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Poliseno L, Lanza M, Pandolfi PP. Coding, or non-coding, that is the question. Cell Res 2024:10.1038/s41422-024-00975-8. [PMID: 39054345 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-024-00975-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The advent of high-throughput sequencing uncovered that our genome is pervasively transcribed into RNAs that are seemingly not translated into proteins. It was also found that non-coding RNA transcripts outnumber canonical protein-coding genes. This mindboggling discovery prompted a surge in non-coding RNA research that started unraveling the functional relevance of these new genetic units, shaking the classic definition of "gene". While the non-coding RNA revolution was still taking place, polysome/ribosome profiling and mass spectrometry analyses revealed that peptides can be translated from non-canonical open reading frames. Therefore, it is becoming evident that the coding vs non-coding dichotomy is way blurrier than anticipated. In this review, we focus on several examples in which the binary classification of coding vs non-coding genes is outdated, since the same bifunctional gene expresses both coding and non-coding products. We discuss the implications of this intricate usage of transcripts in terms of molecular mechanisms of gene expression and biological outputs, which are often concordant, but can also surprisingly be discordant. Finally, we discuss the methodological caveats that are associated with the study of bifunctional genes, and we highlight the opportunities and challenges of therapeutic exploitation of this intricacy towards the development of anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Poliseno
- Oncogenomics Unit, Core Research Laboratory, ISPRO, Pisa, Italy.
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Martina Lanza
- Oncogenomics Unit, Core Research Laboratory, ISPRO, Pisa, Italy
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, Pisa, Italy
- University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Pandolfi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Torino, Italy.
- Renown Institute for Cancer, Nevada System of Higher Education, Reno, NV, USA.
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2
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Apostolopoulos A, Kawamoto N, Chow SYA, Tsuiji H, Ikeuchi Y, Shichino Y, Iwasaki S. dCas13-mediated translational repression for accurate gene silencing in mammalian cells. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2205. [PMID: 38467613 PMCID: PMC10928199 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46412-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Current gene silencing tools based on RNA interference (RNAi) or, more recently, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)‒Cas13 systems have critical drawbacks, such as off-target effects (RNAi) or collateral mRNA cleavage (CRISPR‒Cas13). Thus, a more specific method of gene knockdown is needed. Here, we develop CRISPRδ, an approach for translational silencing, harnessing catalytically inactive Cas13 proteins (dCas13). Owing to its tight association with mRNA, dCas13 serves as a physical roadblock for scanning ribosomes during translation initiation and does not affect mRNA stability. Guide RNAs covering the start codon lead to the highest efficacy regardless of the translation initiation mechanism: cap-dependent, internal ribosome entry site (IRES)-dependent, or repeat-associated non-AUG (RAN) translation. Strikingly, genome-wide ribosome profiling reveals the ultrahigh gene silencing specificity of CRISPRδ. Moreover, the fusion of a translational repressor to dCas13 further improves the performance. Our method provides a framework for translational repression-based gene silencing in eukaryotes.
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Grants
- JP20H05784 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- JP21H05278 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- JP21H05734 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- JP23H04268 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- JP20H05786 Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT)
- JP23H02415 MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
- JP20K07016 MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
- JP23K05648 MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
- JP21K15023 MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
- JP23KJ2175 MEXT | Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS)
- JP20gm1410001 Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)
- JP20gm1410001 Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)
- JP23gm6910005h0001 Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)
- JP23gm6910005 Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)
- JP20gm1410001 Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED)
- Pioneering Projects MEXT | RIKEN
- Pioneering Projects MEXT | RIKEN
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems (ExCELLS), 23EX601
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonios Apostolopoulos
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan
- RNA Systems Biochemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Naohiro Kawamoto
- RNA Systems Biochemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Siu Yu A Chow
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
| | - Hitomi Tsuiji
- Education and Research Division of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8650, Japan
| | - Yoshiho Ikeuchi
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Institute for AI and Beyond, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuichi Shichino
- RNA Systems Biochemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Shintaro Iwasaki
- Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8561, Japan.
