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Cai J, Yun Q, Zhang CY, Wang Z, Hinshaw SM, Zhou H, Suhandynata RT. Concatemer Assisted Stoichiometry Analysis (CASA): targeted mass spectrometry for protein quantification. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.07.26.605382. [PMID: 39091769 PMCID: PMC11291133 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.26.605382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Large multi-protein machines are central to multiple biological processes. However, stoichiometric determination of protein complex subunits in their native states presents a significant challenge. This study addresses the limitations of current tools in accuracy and precision by introducing concatemer-assisted stoichiometry analysis (CASA). CASA leverages stable isotope-labeled concatemers and liquid chromatography parallel reaction monitoring mass spectrometry (LC-PRM-MS) to achieve robust quantification of proteins with sub-femtomole sensitivity. As a proof-of-concept, CASA was applied to study budding yeast kinetochores. Stoichiometries were determined for ex vivo reconstituted kinetochore components, including the canonical H3 nucleosomes, centromeric (Cse4CENP-A) nucleosomes, centromere proximal factors (Cbf1 and CBF3 complex), inner kinetochore proteins (Mif2CENP-C, Ctf19CCAN complex), and outer kinetochore proteins (KMN network). Absolute quantification by CASA revealed Cse4CENP-A as a cell-cycle controlled limiting factor for kinetochore assembly. These findings demonstrate that CASA is applicable for stoichiometry analysis of multi-protein assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxi Cai
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Quan Yun
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Cindy Yuxuan Zhang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Stephen M. Hinshaw
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California
| | - Huilin Zhou
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, California
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Raymond T. Suhandynata
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, California
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, California
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2
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Claessens LA, Vertegaal ACO. SUMO proteases: from cellular functions to disease. Trends Cell Biol 2024:S0962-8924(24)00002-3. [PMID: 38326147 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2024.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Posttranslational modification by small ubiquitin-like modifiers (SUMOs) is critical in regulating diverse cellular processes including gene expression, cell cycle progression, genome integrity, cellular metabolism, and inflammation and immunity. The covalent attachment of SUMOs to target proteins is highly dynamic and reversible through the concerted action of SUMO conjugating and deconjugating enzymes. In mammalian cells, sentrin-specific proteases (SENPs) are the most abundant family of deconjugating enzymes. This review highlights recent advances in our knowledge of the substrates and cellular and physiological processes controlled by SENPs. Notably, SENPs are emerging as significant players in cancer, as well as in other diseases, making them attractive targets for therapeutic intervention. Consequently, a growing amount of effort in the field is being directed towards the development of SENP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Claessens
- Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alfred C O Vertegaal
- Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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3
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Strachan J, Leidecker O, Spanos C, Le Coz C, Chapman E, Arsenijevic A, Zhang H, Zhao N, Spoel SH, Bayne EH. SUMOylation regulates Lem2 function in centromere clustering and silencing. J Cell Sci 2023; 136:jcs260868. [PMID: 37970674 PMCID: PMC10730020 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.260868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation by the small modifier SUMO is heavily dependent on spatial control of enzymes that mediate the attachment and removal of SUMO on substrate proteins. Here, we show that in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, delocalisation of the SUMO protease Ulp1 from the nuclear envelope results in centromeric defects that can be attributed to hyper-SUMOylation at the nuclear periphery. Unexpectedly, we find that although this localised hyper-SUMOylation impairs centromeric silencing, it can also enhance centromere clustering. Moreover, both effects are at least partially dependent on SUMOylation of the inner nuclear membrane protein Lem2. Lem2 has previously been implicated in diverse biological processes, including the promotion of both centromere clustering and silencing, but how these distinct activities are coordinated was unclear; our observations suggest a model whereby SUMOylation serves as a regulatory switch, modulating Lem2 interactions with competing partner proteins to balance its roles in alternative pathways. Our findings also reveal a previously unappreciated role for SUMOylation in promoting centromere clustering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Strachan
- Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, UK
| | - Orsolya Leidecker
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 9b, Cologne 50931, Germany
| | - Christos Spanos
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Clementine Le Coz
- Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, UK
| | - Elliott Chapman
- Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, UK
| | - Ana Arsenijevic
- Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, UK
| | - Haidao Zhang
- Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, UK
| | - Ning Zhao
- Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, UK
| | - Steven H. Spoel
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Elizabeth H. Bayne
- Institute of Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FF, UK
