific chromosome dynamics in testes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41390, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mario Ruiz
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41390, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per-Olof Bergh
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 41467, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marcus Henricsson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 41467, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nena Stojanović
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41390, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ranjan Devkota
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41390, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marius Henn
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Abrahan Hernández-Hernández
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- National Genomics Infrastructure, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Manfred Alsheimer
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jan Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, 41467, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marc Pilon
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41390, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Hiroki Shibuya
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, 41390, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Laboratory for Gametogenesis, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research (BDR), Kobe, Japan.
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2
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Fox BW, Helf MJ, Burkhardt RN, Artyukhin AB, Curtis BJ, Palomino DF, Schroeder AF, Chaturbedi A, Tauffenberger A, Wrobel CJJ, Zhang YK, Lee SS, Schroeder FC. Evolutionarily related host and microbial pathways regulate fat desaturation in C. elegans. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1520. [PMID: 38374083 PMCID: PMC10876521 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45782-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid desaturation is central to metazoan lipid metabolism and provides building blocks of membrane lipids and precursors of diverse signaling molecules. Nutritional conditions and associated microbiota regulate desaturase expression, but the underlying mechanisms have remained unclear. Here, we show that endogenous and microbiota-dependent small molecule signals promote lipid desaturation via the nuclear receptor NHR-49/PPARα in C. elegans. Untargeted metabolomics of a β-oxidation mutant, acdh-11, in which expression of the stearoyl-CoA desaturase FAT-7/SCD1 is constitutively increased, revealed accumulation of a β-cyclopropyl fatty acid, becyp#1, that potently activates fat-7 expression via NHR-49. Biosynthesis of becyp#1 is strictly dependent on expression of cyclopropane synthase by associated bacteria, e.g., E. coli. Screening for structurally related endogenous metabolites revealed a β-methyl fatty acid, bemeth#1, which mimics the activity of microbiota-dependent becyp#1 but is derived from a methyltransferase, fcmt-1, that is conserved across Nematoda and likely originates from bacterial cyclopropane synthase via ancient horizontal gene transfer. Activation of fat-7 expression by these structurally similar metabolites is controlled by distinct mechanisms, as microbiota-dependent becyp#1 is metabolized by a dedicated β-oxidation pathway, while the endogenous bemeth#1 is metabolized via α-oxidation. Collectively, we demonstrate that evolutionarily related biosynthetic pathways in metazoan host and associated microbiota converge on NHR-49/PPARα to regulate fat desaturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bennett W Fox
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Maximilian J Helf
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Russell N Burkhardt
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Alexander B Artyukhin
- Chemistry Department, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Brian J Curtis
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Diana Fajardo Palomino
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Allen F Schroeder
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Amaresh Chaturbedi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Arnaud Tauffenberger
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Chester J J Wrobel
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Ying K Zhang
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Siu Sylvia Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Frank C Schroeder
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
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3
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Melchionna M, Ganusova EE, Harmon N, Alexandre G. TrhA, a bacterial progestin and adiponectin receptor homolog, couples membrane energetics homeostasis and unsaturated fatty acid metabolism. J Bacteriol 2024; 206:e0039723. [PMID: 38054739 PMCID: PMC10810207 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00397-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the widely conserved progestin and adipoQ receptor (PAQR) family function to maintain membrane homeostasis: membrane fluidity and fatty acid composition in eukaryotes and membrane energetics and fatty acid composition in bacteria. All PAQRs consist of a core seven transmembrane domain structure and five conserved amino acids (three histidines, one serine, and one aspartic acid) predicted to form a hydrolase-like catalytic site. PAQR homologs in Bacteria (called TrhA, for transmembrane homeostasis protein A) maintain homeostasis of membrane charge gradients, like the membrane potential and proton gradient that comprise the proton motive force, but their molecular mechanisms are not yet understood. Here, we show that TrhA in Escherichia coli has a periplasmic C-terminus, which places the five conserved residues shared by all PAQRs at the cytoplasmic interface of the membrane. Here, we characterize several conserved residues predicted to form an active site by site-directed mutagenesis. We also identify a specific role for TrhA in modulating unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis with conserved residues required to either promote or reduce the abundance of unsaturated fatty acids. We also identify distinct roles for the conserved residues in supporting TrhA's role in maintaining membrane energetics homeostasis that suggest that both functions are intertwined and probably partly dependent on one another. An analysis of domain architecture of TrhA-like domains in Bacteria further supports a function of TrhA linking membrane energetics homeostasis with biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acid in the membrane. IMPORTANCE Progestin and adipoQ receptor (PAQR) family proteins are evolutionary conserved regulators of membrane homeostasis and have been best characterized in eukaryotes. Bacterial PAQR homologs, named TrhA (transmembrane homeostasis protein A), regulate membrane energetics homeostasis through an unknown mechanism. Here, we present evidence linking TrhA to both membrane energetics homeostasis and unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis. Analysis of domain architecture together with experimental evidence suggests a model where TrhA activity on unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis is regulated by changes in membrane energetics to dynamically adjust membrane homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddison Melchionna
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Elena E. Ganusova
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Neyland Harmon
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Gladys Alexandre
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
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4
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Vieira AFC, Xatse MA, Murray SY, Olsen CP. Oleic Acid Metabolism in Response to Glucose in C. elegans. Metabolites 2023; 13:1185. [PMID: 38132867 PMCID: PMC10744850 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13121185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A key response to glucose stress is an increased production of unsaturated fatty acids to balance the increase in saturated fatty acids in the membrane. The C. elegans homolog of stearoyl-CoA desaturase, FAT-7, introduces the first double bond into saturated C18 fatty acids yielding oleic acid, and is a critical regulatory point for surviving cold and glucose stress. Here, we incorporated 13C stable isotopes into the diet of nematodes and quantified the 13C-labelled fatty acid using GC-MS and HPLC/MS-MS to track its metabolic response to various concentrations of glucose. Previous work has analyzed the membrane composition of C. elegans when responding to mild glucose stress and showed few alterations in the overall fatty acid composition in the membrane. Here, in nematodes exposed to higher concentrations of glucose, a specific reduction in oleic acid and linoleic acid was observed. Using time courses and stable isotope tracing, the response of fatty acid metabolism to increasing levels of glucose stress is characterized, revealing the funneling of monounsaturated fatty acids to preserve the abundance of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Taken together, higher levels of glucose unveil a specific reduction in oleic and linolenic acid in the metabolic rewiring required to survive glucose stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Carissa Perez Olsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA 01609, USA; (A.F.C.V.); (M.A.X.)
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5
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Gawden-Bone CM, Lehner PJ, Volkmar N. As a matter of fat: Emerging roles of lipid-sensitive E3 ubiquitin ligases. Bioessays 2023; 45:e2300139. [PMID: 37890275 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202300139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic structure and composition of lipid membranes need to be tightly regulated to control the vast array of cellular processes from cell and organelle morphology to protein-protein interactions and signal transduction pathways. To maintain membrane integrity, sense-and-response systems monitor and adjust membrane lipid composition to the ever-changing cellular environment, but only a relatively small number of control systems have been described. Here, we explore the emerging role of the ubiquitin-proteasome system in monitoring and maintaining membrane lipid composition. We focus on the ER-resident RNF145 E3 ubiquitin ligase, its role in regulating adiponectin receptor 2 (ADIPOR2), its lipid hydrolase substrate, and the broader implications for understanding the homeostatic processes that fine-tune cellular membrane composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M Gawden-Bone
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Paul J Lehner
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Norbert Volkmar
- Institute for Molecular Systems Biology (IMSB), ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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6
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Kenworthy AK. What's past is prologue: FRAP keeps delivering 50 years later. Biophys J 2023; 122:3577-3586. [PMID: 37218127 PMCID: PMC10541474 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2023.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) has emerged as one of the most widely utilized techniques to quantify binding and diffusion kinetics of biomolecules in biophysics. Since its inception in the mid-1970s, FRAP has been used to address an enormous array of questions including the characteristic features of lipid rafts, how cells regulate the viscosity of their cytoplasm, and the dynamics of biomolecules inside condensates formed by liquid-liquid phase separation. In this perspective, I briefly summarize the history of the field and discuss why FRAP has proven to be so incredibly versatile and popular. Next, I provide an overview of the extensive body of knowledge that has emerged on best practices for quantitative FRAP data analysis, followed by some recent examples of biological lessons learned using this powerful approach. Finally, I touch on new directions and opportunities for biophysicists to contribute to the continued development of this still-relevant research tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne K Kenworthy
- Center for Membrane and Cell Physiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia; Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia.