- RNA Systems Biochemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
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Lin E, Panfil AR, Sandel G, Jain P. Novel perspectives on antisense transcription in HIV-1, HTLV-1, and HTLV-2. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1042761. [PMID: 36620051 PMCID: PMC9822710 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1042761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The genome of retroviruses contains two promoter elements (called long terminal repeat or LTR) at the 5' and 3' end of their genome. Although the expression of retroviral genes generally depends on the promoter located in the 5' LTR, the 3' LTR also has promoter activity responsible for producing antisense transcripts. These natural antisense transcripts (NATs) are a class of RNA molecules transcribed from the opposite strand of a protein-coding gene. NATs have been identified in many prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems, as well as in human retroviruses such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and HTLV-1/2 (human T-cell leukemia virus type 1/2). The antisense transcripts of HIV-1, HTLV-1, and HTLV-2 have been briefly characterized over the past several years. However, a complete appreciation of the role these transcripts play in the virus lifecycle and the cellular factors which regulate their transcription is still lacking. This review provides an overview of antisense transcription in human retroviruses with a specific focus on the MEF-2 family of transcription factors, the function(s) of the antisense protein products, and the application of antisense transcription models in therapeutics against HIV-1 and HTLV-1 in the context of co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Amanda R. Panfil
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Grace Sandel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Pooja Jain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- *Correspondence: Pooja Jain,
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Saijo S, Kuwano Y, Tange S, Rokutan K, Nishida K. A novel long non-coding RNA from the HOXA6-HOXA5 locus facilitates colon cancer cell growth. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:532. [PMID: 31159758 PMCID: PMC6547586 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5715-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Homeobox A5 (HOXA5), a member of the HOX family, plays an important role in tumor development and morphogenesis, although opposite effects on tumorigenesis have been observed, depending on the tissue type. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of a novel transcript from the HOXA6-HOXA5 locus in colon cancer tumorigenesis. Methods Human colon cancer cell lines were analyzed using next generation sequencing-based targeted mRNA capture. The effects of overexpression and silencing of HOXA5 transcripts were evaluated in vitro and using a xenograft nude mouse model. Results We identified three novel transcripts (HOXA5 short, long 1, and long 2) transcribed from the HOXA6-HOXA5 locus in HCT116 colon cancer cells using next generation sequencing-based targeted mRNA capture. Knockdown of HOXA5 long 1 and long 2 transcripts did not affect cell growth, while selective silencing of HOXA5 short RNA inhibited cell growth independent of HOXA5 expression. Stable overexpression of HOXA5 short RNA promoted proliferation and migration of colon cancer cell lines HCT116, DLD1, and HT-29 and accelerated tumor growth in the xenograft mouse model. In vitro translation assays suggested HOXA5 short RNA was a functional long non-coding RNA (lncRNA). Consistent with these observations, expression of HOXA5 short RNA was upregulated in advanced colon cancer tissues. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of differentially expressed genes between HOXA5 short RNA overexpressed and silenced HCT116 cells revealed that HOXA5 short RNA preferentially modified expression of epidermal growth factor (EGF) signal-related genes. Western blot analysis demonstrated that stable overexpression of HOXA5 short RNA increased EGF receptor levels and facilitated its phosphorylation in both HCT116 cells and xenograft tumors. Conclusions Our results suggested that HOXA5 short RNA, a novel lncRNA, may play a crucial role in colon tumor growth through activation of EGF signaling. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-019-5715-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Saijo
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yuki Kuwano
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Tange
- Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Rokutan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Kensei Nishida
- Department of Pathophysiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
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5
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Li J, Liu C. Coding or Noncoding, the Converging Concepts of RNAs. Front Genet 2019; 10:496. [PMID: 31178900 PMCID: PMC6538810 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Technological advances over the past decade have unraveled the remarkable complexity of RNA. The identification of small peptides encoded by long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) as well as regulatory functions mediated by non-coding regions of mRNAs have further complicated our understanding of the multifaceted functions of RNA. In this review, we summarize current evidence pointing to dual roles of RNA molecules defined by their coding and non-coding potentials. We also discuss how the emerging roles of RNA transform our understanding of gene expression and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resource and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Changning Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Plant Resource and Sustainable Use, Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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Tomida C, Yamagishi N, Nagano H, Uchida T, Ohno A, Hirasaka K, Nikawa T, Teshima-Kondo S. Antiangiogenic agent sunitinib induces epithelial to mesenchymal transition and accelerates motility of colorectal cancer cells. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2018; 64:250-254. [PMID: 28954991 DOI: 10.2152/jmi.64.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Although vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGF-R)-targeted antiangiogenic agents are important treatment for a number of human malignancies, there is accumulating evidence that the therapies may promote disease progression, such as invasion and metastasis. How tumors become to promote their evasiveness remains fully uncertain. One of possible mechanisms for the adaptation may be a direct effect of VEGF-R inhibitors on tumor cells expressing VEGF-R. To elucidate a direct effect of VEGF-R-targeting drug (sunitinib), we established a human colorectal cancer cell model adapted to sunitinib. The sunitinib-conditioned cells showed a significant increase in cellular motility and migration activities, compared to the vehicle-treated control cells. Consistent with the phenotype, the sunitinib-conditioned cells decreased the expression levels of E-cadherin (an epithelial marker), while significantly increased the levels of Slug and Zeb1 (mesenchymal markers). Expression profiles of VEGF-R in the sunitinib-conditioned cells showed that only neuropilin-1 (NRP1) expression was significantly increased among all VEGF-R tested. Blockade of NRP1 using its antagonist clearly repressed the migration activation in sunitinib-conditioned cells, but not in the control cells. These results suggest that inhibition of VEGF-R on colorectal cancer cells can drive the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, leading to activation of cell motility in an NRP1-dependent manner. J. Med. Invest. 64: 250-254, August, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisato Tomida
- Department of Physiological Nutrition, Institute of Medical Nutrition, University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | - Naoko Yamagishi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Wakayama Medical University
| | - Hikaru Nagano
- Department of Physiological Nutrition, Institute of Medical Nutrition, University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | - Takayuki Uchida
- Department of Physiological Nutrition, Institute of Medical Nutrition, University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | - Ayako Ohno
- Department of Physiological Nutrition, Institute of Medical Nutrition, University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | - Katsuya Hirasaka
- Graduate school of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University
| | - Takeshi Nikawa
- Department of Physiological Nutrition, Institute of Medical Nutrition, University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | - Shigetada Teshima-Kondo
- Department of Physiological Nutrition, Institute of Medical Nutrition, University of Tokushima Graduate School
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7
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Mitobe Y, Yasunaga JI, Furuta R, Matsuoka M. HTLV-1 bZIP Factor RNA and Protein Impart Distinct Functions on T-cell Proliferation and Survival. Cancer Res 2015; 75:4143-52. [PMID: 26383166 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-0942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Infection of T cells with human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) induces clonal proliferation and is closely associated with the onset of adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma (ATL) and inflammatory diseases. Although Tax expression is frequently suppressed in HTLV-1-infected cells, the accessory gene, HTLV-1 bZIP factor (HBZ), is continuously expressed and has been implicated in HTLV-1 pathogenesis. Here, we report that transduction of mouse T cells with specific mutants of HBZ that distinguish between its RNA and protein activity results in differential effects on T-cell proliferation and survival. HBZ RNA increased cell number by attenuating apoptosis, whereas HBZ protein induced apoptosis. However, both HBZ RNA and protein promoted S-phase entry of T cells. We further identified that the first 50 bp of the HBZ coding sequence are required for RNA-mediated cell survival. Transcriptional profiling of T cells expressing wild-type HBZ, RNA, or protein revealed that HBZ RNA is associated with genes involved in cell cycle, proliferation, and survival, while HBZ protein is more closely related to immunological properties of T cells. Specifically, HBZ RNA enhances the promoter activity of survivin, an inhibitor of apoptosis, to upregulate its expression. Inhibition of survivin using YM155 resulted in impaired proliferation of several ATL cell lines as well as a T-cell line expressing HBZ RNA. The distinct functions of HBZ RNA and protein may have several implications for the development of strategies to control the proliferation and survival mechanisms associated with HTLV-1 infection and ATL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Mitobe
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan. Department of Mammalian Regulatory Network, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Jun-ichirou Yasunaga
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Rie Furuta
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masao Matsuoka
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.