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van den Berg SJW, East S, Mitra S, Jansen LET. p97/VCP drives turnover of SUMOylated centromeric CCAN proteins and CENP-A. Mol Biol Cell 2023; 34:br6. [PMID: 36989032 PMCID: PMC10162411 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-01-0035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The centromere is a unique chromatin domain that links sister chromatids and forms the attachment site for spindle microtubules in mitosis. Centromere inheritance is largely DNA sequence-independent but strongly reliant on a self-propagating chromatin domain featuring nucleosomes containing the H3 variant CENP-A. Unlike other histones, CENP-A is maintained with unusually high stability in chromatin. Previously, we have shown that mitotic maintenance of CENP-A and other constitutive centromere-associated network (CCAN) proteins is controlled by a dynamic SUMO cycle and that the deSUMOylase SENP6 is necessary for stable maintenance of CENP-A at the centromere. Here, we discover that the removal of SENP6 leads to a rapid loss of the CCAN, followed by a delayed loss of centromeric CENP-A, indicating that the CCAN is the primary SUMO target. We found that the ATP-dependent segregase p97/VCP removes centromeric CENP-A in a SUMO-dependent manner and interacts physically with the CCAN and CENP-A chromatin. Our data suggest a direct role of p97 in removing centromeric CENP-A via SUMOylated CCAN proteins, thereby ensuring centromere homeostasis and potentially preventing ectopic CENP-A accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan J. W. van den Berg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Samuel East
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Sreyoshi Mitra
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Lars E. T. Jansen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
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van den Berg SJW, Jansen LET. SUMO control of centromere homeostasis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1193192. [PMID: 37181753 PMCID: PMC10172491 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1193192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Centromeres are unique chromosomal loci that form the anchorage point for the mitotic spindle during mitosis and meiosis. Their position and function are specified by a unique chromatin domain featuring the histone H3 variant CENP-A. While typically formed on centromeric satellite arrays, CENP-A nucleosomes are maintained and assembled by a strong self-templated feedback mechanism that can propagate centromeres even at non-canonical sites. Central to the epigenetic chromatin-based transmission of centromeres is the stable inheritance of CENP-A nucleosomes. While long-lived at centromeres, CENP-A can turn over rapidly at non-centromeric sites and even erode from centromeres in non-dividing cells. Recently, SUMO modification of the centromere complex has come to the forefront as a mediator of centromere complex stability, including CENP-A chromatin. We review evidence from different models and discuss the emerging view that limited SUMOylation appears to play a constructive role in centromere complex formation, while polySUMOylation drives complex turnover. The deSUMOylase SENP6/Ulp2 and the proteins segregase p97/Cdc48 constitute the dominant opposing forces that balance CENP-A chromatin stability. This balance may be key to ensuring proper kinetochore strength at the centromere while preventing ectopic centromere formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan J. W. van den Berg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Lars E. T. Jansen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Hinshaw SM, Quan Y, Cai J, Zhou AL, Zhou H. Multi-site phosphorylation of yeast Mif2/CENP-C promotes inner kinetochore assembly. Curr Biol 2023; 33:688-696.e6. [PMID: 36736323 PMCID: PMC9992315 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Kinetochores control eukaryotic chromosome segregation by connecting chromosomal centromeres to spindle microtubules. Duplication of centromeric DNA necessitates kinetochore disassembly and subsequent reassembly on nascent sisters. To search for a regulatory mechanism that controls the earliest steps of this process, we studied Mif2/CENP-C, an essential basal component of the kinetochore. We found that phosphorylation of a central region of Mif2 (Mif2-PEST) enhances inner kinetochore assembly. Eliminating Mif2-PEST phosphorylation sites progressively impairs cellular fitness. The most severe Mif2-PEST mutations are lethal in cells lacking otherwise non-essential inner kinetochore factors. These data show that multi-site phosphorylation of Mif2/CENP-C controls inner kinetochore assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Hinshaw
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford School of Medicine, 1291 Welch Road, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Yun Quan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
| | - Jiaxi Cai
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
| | - Ann L Zhou
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA
| | - Huilin Zhou
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92039, USA.
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Lascorz J, Codina-Fabra J, Reverter D, Torres-Rosell J. SUMO-SIM interactions: From structure to biological functions. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 132:193-202. [PMID: 34840078 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modification by Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier (SUMO) proteins regulates numerous cellular processes. This modification involves the covalent and reversible attachment of SUMO to target proteins through an isopeptide bond, using a cascade of E1, E2 and E3 SUMOylation enzymes. Most functions of SUMO depend on the establishment of non-covalent protein-protein interactions between SUMOylated substrates and their binding partners. The vast majority of these interactions involve a conserved surface in the SUMO protein and a SUMO interacting motif (SIM), a short stretch of hydrophobic amino acids and an acidic region, in the interactor protein. Despite single SUMO-SIM interactions are relatively weak, they can have a huge impact at different levels, altering the activity, localization and stability of proteins, triggering the formation of macromolecular assemblies or inducing phase separation. Moreover, SUMO-SIM interactions are ubiquitous in most enzymes of the SUMO pathway, and play essential roles in SUMO conjugation and deconjugation. Here, we analyze the role of SUMO-SIM contacts in SUMO enzymes and targets and discuss how this humble interaction participates in SUMOylation reactions and mediates the outcome of this essential post-translational modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jara Lascorz
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina (IBB) and Dept. de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Joan Codina-Fabra
- Departament de Ciencies Mediques Basiques, Institut de Recerca Biomedica de Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - David Reverter
- Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina (IBB) and Dept. de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Jordi Torres-Rosell
- Departament de Ciencies Mediques Basiques, Institut de Recerca Biomedica de Lleida, Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain.