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7
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Pilon M, Ruiz M. PAQR proteins and the evolution of a superpower: Eating all kinds of fats: Animals rely on evolutionarily conserved membrane homeostasis proteins to compensate for dietary variation. Bioessays 2023; 45:e2300079. [PMID: 37345585 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202300079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Recently published work showed that members of the PAQR protein family are activated by cell membrane rigidity and contribute to our ability to eat a wide variety of diets. Cell membranes are primarily composed of phospholipids containing dietarily obtained fatty acids, which poses a challenge to membrane properties because diets can vary greatly in their fatty acid composition and could impart opposite properties to the cellular membranes. In particular, saturated fatty acids (SFAs) can pack tightly and form rigid membranes (like butter at room temperature) while unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) form more fluid membranes (like vegetable oils). Proteins of the PAQR protein family, characterized by the presence of seven transmembrane domains and a cytosolic N-terminus, contribute to membrane homeostasis in bacteria, yeasts, and animals. These proteins respond to membrane rigidity by stimulating fatty acid desaturation and incorporation of UFAs into phospholipids and explain the ability of animals to thrive on diets with widely varied fat composition. Also see the video abstract here: https://youtu.be/6ckcvaDdbQg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Pilon
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mario Ruiz
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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8
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Fox BW, Helf MJ, Burkhardt RN, Artyukhin AB, Curtis BJ, Palomino DF, Chaturbedi A, Tauffenberger A, Wrobel CJ, Zhang YK, Lee SS, Schroeder FC. Evolutionarily related host and microbial pathways regulate fat desaturation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.31.555782. [PMID: 37693574 PMCID: PMC10491262 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.31.555782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid desaturation is central to metazoan lipid metabolism and provides building blocks of membrane lipids and precursors of diverse signaling molecules. Nutritional conditions and associated microbiota regulate desaturase expression1-4, but the underlying mechanisms have remained unclear. Here, we show that endogenous and microbiota-dependent small molecule signals promote lipid desaturation via the nuclear receptor NHR-49/PPARα in C. elegans. Untargeted metabolomics of a β-oxidation mutant, acdh-11, in which expression of the stearoyl-CoA desaturase FAT-7/SCD1 is constitutively increased, revealed accumulation of a β-cyclopropyl fatty acid, becyp#1, that potently activates fat-7 expression via NHR-49. Biosynthesis of becyp#1 is strictly dependent on expression of cyclopropane synthase by associated bacteria, e.g., E. coli. Screening for structurally related endogenous metabolites revealed a β-methyl fatty acid, bemeth#1, whose activity mimics that of microbiota-dependent becyp#1, but is derived from a methyltransferase, fcmt-1, that is conserved across Nematoda and likely originates from bacterial cyclopropane synthase via ancient horizontal gene transfer. Activation of fat-7 expression by these structurally similar metabolites is controlled by distinct mechanisms, as microbiota-dependent becyp#1 is metabolized by a dedicated β-oxidation pathway, while the endogenous bemeth#1 is metabolized via α-oxidation. Collectively, we demonstrate that evolutionarily related biosynthetic pathways in metazoan host and associated microbiota converge on NHR-49/PPARα to regulate fat desaturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bennett W. Fox
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Maximilian J. Helf
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Russell N. Burkhardt
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Alexander B. Artyukhin
- Chemistry Department, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
| | - Brian J. Curtis
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Diana Fajardo Palomino
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Amaresh Chaturbedi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Arnaud Tauffenberger
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Chester J.J. Wrobel
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Ying K. Zhang
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Siu Sylvia Lee
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Frank C. Schroeder
- Boyce Thompson Institute and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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9
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Zakany F, Mándity IM, Varga Z, Panyi G, Nagy P, Kovacs T. Effect of the Lipid Landscape on the Efficacy of Cell-Penetrating Peptides. Cells 2023; 12:1700. [PMID: 37443733 PMCID: PMC10340183 DOI: 10.3390/cells12131700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Every cell biological textbook teaches us that the main role of the plasma membrane is to separate cells from their neighborhood to allow for a controlled composition of the intracellular space. The mostly hydrophobic nature of the cell membrane presents an impenetrable barrier for most hydrophilic molecules larger than 1 kDa. On the other hand, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) are capable of traversing this barrier without compromising membrane integrity, and they can do so on their own or coupled to cargos. Coupling biologically and medically relevant cargos to CPPs holds great promise of delivering membrane-impermeable drugs into cells. If the cargo is able to interact with certain cell types, uptake of the CPP-drug complex can be tailored to be cell-type-specific. Besides outlining the major membrane penetration pathways of CPPs, this review is aimed at deciphering how properties of the membrane influence the uptake mechanisms of CPPs. By summarizing an extensive body of experimental evidence, we argue that a more ordered, less flexible membrane structure, often present in the very diseases planned to be treated with CPPs, decreases their cellular uptake. These correlations are not only relevant for understanding the cellular biology of CPPs, but also for rationally improving their value in translational or clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florina Zakany
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (F.Z.); (Z.V.); (G.P.)
| | - István M. Mándity
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary;
- TTK Lendület Artificial Transporter Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Varga
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (F.Z.); (Z.V.); (G.P.)
| | - Gyorgy Panyi
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (F.Z.); (Z.V.); (G.P.)
| | - Peter Nagy
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (F.Z.); (Z.V.); (G.P.)
| | - Tamas Kovacs
- Department of Biophysics and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (F.Z.); (Z.V.); (G.P.)