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Lin F, Chen BL, Wang YZ, Gao D, Song J, Kaptchuk TJ, Chen KJ. In Vitro Angiogenesis Effect of Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction () and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor: A Comparison Study. Chin J Integr Med 2015; 24:606-612. [PMID: 26272550 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-015-2289-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the angiogenesis behaviors of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and Chinese medicine Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction (, XZD) treatments. METHODS Human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) were treated with various concentrations of either XZD-containing serum (XZD-CS) or VEGF for 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. Cell viability, proliferation, migration, adhesion, and in vitro tube formation assays were used to assess their angiogenic effects. RESULTS VEGF promoted all cellular phases involved in angiogenesis including cell viability, proliferation, migration, adhesion, and tube formation (<0.05 or <0.01). Unlike the continuous promotion effects of VEGF at the above stages, XZD inhibited cell viability and proliferation (<0.05 or <0.01) and only promoted tube formation in the early phase of angiogenesis (<0.01). CONCLUSIONS These two medications promote different angiogenesis behaviors, which might be an important reason for their distinct therapeutic profile in clinical usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Lin
- College of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Bin-Ling Chen
- The Second Hospital of Longyan, Longyan, Fujian Province, 364000, China
| | - Yi-Zheng Wang
- College of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Dong Gao
- College of Integrative Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, 350122, China.
| | - Jun Song
- Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - T J Kaptchuk
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Ke-Ji Chen
- Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, China
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Mésange P, Poindessous V, Sabbah M, Escargueil AE, de Gramont A, Larsen AK. Intrinsic bevacizumab resistance is associated with prolonged activation of autocrine VEGF signaling and hypoxia tolerance in colorectal cancer cells and can be overcome by nintedanib, a small molecule angiokinase inhibitor. Oncotarget 2015; 5:4709-21. [PMID: 25015210 PMCID: PMC4148093 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common tumor type with a high mortality rate, in part due to intrinsic drug resistance. Although bevacizumab, a VEGF-directed neutralizing antibody, is particularly active in this pathology, some patients never respond for reasons not well understood. We here wish to clarify the role of autocrine VEGF signaling in the response of CRC cells to angiogenesis inhibition. Our results show that CRC cells with intrinsic bevacizumab-resistance displayed pronounced upregulation of autocrine HIF-VEGF-VEGFR signaling in response to prolonged bevacizumab exposure whereas the same signaling pathway was downregulated in bevacizumab-sensitive xenografts. Importantly, both bevacizumab-sensitive and -resistant CRC xenografts were sensitive to nintedanib, a small molecule angiokinase inhibitor, which was associated with inhibition of mTORC1. In vitro studies revealed that bevacizumab-resistant cells displayed intrinsically higher HIF-VEGF signaling intensity and hypoxia tolerance compared to their bevacizumab-sensitive counterparts. Interestingly, although nintedanib showed comparable activity toward bevacizumab-sensitive cells under normoxia and hypoxia, the drug was three-fold more toxic to the resistant cells under hypoxia, suggesting that nintedanib attenuated the survival signaling that usually protects these cells from hypoxia-mediated cell death. In conclusion, our findings support a role for autocrine VEGF signaling in the survival of CRC cells to hypoxia and thus to angiogenesis inhibition. We further show that nintedanib, a small molecule angiokinase inhibitor, is active toward CRC models with intrinsic bevacizumab resistance supporting clinical trials of nintedanib in patients that do not respond to bevacizumab, alone or in combination with bevacizumab to increase angiogenesis inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Mésange
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U938, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Annette K Larsen
- Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U938, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
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Nagano H, Yamagishi N, Tomida C, Yano C, Aibara K, Kohno S, Abe T, Ohno A, Hirasaka K, Okumura Y, Mills EM, Nikawa T, Teshima-Kondo S. A novel myogenic function residing in the 5' non-coding region of Insulin receptor substrate-1 (Irs-1) transcript. BMC Cell Biol 2015; 16:8. [PMID: 25887310 PMCID: PMC4373113 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-015-0054-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is evidence that several messenger RNAs (mRNAs) are bifunctional RNAs, i.e. RNA transcript carrying both protein-coding capacity and activity as functional non-coding RNA via 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs). Results In this study, we identified a novel bifunctional RNA that is transcribed from insulin receptor substrate-1 (Irs-1) gene with full-length 5′UTR sequence (FL-Irs-1 mRNA). FL-Irs-1 mRNA was highly expressed only in skeletal muscle tissue. In cultured skeletal muscle C2C12 cells, the FL-Irs-1 transcript functioned as a bifunctional mRNA. The FL-Irs-1 transcript produced IRS-1 protein during differentiation of myoblasts into myotubes; however, this transcript functioned as a regulatory RNA in proliferating myoblasts. The FL-Irs-1 5′UTR contains a partial complementary sequence to Rb mRNA, which is a critical factor for myogenic differentiation. The overexpression of the 5′UTR markedly reduced Rb mRNA expression, and this reduction was fully dependent on the complementary element and was not compensated by IRS-1 protein. Conversely, knockdown of FL-Irs-1 mRNA increased Rb mRNA expression and enhanced myoblast differentiation into myotubes. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the FL-Irs-1 transcript regulates myogenic differentiation as a regulatory RNA in myoblasts. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12860-015-0054-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Nagano
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan. .,Facalty of Nutritional Science, Sagami Women's University, Sagamihara, 252-0383, Japan.