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8
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Quan Y, Zhang QY, Zhou AL, Wang Y, Cai J, Gao YQ, Zhou H. Site-specific MCM sumoylation prevents genome rearrangements by controlling origin-bound MCM. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010275. [PMID: 35696436 PMCID: PMC9232163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Timely completion of eukaryotic genome duplication requires coordinated DNA replication initiation at multiple origins. Replication begins with the loading of the Mini-Chromosome Maintenance (MCM) complex, proceeds by the activation of the Cdc45-MCM-GINS (CMG) helicase, and ends with CMG removal after chromosomes are fully replicated. Post-translational modifications on the MCM and associated factors ensure an orderly transit of these steps. Although the mechanisms of CMG activation and removal are partially understood, regulated MCM loading is not, leaving an incomplete understanding of how DNA replication begins. Here we describe a site-specific modification of Mcm3 by the Small Ubiquitin-like MOdifier (SUMO). Mutations that prevent this modification reduce the MCM loaded at replication origins and lower CMG levels, resulting in impaired cell growth, delayed chromosomal replication, and the accumulation of gross chromosomal rearrangements (GCRs). These findings demonstrate the existence of a SUMO-dependent regulation of origin-bound MCM and show that this pathway is needed to prevent genome rearrangements. Faithful replication of the genome is essential for the survival and health of all living organisms. The eukaryotic genome presents a unique and difficult challenge: its enormous size demands the coordinated action of numerous DNA replication origins to ensure timely completion of genome duplication. Although the mechanisms that control the activation and removal of DNA replisome are partially understood, whether and how cells regulate the loading of the Mini-Chromosome Maintenance (MCM) complex, the precursor of the DNA replisome, at replication origins are not. Because mutations to MCM-loading factors and enzymes that catalyze reversible protein sumoylation cause substantial gross chromosomal rearrangements (GCRs) that characterize the cancer genome, understanding regulated MCM loading is one of the most pressing questions in the field. Here, we identified a site-specific SUMO modification of MCM and found that mutation disabling this modification causes severe growth defect and impaired DNA replication. These defects are attributable to reduced MCM at DNA replication origins, resulting in a lower DNA replisome level and a dramatic accumulation of GCRs. Thus, these findings identify a hitherto unknown regulatory mechanism: Site-specific MCM sumoylation regulates origin-bound MCM, and this prevents genome rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Quan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Qian-yi Zhang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Ann L. Zhou
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Yuhao Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Jiaxi Cai
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Yong-qi Gao
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Huilin Zhou
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- Moores Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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SUMO orchestrates multiple alternative DNA-protein crosslink repair pathways. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110034. [PMID: 34818558 PMCID: PMC10042627 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Endogenous metabolites, environmental agents, and therapeutic drugs promote formation of covalent DNA-protein crosslinks (DPCs). Persistent DPCs compromise genome integrity and are eliminated by multiple repair pathways. Aberrant Top1-DNA crosslinks, or Top1ccs, are processed by Tdp1 and Wss1 functioning in parallel pathways in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It remains obscure how cells choose between diverse mechanisms of DPC repair. Here, we show that several SUMO biogenesis factors (Ulp1, Siz2, Slx5, and Slx8) control repair of Top1cc or an analogous DPC lesion. Genetic analysis reveals that SUMO promotes Top1cc processing in the absence of Tdp1 but has an inhibitory role if cells additionally lack Wss1. In the tdp1Δ wss1Δ mutant, the E3 SUMO ligase Siz2 stimulates sumoylation in the vicinity of the DPC, but not SUMO conjugation to Top1. This Siz2-dependent sumoylation inhibits alternative DPC repair mechanisms, including Ddi1. Our findings suggest that SUMO tunes available repair pathways to facilitate faithful DPC repair.