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10
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Wu G, Baumeister R, Heimbucher T. Molecular Mechanisms of Lipid-Based Metabolic Adaptation Strategies in Response to Cold. Cells 2023; 12:1353. [PMID: 37408188 PMCID: PMC10216534 DOI: 10.3390/cells12101353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Temperature changes and periods of detrimental cold occur frequently for many organisms in their natural habitats. Homeothermic animals have evolved metabolic adaptation strategies to increase mitochondrial-based energy expenditure and heat production, largely relying on fat as a fuel source. Alternatively, certain species are able to repress their metabolism during cold periods and enter a state of decreased physiological activity known as torpor. By contrast, poikilotherms, which are unable to maintain their internal temperature, predominantly increase membrane fluidity to diminish cold-related damage from low-temperature stress. However, alterations of molecular pathways and the regulation of lipid-metabolic reprogramming during cold exposure are poorly understood. Here, we review organismal responses that adjust fat metabolism during detrimental cold stress. Cold-related changes in membranes are detected by membrane-bound sensors, which signal to downstream transcriptional effectors, including nuclear hormone receptors of the PPAR (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor) subfamily. PPARs control lipid metabolic processes, such as fatty acid desaturation, lipid catabolism and mitochondrial-based thermogenesis. Elucidating the underlying molecular mechanisms of cold adaptation may improve beneficial therapeutic cold treatments and could have important implications for medical applications of hypothermia in humans. This includes treatment strategies for hemorrhagic shock, stroke, obesity and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wu
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Baumeister
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Heimbucher
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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11
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Ruiz M, Devkota R, Kaper D, Ruhanen H, Busayavalasa K, Radović U, Henricsson M, Käkelä R, Borén J, Pilon M. AdipoR2 recruits protein interactors to promote fatty acid elongation and membrane fluidity. J Biol Chem 2023:104799. [PMID: 37164154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The human AdipoR2 and its C. elegans homolog PAQR-2 are multi-pass plasma membrane proteins that protect cells against membrane rigidification. However, how AdipoR2 promotes membrane fluidity mechanistically is not clear. Using 13C-labelled fatty acids, we show that AdipoR2 can promote the elongation and incorporation of membrane-fluidizing polyunsaturated fatty acids into phospholipids. To elucidate the molecular basis of these activities, we performed immunoprecipitations of tagged AdipoR2 and PAQR-2 expressed in HEK293 cells or whole C. elegans, respectively, and identified co-immunoprecipitated proteins using mass spectroscopy. We found that several of the evolutionarily conserved AdipoR2/PAQR-2 interactors are important for fatty acid elongation and incorporation into phospholipids. We experimentally verified some of these interactions, namely with the dehydratase HACD3 that is essential for the third of four steps in long-chain fatty acid elongation, and ACSL4 that is important for activation of unsaturated fatty acids and their channeling into phospholipids. We conclude that AdipoR2 and PAQR-2 can recruit protein interactors to promote the production and incorporation of unsaturated fatty acids into phospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Ruiz
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ranjan Devkota
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Delaney Kaper
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hanna Ruhanen
- Helsinki University Lipidomics Unit, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, Biocenter Finland, Helsinki, Finland; Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kiran Busayavalasa
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Uroš Radović
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marcus Henricsson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Reijo Käkelä
- Helsinki University Lipidomics Unit, Helsinki Institute of Life Science, Biocenter Finland, Helsinki, Finland; Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jan Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marc Pilon
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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12
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A new AMPK isoform mediates glucose-restriction induced longevity non-cell autonomously by promoting membrane fluidity. Nat Commun 2023; 14:288. [PMID: 36653384 PMCID: PMC9849402 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-35952-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary restriction (DR) delays aging and the onset of age-associated diseases. However, it is yet to be determined whether and how restriction of specific nutrients promote longevity. Previous genome-wide screens isolated several Escherichia coli mutants that extended lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans. Here, using 1H-NMR metabolite analyses and inter-species genetics, we demonstrate that E. coli mutants depleted of intracellular glucose extend C. elegans lifespans, serving as bona fide glucose-restricted (GR) diets. Unlike general DR, GR diets don't reduce the fecundity of animals, while still improving stress resistance and ameliorating neuro-degenerative pathologies of Aβ42. Interestingly, AAK-2a, a new AMPK isoform, is necessary and sufficient for GR-induced longevity. AAK-2a functions exclusively in neurons to modulate GR-mediated longevity via neuropeptide signaling. Last, we find that GR/AAK-2a prolongs longevity through PAQR-2/NHR-49/Δ9 desaturases by promoting membrane fluidity in peripheral tissues. Together, our studies identify the molecular mechanisms underlying prolonged longevity by glucose specific restriction in the context of whole animals.
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13
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Yoon DS, Byeon E, Kim DH, Lee MC, Shin KH, Hagiwara A, Park HG, Lee JS. Effects of temperature and combinational exposures on lipid metabolism in aquatic invertebrates. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 262:109449. [PMID: 36055628 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2022.109449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Studies of changes in fatty acids in response to environmental temperature changes have been conducted in many species, particularly mammals. However, few studies have considered aquatic invertebrates, even though they are particularly vulnerable to changes in environmental temperature. In this review, we summarize the process by which animals synthesize common fatty acids and point out differences between the fatty acid profiles of vertebrates and those of aquatic invertebrates. Unlike vertebrates, some aquatic invertebrates can directly synthesize polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), which can be used to respond to temperature changes. Various studies have shown that aquatic invertebrates increase the degree of saturation in their fatty acids through an increase in saturated fatty acid production or a decrease in PUFAs as the temperature increases. In addition, we summarize recent studies that have examined the complex effects of temperature and combinational stressors to determine whether the degree of saturation in aquatic invertebrates is influenced by other factors. The combined effects of carbon dioxide partial pressure, food quality, starvation, salinity, and chemical exposures have been confirmed, and fatty acid profile changes in response to high temperature were greater than those from combinational stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deok-Seo Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Eunjin Byeon
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Duck-Hyun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Min-Chul Lee
- Department of Food & Nutrition, College of Bio-Nano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Hoon Shin
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, South Korea
| | - Atsushi Hagiwara
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Heum Gi Park
- Department of Marine Ecology and Environment, College of Life Sciences, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung 25457, South Korea.
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
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14
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Sphingosine 1-phosphate mediates adiponectin receptor signaling essential for lipid homeostasis and embryogenesis. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7162. [PMID: 36418331 PMCID: PMC9684441 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34931-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells and organisms require proper membrane composition to function and develop. Phospholipids are the major component of membranes and are primarily acquired through the diet. Given great variability in diet composition, cells must be able to deploy mechanisms that correct deviations from optimal membrane composition and properties. Here, using lipidomics and unbiased proteomics, we found that the embryonic lethality in mice lacking the fluidity regulators Adiponectin Receptors 1 and 2 (AdipoR1/2) is associated with aberrant high saturation of the membrane phospholipids. Using mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) derived from AdipoR1/2-KO embryos, human cell lines and the model organism C. elegans we found that, mechanistically, AdipoR1/2-derived sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) signals in parallel through S1PR3-SREBP1 and PPARγ to sustain the expression of the fatty acid desaturase SCD and maintain membrane properties. Thus, our work identifies an evolutionary conserved pathway by which cells and organisms achieve membrane homeostasis and adapt to a variable environment.