| | - Naoko Yamagishi
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
| | - Chisato Tomida
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
| | - Chiaki Yano
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
| | - Kana Aibara
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
| | - Shohei Kohno
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
| | - Tomoki Abe
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
| | - Ayako Ohno
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
| | - Katsuya Hirasaka
- Graduate school of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8521, Japan.
| | - Yuushi Okumura
- Facalty of Nutritional Science, Sagami Women's University, Sagamihara, 252-0383, Japan.
| | - Edward M Mills
- Division of Pharmacology/Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas.
| | - Takeshi Nikawa
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
| | - Shigetada Teshima-Kondo
- Department of Nutritional Physiology, Institute of Health Biosciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
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11
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Tomida C, Yamagishi N, Aibara K, Yano C, Uchida T, Abe T, Ohno A, Hirasaka K, Nikawa T, Teshima-Kondo S. Chronic exposure of VEGF inhibitors promotes the malignant phenotype of colorectal cancer cells. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2015; 62:75-9. [DOI: 10.2152/jmi.62.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chisato Tomida
- Department of Physiological Nutrition, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | - Naoko Yamagishi
- Department of Physiological Nutrition, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | - Kana Aibara
- Department of Physiological Nutrition, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | - Chiaki Yano
- Department of Physiological Nutrition, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | - Takayuki Uchida
- Department of Physiological Nutrition, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | - Tomoki Abe
- Department of Physiological Nutrition, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | - Ayako Ohno
- Department of Physiological Nutrition, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | - Katsuya Hirasaka
- Graduate school of Fisheries Science and Environmental Studies, Nagasaki University
| | - Takeshi Nikawa
- Department of Physiological Nutrition, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | - Shigetada Teshima-Kondo
- Department of Physiological Nutrition, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School
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Larsen AK, de Gramont A, Poindessous V, Bouygues A, Ayadi M, Mésange P. Functions and Clinical Implications of Autocrine VEGF Signaling in Colorectal Cancer. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11888-013-0177-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Arcondéguy T, Lacazette E, Millevoi S, Prats H, Touriol C. VEGF-A mRNA processing, stability and translation: a paradigm for intricate regulation of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:7997-8010. [PMID: 23851566 PMCID: PMC3783158 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A (VEGF-A) is a potent secreted mitogen crucial for physiological and pathological angiogenesis. Post-transcriptional regulation of VEGF-A occurs at multiple levels. Firstly, alternative splicing gives rise to different transcript variants encoding diverse isoforms that exhibit distinct biological properties with regard to receptor binding and extra-cellular localization. Secondly, VEGF-A mRNA stability is regulated by effectors such as hypoxia or growth factors through the binding of stabilizing and destabilizing proteins at AU-rich elements located in the 3′-untranslated region. Thirdly, translation of VEGF-A mRNA is a controlled process involving alternative initiation codons, internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs), an upstream open reading frame (uORF), miRNA targeting and a riboswitch in the 3′ untranslated region. These different levels of regulation cooperate for the crucial fine-tuning of the expression of VEGF-A variants. This review will be focused on our current knowledge of the complex post-transcriptional regulatory switches that modulate the cellular VEGF-A level, a paradigmatic model of post-transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Arcondéguy
- Inserm UMR1037, Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse, CHU Rangueil, BP84225, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France and Université Toulouse III Paul-Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31400 Toulouse, France