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10
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Psakhye I, Branzei D. SMC complexes are guarded by the SUMO protease Ulp2 against SUMO-chain-mediated turnover. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109485. [PMID: 34348159 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMCs) complexes, cohesin, condensin, and Smc5/6, are essential for viability and participate in multiple processes, including sister chromatid cohesion, chromosome condensation, and DNA repair. Here we show that SUMO chains target all three SMC complexes and are antagonized by the SUMO protease Ulp2 to prevent their turnover. We uncover that the essential role of the cohesin-associated subunit Pds5 is to counteract SUMO chains jointly with Ulp2. Importantly, fusion of Ulp2 to kleisin Scc1 supports viability of PDS5 null cells and protects cohesin from proteasomal degradation mediated by the SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligase Slx5/Slx8. The lethality of PDS5-deleted cells can also be bypassed by simultaneous loss of the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) unloader, Elg1, and the cohesin releaser, Wpl1, but only when Ulp2 is functional. Condensin and Smc5/6 complex are similarly guarded by Ulp2 against unscheduled SUMO chain assembly, which we propose to time the availability of SMC complexes on chromatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Psakhye
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy
| | - Dana Branzei
- IFOM, the FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Via Adamello 16, 20139 Milan, Italy; Istituto di Genetica Molecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (IGM-CNR), Via Abbiategrasso 207, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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Quan Y, Hinshaw SM, Wang PC, Harrison SC, Zhou H. Ctf3/CENP-I provides a docking site for the desumoylase Ulp2 at the kinetochore. THE JOURNAL OF CELL BIOLOGY 2021; 220:212227. [PMID: 34081091 PMCID: PMC8178754 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202012149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The step-by-step process of chromosome segregation defines the stages of the cell cycle. In eukaryotes, signals controlling these steps converge upon the kinetochore, a multiprotein assembly that connects spindle microtubules to chromosomal centromeres. Kinetochores control and adapt to major chromosomal transactions, including replication of centromeric DNA, biorientation of sister centromeres on the metaphase spindle, and transit of sister chromatids into daughter cells during anaphase. Although the mechanisms that ensure tight microtubule coupling at anaphase are at least partly understood, kinetochore adaptations that support other cell cycle transitions are not. We report here a mechanism that enables regulated control of kinetochore sumoylation. A conserved surface of the Ctf3/CENP-I kinetochore protein provides a binding site for Ulp2, the nuclear enzyme that removes SUMO chains from modified substrates. Ctf3 mutations that disable Ulp2 recruitment cause elevated inner kinetochore sumoylation and defective chromosome segregation. The location of the site within the assembled kinetochore suggests coordination between sumoylation and other cell cycle–regulated processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Quan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Stephen M Hinshaw
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Pang-Che Wang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Stephen C Harrison
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA
| | - Huilin Zhou
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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12
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Mitra S, Srinivasan B, Jansen LE. Stable inheritance of CENP-A chromatin: Inner strength versus dynamic control. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:e202005099. [PMID: 32931551 PMCID: PMC7659725 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202005099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromosome segregation during cell division is driven by mitotic spindle attachment to the centromere region on each chromosome. Centromeres form a protein scaffold defined by chromatin featuring CENP-A, a conserved histone H3 variant, in a manner largely independent of local DNA cis elements. CENP-A nucleosomes fulfill two essential criteria to epigenetically identify the centromere. They undergo self-templated duplication to reestablish centromeric chromatin following DNA replication. More importantly, CENP-A incorporated into centromeric chromatin is stably transmitted through consecutive cell division cycles. CENP-A nucleosomes have unique structural properties and binding partners that potentially explain their long lifetime in vivo. However, rather than a static building block, centromeric chromatin is dynamically regulated throughout the cell cycle, indicating that CENP-A stability is also controlled by external factors. We discuss recent insights and identify the outstanding questions on how dynamic control of the long-term stability of CENP-A ensures epigenetic centromere inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreyoshi Mitra
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Bharath Srinivasan
- Mechanistic Biology and Profiling, Discovery Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
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13
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Jansen NS, Vertegaal ACO. A Chain of Events: Regulating Target Proteins by SUMO Polymers. Trends Biochem Sci 2020; 46:113-123. [PMID: 33008689 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Small ubiquitin-like modifiers (SUMOs) regulate virtually all nuclear processes. The fate of the target protein is determined by the architecture of the attached SUMO protein, which can be of polymeric nature. Here, we highlight the multifunctional aspects of dynamic signal transduction by SUMO polymers. The SUMO-targeted ubiquitin ligases (STUbLs) RING-finger protein 4 (RNF4) and RNF111 recognize SUMO polymers in a chain-architecture-dependent manner, leading to the formation of hybrid chains, which could enable proteasomal destruction of proteins. Recent publications have highlighted essential roles for SUMO chain disassembly by the mammalian SUMO proteases SENP6 and SENP7 and the yeast SUMO protease Ulp2. SENP6 is particularly important for centromere assembly. These recent findings demonstrate the diversity of SUMO polymer signal transduction for proteolytic and nonproteolytic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolette S Jansen
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333, ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alfred C O Vertegaal
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333, ZA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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14
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Hinshaw SM, Harrison SC. The Structural Basis for Kinetochore Stabilization by Cnn1/CENP-T. Curr Biol 2020; 30:3425-3431.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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