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15
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Wang C, Wang B, Pandey T, Long Y, Zhang J, Oh F, Sima J, Guo R, Liu Y, Zhang C, Mukherjee S, Bassik M, Lin W, Deng H, Vale G, McDonald JG, Shen K, Ma DK. A conserved megaprotein-based molecular bridge critical for lipid trafficking and cold resilience. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6805. [PMID: 36357390 PMCID: PMC9649747 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34450-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells adapt to cold by increasing levels of unsaturated phospholipids and membrane fluidity through conserved homeostatic mechanisms. Here we report an exceptionally large and evolutionarily conserved protein LPD-3 in C. elegans that mediates lipid trafficking to confer cold resilience. We identify lpd-3 mutants in a mutagenesis screen for genetic suppressors of the lipid desaturase FAT-7. LPD-3 bridges the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and plasma membranes (PM), forming a structurally predicted hydrophobic tunnel for lipid trafficking. lpd-3 mutants exhibit abnormal phospholipid distribution, diminished FAT-7 abundance, organismic vulnerability to cold, and are rescued by Lecithin comprising unsaturated phospholipids. Deficient lpd-3 homologues in Zebrafish and mammalian cells cause defects similar to those observed in C. elegans. As mutations in BLTP1, the human orthologue of lpd-3, cause Alkuraya-Kucinskas syndrome, LPD-3 family proteins may serve as evolutionarily conserved highway bridges critical for ER-associated non-vesicular lipid trafficking and resilience to cold stress in eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changnan Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bingying Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Taruna Pandey
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yong Long
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianxiu Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Fiona Oh
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jessica Sima
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ruyin Guo
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Chao Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Precision Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaeri Mukherjee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michael Bassik
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Weichun Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Huichao Deng
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Goncalo Vale
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey G McDonald
- Center for Human Nutrition, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Kang Shen
- Department of Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Dengke K Ma
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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16
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Ruiz M, Svensk E, Einarsson E, Grahn EP, Pilon M. A small molecule screen for paqr-2 suppressors identifies Tyloxapol as a membrane fluidizer for C. elegans and mammalian cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2022; 1864:183959. [PMID: 35588889 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.183959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Defects in cell membrane homeostasis are implicated in numerous disorders, including cancer, neurodegeneration and diabetes. There is therefore a need for a powerful model to study membrane homeostasis and to identify eventual therapeutic routes. The C. elegans gene paqr-2 encodes a homolog of the mammalian AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 proteins that, when mutated, causes a membrane homeostasis defect accompanied by multiple phenotypes such as intolerance to dietary saturated fatty acids, intolerance to cold and a characteristic tail tip morphology defect. We screened a compound library to identify molecules that can suppress the paqr-2 phenotypes. A single positive hit, Tyloxapol, was found that very effectively suppresses multiple paqr-2 phenotypes. Tyloxapol is a non-ionic detergent currently in use clinically as an expectorant. Importantly, we examined the potential of Tyloxapol as a fluidizer in human cells and found that it improves the viability and membrane fluidity of AdipoR2-deficient human cells challenged with palmitic acid, a membrane-rigidifying saturated fatty acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Ruiz
- Dept. Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9C, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Emma Svensk
- Dept. Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9C, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elinor Einarsson
- Dept. Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9C, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Podda Grahn
- Dept. Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9C, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marc Pilon
- Dept. Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 9C, S-405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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17
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Unlu G, Prizer B, Erdal R, Yeh HW, Bayraktar EC, Birsoy K. Metabolic-scale gene activation screens identify SLCO2B1 as a heme transporter that enhances cellular iron availability. Mol Cell 2022; 82:2832-2843.e7. [PMID: 35714613 PMCID: PMC9356996 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Iron is the most abundant transition metal essential for numerous cellular processes. Although most mammalian cells acquire iron through transferrin receptors, molecular players of iron utilization under iron restriction are incompletely understood. To address this, we performed metabolism-focused CRISPRa gain-of-function screens, which revealed metabolic limitations under stress conditions. Iron restriction screens identified not only expected members of iron utilization pathways but also SLCO2B1, a poorly characterized membrane carrier. SLCO2B1 expression is sufficient to increase intracellular iron, bypass the essentiality of the transferrin receptor, and enable proliferation under iron restriction. Mechanistically, SLCO2B1 mediates heme analog import in cellular assays. Heme uptake by SLCO2B1 provides sufficient iron for proliferation through heme oxygenases. Notably, SLCO2B1 is predominantly expressed in microglia in the brain, and primary Slco2b1-/- mouse microglia exhibit strong defects in heme analog import. Altogether, our work identifies SLCO2B1 as a microglia-enriched plasma membrane heme importer and provides a genetic platform to identify metabolic limitations under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Unlu
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Benjamin Prizer
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ranya Erdal
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara 06230, Turkey
| | - Hsi-Wen Yeh
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Erol C Bayraktar
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Kıvanç Birsoy
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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18
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Tong L, Xiao X, Li M, Fang S, Ma E, Yu X, Zhu Y, Wu C, Tian D, Yang F, Sun J, Qu J, Zheng N, Liao S, Tai W, Feng S, Zhang L, Li Y, Wang L, Han X, Sun S, Yang L, Zhong H, Zhao J, Liu W, Liu X, Wang P, Li L, Zhao G, Zhang R, Cheng G. A glucose-like metabolite deficient in diabetes inhibits cellular entry of SARS-CoV-2. Nat Metab 2022; 4:547-558. [PMID: 35534727 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00567-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The severity and mortality of COVID-19 are associated with pre-existing medical comorbidities such as diabetes mellitus. However, the underlying causes for increased susceptibility to viral infection in patients with diabetes is not fully understood. Here we identify several small-molecule metabolites from human blood with effective antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2, one of which, 1,5-anhydro-D-glucitol (1,5-AG), is associated with diabetes mellitus. The serum 1,5-AG level is significantly lower in patients with diabetes. In vitro, the level of SARS-CoV-2 replication is higher in the presence of serum from patients with diabetes than from healthy individuals and this is counteracted by supplementation of 1,5-AG to the serum from patients. Diabetic (db/db) mice undergo SARS-CoV-2 infection accompanied by much higher viral loads and more severe respiratory tissue damage when compared to wild-type mice. Sustained supplementation of 1,5-AG in diabetic mice reduces SARS-CoV-2 loads and disease severity to similar levels in nondiabetic mice. Mechanistically, 1,5-AG directly binds the S2 subunit of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, thereby interrupting spike-mediated virus-host membrane fusion. Our results reveal a mechanism that contributes to COVID-19 pathogenesis in the diabetic population and suggest that 1,5-AG supplementation may be beneficial to diabetic patients against severe COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangqin Tong
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Pathogenic Organisms, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoping Xiao
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- Institute of Pathogenic Organisms, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shisong Fang
- Institute of Pathogenic Organisms, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Enhao Ma
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Yu
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yibin Zhu
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunli Wu
- Institute of Pathogenic Organisms, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Deyu Tian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Institute of Pathogenic Organisms, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Qu
- Institute of Pathogenic Organisms, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Nianzhen Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shumin Liao
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wanbo Tai
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shengyong Feng
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Liming Zhang
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhan Li
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuelian Han
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shihui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Long Yang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Hui Zhong
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jincun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- School of Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Penghua Wang
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, the University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Guangyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Renli Zhang
- Institute of Pathogenic Organisms, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Gong Cheng
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- Institute of Pathogenic Organisms, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China.
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China.
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19
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Bacterial Homologs of Progestin and AdipoQ Receptors (PAQRs) Affect Membrane Energetics Homeostasis but Not Fluidity. J Bacteriol 2022; 204:e0058321. [PMID: 35285724 PMCID: PMC9017321 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00583-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane potential homeostasis is essential for cell survival. Defects in membrane potential lead to pleiotropic phenotypes, consistent with the central role of membrane energetics in cell physiology. Homologs of the progestin and AdipoQ receptors (PAQRs) are conserved in multiple phyla of Bacteria and Eukarya. In eukaryotes, PAQRs are proposed to modulate membrane fluidity and fatty acid (FA) metabolism. The role of bacterial homologs has not been elucidated. Here, we use Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis to show that bacterial PAQR homologs, which we name “TrhA,” have a role in membrane energetics homeostasis. Using transcriptional fusions, we show that E. coli TrhA (encoded by yqfA) is part of the unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis regulon. Fatty acid analyses and physiological assays show that a lack of TrhA in both E. coli and B. subtilis (encoded by yplQ) provokes subtle but consistent changes in membrane fatty acid profiles that do not translate to control of membrane fluidity. Instead, membrane proteomics in E. coli suggested a disrupted energy metabolism and dysregulated membrane energetics in the mutant, though it grew similarly to its parent. These changes translated into a disturbed membrane potential in the mutant relative to its parent under various growth conditions. Similar dysregulation of membrane energetics was observed in a different E. coli strain and in the distantly related B. subtilis. Together, our findings are consistent with a role for TrhA in membrane energetics homeostasis, through a mechanism that remains to be elucidated. IMPORTANCE Eukaryotic homologs of the progestin and AdipoQ receptor family (PAQR) have been shown to regulate membrane fluidity by affecting, through unknown mechanisms, unsaturated fatty acid (FA) metabolism. The bacterial homologs studied here mediate small and consistent changes in unsaturated FA metabolism that do not seem to impact membrane fluidity but, rather, alter membrane energetics homeostasis. Together, the findings here suggest that bacterial and eukaryotic PAQRs share functions in maintaining membrane homeostasis (fluidity in eukaryotes and energetics for bacteria with TrhA homologs).
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20
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Regulation and functions of membrane lipids: Insights from Caenorhabditis elegans. BBA ADVANCES 2022; 2:100043. [PMID: 37082601 PMCID: PMC10074978 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadva.2022.100043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The Caenorhabditis elegans plasma membrane is composed of glycerophospholipids and sphingolipids with a small cholesterol. The C. elegans obtain the majority of the membrane lipids by modifying fatty acids present in the bacterial diet. The metabolic pathways of membrane lipid biosynthesis are well conserved across the animal kingdom. In C. elegans CDP-DAG and Kennedy pathway produce glycerophospholipids. Meanwhile, the sphingolipids are synthesized through a different pathway. They have evolved remarkably diverse mechanisms to maintain membrane lipid homeostasis. For instance, the lipid bilayer stress operates to accomplish homeostasis during any perturbance in the lipid composition. Meanwhile, the PAQR-2/IGLR-2 complex works with FLD-1 to balance unsaturated to saturated fatty acids to maintain membrane fluidity. The loss of membrane lipid homeostasis is observed in many human genetic and metabolic disorders. Since C. elegans conserved such genes and pathways, it can be used as a model organism.
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21
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Ruiz M, Henricsson M, Borén J, Pilon M. Palmitic acid causes increased dihydroceramide levels when desaturase expression is directly silenced or indirectly lowered by silencing AdipoR2. Lipids Health Dis 2021; 20:173. [PMID: 34839823 PMCID: PMC8627610 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-021-01600-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 (AdipoRs) are plasma membrane proteins often considered to act as adiponectin receptors with a ceramidase activity. Additionally, the AdipoRs and their yeast and C. elegans orthologs are emerging as membrane homeostasis regulators that counter membrane rigidification by promoting fatty acid desaturation and incorporation of unsaturated fatty acids into phospholipids, thus restoring fluidity. Methods Using cultured cells, the effects of AdipoR silencing or over-expression on the levels and composition of several sphingolipid classes were examined. Results AdipoR2 silencing in the presence of exogenous palmitic acid potently causes increased levels of dihydroceramides, a ceramide precursor in the de novo ceramide synthesis pathway. Conversely, AdipoR2 over-expression caused a depletion of dihydroceramides. Conclusions The results are consistent with AdipoR2 silencing leading to increased intracellular supply of palmitic acid that in turn leads to increased dihydroceramide synthesis via the rate-limiting serine palmitoyl transferase step. In agreement with this model, inhibiting the desaturase SCD or SREBF1/2 (positive regulators of SCD) also causes a strong increase in dihydroceramide levels. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12944-021-01600-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Ruiz
- Department Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Univ. Gothenburg, Box 462, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marcus Henricsson
- Department Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, Univ. of Gothenburg, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Borén
- Department Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, Univ. of Gothenburg, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marc Pilon
- Department Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Univ. Gothenburg, Box 462, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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22
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Vieira AFC, Xatse MA, Tifeki H, Diot C, Walhout AJM, Olsen CP. Monomethyl branched-chain fatty acids are critical for C. elegans survival in elevated glucose conditions. J Biol Chem 2021; 298:101444. [PMID: 34826420 PMCID: PMC8819037 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of optimal membrane composition under basal and stress conditions is critical for the survival of an organism. High-glucose stress has been shown to perturb membrane properties by decreasing membrane fluidity, and the membrane sensor PAQR-2 is required to restore membrane integrity. However, the mechanisms required to respond to elevated dietary glucose are not fully established. In this study, we used a 13C stable isotope-enriched diet and mass spectrometry to better understand the impact of glucose on fatty acid dynamics in the membrane of Caenorhabditis elegans. We found a novel role for monomethyl branched-chain fatty acids (mmBCFAs) in mediating the ability of the nematodes to survive conditions of elevated dietary glucose. This requirement of mmBCFAs is unique to glucose stress and was not observed when the nematode was fed elevated dietary saturated fatty acid. In addition, when worms deficient in elo-5, the major biosynthesis enzyme of mmBCFAs, were fed Bacillus subtilis (a bacteria strain rich in mmBCFAs) in combination with high glucose, their survival rates were rescued to wild-type levels. Finally, the results suggest that mmBCFAs are part of the PAQR-2 signaling response during glucose stress. Taken together, we have identified a novel role for mmBCFAs in stress response in nematodes and have established these fatty acids as critical for adapting to elevated glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre F C Vieira
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester MA 01609
| | - Mark A Xatse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester MA 01609
| | - Hamide Tifeki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester MA 01609; Department of Chemistry, University of Alaska Anchorage, Anchorage AK 99508
| | - Cédric Diot
- Program in Systems Biology and Program in Molecular Medicine, UMASS Medical School, Worcester MA 01605
| | - Albertha J M Walhout
- Program in Systems Biology and Program in Molecular Medicine, UMASS Medical School, Worcester MA 01605
| | - Carissa Perez Olsen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester MA 01609.
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23
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Devkota R, Kaper D, Bodhicharla R, Henricsson M, Borén J, Pilon M. A genetic titration of membrane composition in Caenorhabditis elegans reveals its importance for multiple cellular and physiological traits. Genetics 2021; 219:iyab093. [PMID: 34125894 PMCID: PMC9335940 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyab093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Communicating editor: B. Grant The composition and biophysical properties of cellular membranes must be tightly regulated to maintain the proper functions of myriad processes within cells. To better understand the importance of membrane homeostasis, we assembled a panel of five Caenorhabditis elegans strains that show a wide span of membrane composition and properties, ranging from excessively rich in saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and rigid to excessively rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and fluid. The genotypes of the five strain are, from most rigid to most fluid: paqr-1(tm3262); paqr-2(tm3410), paqr-2(tm3410), N2 (wild-type), mdt-15(et14); nhr-49(et8), and mdt-15(et14); nhr-49(et8); acs-13(et54). We confirmed the excess SFA/rigidity-to-excess PUFA/fluidity gradient using the methods of fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) and lipidomics analysis. The five strains were then studied for a variety of cellular and physiological traits and found to exhibit defects in: permeability, lipid peroxidation, growth at different temperatures, tolerance to SFA-rich diets, lifespan, brood size, vitellogenin trafficking, oogenesis, and autophagy during starvation. The excessively rigid strains often exhibited defects in opposite directions compared to the excessively fluid strains. We conclude that deviation from wild-type membrane homeostasis is pleiotropically deleterious for numerous cellular/physiological traits. The strains introduced here should prove useful to further study the cellular and physiological consequences of impaired membrane homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjan Devkota
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg S-405 30, Sweden
| | - Delaney Kaper
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg S-405 30, Sweden
| | - Rakesh Bodhicharla
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg S-405 30, Sweden
| | - Marcus Henricsson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg S-405 30, Sweden
| | - Jan Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg S-405 30, Sweden
| | - Marc Pilon
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg S-405 30, Sweden
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24
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Ow MC, Nichitean AM, Hall SE. Somatic aging pathways regulate reproductive plasticity in Caenorhabditis elegans. eLife 2021; 10:e61459. [PMID: 34236316 PMCID: PMC8291976 DOI: 10.7554/elife.61459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In animals, early-life stress can result in programmed changes in gene expression that can affect their adult phenotype. In C. elegans nematodes, starvation during the first larval stage promotes entry into a stress-resistant dauer stage until environmental conditions improve. Adults that have experienced dauer (postdauers) retain a memory of early-life starvation that results in gene expression changes and reduced fecundity. Here, we show that the endocrine pathways attributed to the regulation of somatic aging in C. elegans adults lacking a functional germline also regulate the reproductive phenotypes of postdauer adults that experienced early-life starvation. We demonstrate that postdauer adults reallocate fat to benefit progeny at the expense of the parental somatic fat reservoir and exhibit increased longevity compared to controls. Our results also show that the modification of somatic fat stores due to parental starvation memory is inherited in the F1 generation and may be the result of crosstalk between somatic and reproductive tissues mediated by the germline nuclear RNAi pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Ow
- Department of Biology, Syracuse UniversitySyracuseUnited States
| | | | - Sarah E Hall
- Department of Biology, Syracuse UniversitySyracuseUnited States
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25
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Besse L, Besse A, Stolze SC, Sobh A, Zaal EA, van der Ham AJ, Ruiz M, Phuyal S, Büchler L, Sathianathan M, Florea BI, Borén J, Ståhlman M, Huber J, Bolomsky A, Ludwig H, Hannich JT, Loguinov A, Everts B, Berkers CR, Pilon M, Farhan H, Vulpe CD, Overkleeft HS, Driessen C. Treatment with HIV-Protease Inhibitor Nelfinavir Identifies Membrane Lipid Composition and Fluidity as a Therapeutic Target in Advanced Multiple Myeloma. Cancer Res 2021; 81:4581-4593. [PMID: 34158378 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-3323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The HIV-protease inhibitor nelfinavir has shown broad anticancer activity in various preclinical and clinical contexts. In patients with advanced, proteasome inhibitor (PI)-refractory multiple myeloma, nelfinavir-based therapy resulted in 65% partial response or better, suggesting that this may be a highly active chemotherapeutic option in this setting. The broad anticancer mechanism of action of nelfinavir implies that it interferes with fundamental aspects of cancer cell biology. We combined proteome-wide affinity-purification of nelfinavir-interacting proteins with genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9-based screening to identify protein partners that interact with nelfinavir in an activity-dependent manner alongside candidate genetic contributors affecting nelfinavir cytotoxicity. Nelfinavir had multiple activity-specific binding partners embedded in lipid bilayers of mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum. Nelfinavir affected the fluidity and composition of lipid-rich membranes, disrupted mitochondrial respiration, blocked vesicular transport, and affected the function of membrane-embedded drug efflux transporter ABCB1, triggering the integrated stress response. Sensitivity to nelfinavir was dependent on ADIPOR2, which maintains membrane fluidity by promoting fatty acid desaturation and incorporation into phospholipids. Supplementation with fatty acids prevented the nelfinavir-induced effect on mitochondrial metabolism, drug-efflux transporters, and stress-response activation. Conversely, depletion of fatty acids/cholesterol pools by the FDA-approved drug ezetimibe showed a synergistic anticancer activity with nelfinavir in vitro. These results identify the modification of lipid-rich membranes by nelfinavir as a novel mechanism of action to achieve broad anticancer activity, which may be suitable for the treatment of PI-refractory multiple myeloma. SIGNIFICANCE: Nelfinavir induces lipid bilayer stress in cellular organelles that disrupts mitochondrial respiration and transmembrane protein transport, resulting in broad anticancer activity via metabolic rewiring and activation of the unfolded protein response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Besse
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Clinic for Medical Oncology and Hematology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | - Andrej Besse
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Clinic for Medical Oncology and Hematology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Sara C Stolze
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Amin Sobh
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Esther A Zaal
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alwin J van der Ham
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mario Ruiz
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Santosh Phuyal
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lorina Büchler
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Clinic for Medical Oncology and Hematology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Marc Sathianathan
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Clinic for Medical Oncology and Hematology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Bogdan I Florea
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marcus Ståhlman
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Julia Huber
- Department of Medicine I, Wilhelminen Cancer Research Institute, Klinik Ottakring, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arnold Bolomsky
- Department of Medicine I, Wilhelminen Cancer Research Institute, Klinik Ottakring, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinz Ludwig
- Department of Medicine I, Wilhelminen Cancer Research Institute, Klinik Ottakring, Vienna, Austria
| | - J Thomas Hannich
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alex Loguinov
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Bart Everts
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Celia R Berkers
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc Pilon
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hesso Farhan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Institute of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christopher D Vulpe
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | | | - Christoph Driessen
- Laboratory of Experimental Oncology, Clinic for Medical Oncology and Hematology, Cantonal Hospital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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26
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Sowka A, Dobrzyn P. Role of Perivascular Adipose Tissue-Derived Adiponectin in Vascular Homeostasis. Cells 2021; 10:cells10061485. [PMID: 34204799 PMCID: PMC8231548 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of adipose tissue biology have demonstrated that adipose tissue should be considered as both passive, energy-storing tissue and an endocrine organ because of the secretion of adipose-specific factors, called adipokines. Adiponectin is a well-described homeostatic adipokine with metabolic properties. It regulates whole-body energy status through the induction of fatty acid oxidation and glucose uptake. Adiponectin also has anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic properties, making it an interesting subject of biomedical studies. Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is a fat depot that is conterminous to the vascular wall and acts on it in a paracrine manner through adipokine secretion. PVAT-derived adiponectin can act on the vascular wall through endothelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells. The present review describes adiponectin's structure, receptors, and main signaling pathways. We further discuss recent studies of the extent and nature of crosstalk between PVAT-derived adiponectin and endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and atherosclerotic plaques. Furthermore, we argue whether adiponectin and its receptors may be considered putative therapeutic targets.
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27
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Pilon M. Paradigm shift: the primary function of the "Adiponectin Receptors" is to regulate cell membrane composition. Lipids Health Dis 2021; 20:43. [PMID: 33931104 PMCID: PMC8088037 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-021-01468-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ADIPOR1 and ADIPOR2 proteins (ADIPORs) are generally considered as adiponectin receptors with anti-diabetic properties. However, studies on the yeast and C. elegans homologs of the mammalian ADIPORs, and of the ADIPORs themselves in various mammalian cell models, support an updated/different view. Based on findings in these experimental models, the ADIPORs are now emerging as evolutionarily conserved regulators of membrane homeostasis that do not require adiponectin to act as membrane fluidity sensors and regulate phospholipid composition. More specifically, membrane rigidification activates ADIPOR signaling to promote fatty acid desaturation and incorporation of polyunsaturated fatty acids into membrane phospholipids until fluidity is restored. The present review summarizes the evidence supporting this new view of the ADIPORs, and briefly examines physiological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Pilon
- Dept. Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Univ. Gothenburg, Box 462, S-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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28
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Devkota R, Henricsson M, Borén J, Pilon M. The C. elegans PAQR-2 and IGLR-2 membrane homeostasis proteins are uniquely essential for tolerating dietary saturated fats. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:158883. [PMID: 33444761 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.158883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
How cells maintain vital membrane lipid homeostasis while obtaining most of their constituent fatty acids from a varied diet remains largely unknown. Here, we report the first whole-organism (Caenorhabditis elegans) forward genetic screen to identify genes essential for tolerance to dietary saturated fatty acids (SFAs). We found that only the PAQR-2/IGLR-2 pathway, homologous to the human adiponectin receptor 2 (AdipoR2) pathway, is uniquely essential to prevent SFA-mediated toxicity. When provided a SFA-rich diet, worms lacking either protein accumulate an excess of SFAs in their membrane phospholipids, which is accompanied by membrane rigidification. Additionally, we used fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) to show that the interaction between PAQR-2 and IGLR-2 is regulated by membrane fluidity, suggesting a mechanism by which this protein complex senses membrane properties. We also created versions of PAQR-2 that lacked parts of the cytoplasmic N-terminal domain and showed that these were still functional, though still dependent on the interaction with IGLR-2. We conclude that membrane homeostasis via the PAQR-2/IGLR-2 fluidity sensor is the only pathway specifically essential for the non-toxic uptake of dietary SFAs in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjan Devkota
- Dept. Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Univ. Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marcus Henricsson
- Dept. Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, Univ. of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Borén
- Dept. Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, Univ. of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marc Pilon
- Dept. Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Univ. Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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29
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Ruiz M, Palmgren H, Henricsson M, Devkota R, Jaiswal H, Maresca M, Bohlooly-Y M, Peng XR, Borén J, Pilon M. Extensive transcription mis-regulation and membrane defects in AdipoR2-deficient cells challenged with saturated fatty acids. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:158884. [PMID: 33444759 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.158884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
How cells maintain vital membrane lipid homeostasis while obtaining most of their constituent fatty acids from a varied diet remains largely unknown. Here, we used transcriptomics, lipidomics, growth and respiration assays, and membrane property analyses in human HEK293 cells or human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) to show that the function of AdipoR2 is to respond to membrane rigidification by regulating many lipid metabolism genes. We also show that AdipoR2-dependent membrane homeostasis is critical for growth and respiration in cells challenged with saturated fatty acids. Additionally, we found that AdipoR2 deficiency causes transcriptome and cell physiological defects similar to those observed in SREBP-deficient cells upon SFA challenge. Finally, we compared several genes considered important for lipid homeostasis, namely AdipoR2, SCD, FADS2, PEMT and ACSL4, and found that AdipoR2 and SCD are the most important among these to prevent membrane rigidification and excess saturation when human cells are challenged with exogenous SFAs. We conclude that AdipoR2-dependent membrane homeostasis is one of the primary mechanisms that protects against exogenous SFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Ruiz
- Dept. Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Univ. Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Palmgren
- Metabolism Bioscience, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marcus Henricsson
- Dept. Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, Univ. of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ranjan Devkota
- Dept. Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Univ. Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Himjyot Jaiswal
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden; CellinkAB, Arvid Wallgrens Backe 20, 413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marcello Maresca
- Discovery Biology, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Xiao-Rong Peng
- Metabolism Bioscience, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Borén
- Dept. Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, Univ. of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marc Pilon
- Dept. Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Univ. Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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30
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FABP3-mediated membrane lipid saturation alters fluidity and induces ER stress in skeletal muscle with aging. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5661. [PMID: 33168829 PMCID: PMC7653047 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19501-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is characterized by decreased skeletal muscle mass and function with age. Aged muscles have altered lipid compositions; however, the role and regulation of lipids are unknown. Here we report that FABP3 is upregulated in aged skeletal muscles, disrupting homeostasis via lipid remodeling. Lipidomic analyses reveal that FABP3 overexpression in young muscles alters the membrane lipid composition to that of aged muscle by decreasing polyunsaturated phospholipid acyl chains, while increasing sphingomyelin and lysophosphatidylcholine. FABP3-dependent membrane lipid remodeling causes ER stress via the PERK-eIF2α pathway and inhibits protein synthesis, limiting muscle recovery after immobilization. FABP3 knockdown induces a young-like lipid composition in aged muscles, reduces ER stress, and improves protein synthesis and muscle recovery. Further, FABP3 reduces membrane fluidity and knockdown increases fluidity in vitro, potentially causing ER stress. Therefore, FABP3 drives membrane lipid composition-mediated ER stress to regulate muscle homeostasis during aging and is a valuable target for sarcopenia. Ageing leads to a loss of muscle mass and strength, called sarcopenia. Here, the authors show that fatty acid binding protein 3 (FABP3), a lipid chaperone, drives age-dependent lipidome remodeling in skeletal muscle and deteriorates muscle mass and contractility by modulating membrane fluidity and ER stress signaling.
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31
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Leveraging a gain-of-function allele of Caenorhabditis elegans paqr-1 to elucidate membrane homeostasis by PAQR proteins. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008975. [PMID: 32750056 PMCID: PMC7428288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The C. elegans proteins PAQR-2 (a homolog of the human seven-transmembrane domain AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 proteins) and IGLR-2 (a homolog of the mammalian LRIG proteins characterized by a single transmembrane domain and the presence of immunoglobulin domains and leucine-rich repeats in their extracellular portion) form a complex that protects against plasma membrane rigidification by promoting the expression of fatty acid desaturases and the incorporation of polyunsaturated fatty acids into phospholipids, hence increasing membrane fluidity. In the present study, we leveraged a novel gain-of-function allele of PAQR-1, a PAQR-2 paralog, to carry out structure-function studies. We found that the transmembrane domains of PAQR-2 are responsible for its functional requirement for IGLR-2, that PAQR-1 does not require IGLR-2 but acts via the same pathway as PAQR-2, and that the divergent N-terminal cytoplasmic domains of the PAQR-1 and PAQR-2 proteins serve a regulatory function and may regulate access to the catalytic site of these proteins. We also show that overexpression of human AdipoR1 or AdipoR2 alone is sufficient to confer increased palmitic acid resistance in HEK293 cells, and thus act in a manner analogous to the PAQR-1 gain-of-function allele.
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32
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Takeishi A, Takagaki N, Kuhara A. Temperature signaling underlying thermotaxis and cold tolerance in Caenorhabditis elegans. J Neurogenet 2020; 34:351-362. [DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2020.1734001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asuka Takeishi
- Neural Circuit of Multisensory Integration RIKEN Hakubi Research Team, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research (CPR), RIKEN Center for Brain Science (CBS), Wako, Japan
| | - Natsune Takagaki
- Graduate School of Natural Science, Konan University, Kobe, Japan
- Institute for Integrative Neurobiology, Konan University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kuhara
- Graduate School of Natural Science, Konan University, Kobe, Japan
- Institute for Integrative Neurobiology, Konan University, Kobe, Japan
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Kobe, Japan
- AMED-PRIME, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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33
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Ruiz M, Bodhicharla R, Ståhlman M, Svensk E, Busayavalasa K, Palmgren H, Ruhanen H, Boren J, Pilon M. Evolutionarily conserved long-chain Acyl-CoA synthetases regulate membrane composition and fluidity. eLife 2019; 8:47733. [PMID: 31769755 PMCID: PMC6901333 DOI: 10.7554/elife.47733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The human AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 proteins, as well as their C. elegans homolog PAQR-2, protect against cell membrane rigidification by exogenous saturated fatty acids by regulating phospholipid composition. Here, we show that mutations in the C. elegans gene acs-13 help to suppress the phenotypes of paqr-2 mutant worms, including their characteristic membrane fluidity defects. acs-13 encodes a homolog of the human acyl-CoA synthetase ACSL1, and localizes to the mitochondrial membrane where it likely activates long chains fatty acids for import and degradation. Using siRNA combined with lipidomics and membrane fluidity assays (FRAP and Laurdan dye staining) we further show that the human ACSL1 potentiates lipotoxicity by the saturated fatty acid palmitate: silencing ACSL1 protects against the membrane rigidifying effects of palmitate and acts as a suppressor of AdipoR2 knockdown, thus echoing the C. elegans findings. We conclude that acs-13 mutations in C. elegans and ACSL1 knockdown in human cells prevent lipotoxicity by promoting increased levels of polyunsaturated fatty acid-containing phospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Ruiz
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rakesh Bodhicharla
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marcus Ståhlman
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Emma Svensk
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kiran Busayavalasa
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Palmgren
- Metabolism BioScience, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hanna Ruhanen
- Helsinki University Lipidomics Unit, Helsinki Institute for Life Science, Helsinki, Finland.,Molecular and Integrative Biosciences Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jan Boren
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marc Pilon
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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34
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de Mendoza D, Pilon M. Control of membrane lipid homeostasis by lipid-bilayer associated sensors: A mechanism conserved from bacteria to humans. Prog Lipid Res 2019; 76:100996. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2019.100996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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35
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MDT-15/MED15 permits longevity at low temperature via enhancing lipidostasis and proteostasis. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000415. [PMID: 31408455 PMCID: PMC6692015 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Low temperatures delay aging and promote longevity in many organisms. However, the metabolic and homeostatic aspects of low-temperature–induced longevity remain poorly understood. Here, we show that lipid homeostasis regulated by Caenorhabditis elegans Mediator 15 (MDT-15 or MED15), a transcriptional coregulator, is essential for low-temperature–induced longevity and proteostasis. We find that inhibition of mdt-15 prevents animals from living long at low temperatures. We show that MDT-15 up-regulates fat-7, a fatty acid desaturase that converts saturated fatty acids (SFAs) to unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs), at low temperatures. We then demonstrate that maintaining a high UFA/SFA ratio is essential for proteostasis at low temperatures. We show that dietary supplementation with a monounsaturated fatty acid, oleic acid (OA), substantially mitigates the short life span and proteotoxicity in mdt-15(-) animals at low temperatures. Thus, lipidostasis regulated by MDT-15 appears to be a limiting factor for proteostasis and longevity at low temperatures. Our findings highlight the crucial roles of lipid regulation in maintaining normal organismal physiology under different environmental conditions. Low temperatures delay aging and promote longevity in many organisms. This study shows that at low ambient temperatures, Mediator 15, a transcriptional coregulator, allows the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans to live longer by increasing the levels of unsaturated lipids, helping to maintain protein homeostasis.
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Ruiz M, Ståhlman M, Borén J, Pilon M. AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 maintain membrane fluidity in most human cell types and independently of adiponectin. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:995-1004. [PMID: 30890562 PMCID: PMC6495173 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m092494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The FA composition of phospholipids must be tightly regulated to maintain optimal cell membrane properties and compensate for a highly variable supply of dietary FAs. Previous studies have shown that AdipoR2 and its homologue PAQR-2 are important regulators of phospholipid FA composition in HEK293 cells and Caenorhabditiselegans, respectively. Here we show that both AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 are essential for sustaining desaturase expression and high levels of unsaturated FAs in membrane phospholipids of many human cell types, including primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells, and for preventing membrane rigidification in cells challenged with exogenous palmitate, a saturated FA. Three independent methods confirm the role of the AdipoRs as regulators of membrane composition and fluidity: fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, measurements of Laurdan dye generalized polarization, and mass spectrometry to determine the FA composition of phospholipids. Furthermore, we show that the AdipoRs can prevent lipotoxicity in the complete absence of adiponectin, their putative ligand. We propose that the primary cellular function of AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 is to maintain membrane fluidity in most human cell types and that adiponectin is not required for this function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Ruiz
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marcus Ståhlman
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Borén
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marc Pilon
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Ruiz M, Bodhicharla R, Svensk E, Devkota R, Busayavalasa K, Palmgren H, Ståhlman M, Boren J, Pilon M. Membrane fluidity is regulated by the C. elegans transmembrane protein FLD-1 and its human homologs TLCD1/2. eLife 2018; 7:e40686. [PMID: 30509349 PMCID: PMC6279351 DOI: 10.7554/elife.40686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary fatty acids are the main building blocks for cell membranes in animals, and mechanisms must therefore exist that compensate for dietary variations. We isolated C. elegans mutants that improved tolerance to dietary saturated fat in a sensitized genetic background, including eight alleles of the novel gene fld-1 that encodes a homolog of the human TLCD1 and TLCD2 transmembrane proteins. FLD-1 is localized on plasma membranes and acts by limiting the levels of highly membrane-fluidizing long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid-containing phospholipids. Human TLCD1/2 also regulate membrane fluidity by limiting the levels of polyunsaturated fatty acid-containing membrane phospholipids. FLD-1 and TLCD1/2 do not regulate the synthesis of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids but rather limit their incorporation into phospholipids. We conclude that inhibition of FLD-1 or TLCD1/2 prevents lipotoxicity by allowing increased levels of membrane phospholipids that contain fluidizing long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Editorial note This article has been through an editorial process in which the authors decide how to respond to the issues raised during peer review. The Reviewing Editor's assessment is that all the issues have been addressed (see decision letter).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Ruiz
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Rakesh Bodhicharla
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Emma Svensk
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Ranjan Devkota
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Kiran Busayavalasa
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Henrik Palmgren
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
- Diabetes Bioscience, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, IMED Biotech UnitAstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Marcus Ståhlman
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of MedicineUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Jan Boren
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine/Wallenberg Laboratory, Institute of MedicineUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Marc Pilon
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
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Membrane Fluidity Is Regulated Cell Nonautonomously by Caenorhabditis elegans PAQR-2 and Its Mammalian Homolog AdipoR2. Genetics 2018; 210:189-201. [PMID: 29997234 PMCID: PMC6116961 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.301272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The properties of cell membranes are determined mostly by the types of fatty acids that they contain. Bodhicharla et al. report that a key regulator of membrane fluidity, the PAQR-2/IGLR-2 protein complex... Maintenance of membrane properties is an essential aspect of cellular homeostasis of which the regulatory mechanisms remain mostly uncharacterized. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the PAQR-2 and IGLR-2 proteins act together as a plasma membrane sensor that responds to decreased fluidity by promoting fatty acid desaturation, hence restoring membrane fluidity. Here, we used mosaic analysis for paqr-2 and iglr-2, and tissue-specific paqr-2 expression, to show that membrane homeostasis is achieved cell nonautonomously. Specifically, we found that expression of paqr-2 in the hypodermis, gonad sheath cells, or intestine is sufficient to suppress systemic paqr-2 mutant phenotypes, including tail tip morphology, membrane fluidity in intestinal cells, cold and glucose intolerance, vitellogenin transport to the germline, germ cell development, and brood size. Finally, we show that the cell nonautonomous regulation of membrane homeostasis is conserved in human cells: HEK293 cells that express AdipoR2, a homolog of paqr-2, are able to normalize membrane fluidity in distant cells where AdipoR2 has been silenced. Finally, using C. elegans mutants and small interfering RNA against Δ9 stearoyl-CoA desaturase in HEK293 cells, we show that Δ9 desaturases are essential for the cell nonautonomous maintenance of membrane fluidity. We conclude that cells are able to share membrane components even when they are not in direct contact with each other, and that this contributes to the maintenance of membrane homeostasis in C. elegans and human cells.
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Devkota R, Pilon M. FRAP: A Powerful Method to Evaluate Membrane Fluidity in Caenorhabditis elegans. Bio Protoc 2018; 8:e2913. [PMID: 34395742 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
FRAP (Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching) is probably the most direct method to investigate the dynamics of molecules in living cells. Here, we describe FRAP to quantify membrane fluidity in C. elegans. Using FRAP, we have shown that cold, glucose and exogenous saturated fatty acids can decrease the fluidity of cellular membranes in certain mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjan Devkota
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marc Pilon
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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