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Yamagishi N, Teshima-Kondo S, Masuda K, Nishida K, Kuwano Y, Dang DT, Dang LH, Nikawa T, Rokutan K. Chronic inhibition of tumor cell-derived VEGF enhances the malignant phenotype of colorectal cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:229. [PMID: 23651517 PMCID: PMC3658959 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Vascular endothelial growth factor-a (VEGF)-targeted therapies have become an important treatment for a number of human malignancies. The VEGF inhibitors are actually effective in several types of cancers, however, the benefits are transiently, and the vast majority of patients who initially respond to the therapies will develop resistance. One of possible mechanisms for the acquired resistance may be the direct effect(s) of VEGF inhibitors on tumor cells expressing VEGF receptors (VEGFR). Thus, we investigated here the direct effect of chronic VEGF inhibition on phenotype changes in human colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. Methods To chronically inhibit cancer cell-derived VEGF, human CRC cell lines (HCT116 and RKO) were chronically exposed (2 months) to an anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody (mAb) or were disrupted the Vegf gene (VEGF-KO). Effects of VEGF family members were blocked by treatment with a VEGF receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (VEGFR-TKI). Hypoxia-induced apoptosis under VEGF inhibited conditions was measured by TUNEL assay. Spheroid formation ability was assessed using a 3-D spheroid cell culture system. Results Chronic inhibition of secreted/extracellular VEGF by an anti-VEGF mAb redundantly increased VEGF family member (PlGF, VEGFR1 and VEGFR2), induced a resistance to hypoxia-induced apoptosis, and increased spheroid formation ability. This apoptotic resistance was partially abrogated by a VEGFR-TKI, which blocked the compensate pathway consisted of VEGF family members, or by knockdown of Vegf mRNA, which inhibited intracellular function(s) of all Vegf gene products. Interestingly, chronic and complete depletion of all Vegf gene products by Vegf gene knockout further augmented these phenotypes in the compensate pathway-independent manner. These accelerated phenotypes were significantly suppressed by knockdown of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α that was up-regulated in the VEGF-KO cell lines. Conclusions Our findings suggest that chronic inhibition of tumor cell-derived VEGF accelerates tumor cell malignant phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Yamagishi
- Department of Physiological Nutrition, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
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Regulatory Roles for Long ncRNA and mRNA. Cancers (Basel) 2013; 5:462-90. [PMID: 24216986 PMCID: PMC3730338 DOI: 10.3390/cancers5020462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in high-throughput sequencing technology have identified the transcription of a much larger portion of the genome than previously anticipated. Especially in the context of cancer it has become clear that aberrant transcription of both protein-coding and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are frequent events. The current dogma of RNA function describes mRNA to be responsible for the synthesis of proteins, whereas non-coding RNA can have regulatory or epigenetic functions. However, this distinction between protein coding and regulatory ability of transcripts may not be that strict. Here, we review the increasing body of evidence for the existence of multifunctional RNAs that have both protein-coding and trans-regulatory roles. Moreover, we demonstrate that coding transcripts bind to components of the Polycomb Repressor Complex 2 (PRC2) with similar affinities as non-coding transcripts, revealing potential epigenetic regulation by mRNAs. We hypothesize that studies on the regulatory ability of disease-associated mRNAs will form an important new field of research.
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Intracrine vascular endothelial growth factor signaling in survival and chemoresistance of human colorectal cancer cells. Oncogene 2010; 30:1205-12. [PMID: 21057529 PMCID: PMC3224802 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Although the effects of VEGF on angiogenesis and vascular function are well known, the effects of VEGF on tumor cell function remain to be elucidated. We studied phenotypic changes in human colorectal cancer (CRC) cells with homozygous deletion of VEGF alleles to determine the potential direct role of VEGF on tumor cell function. Loss of VEGF expression led to significantly decreased cell growth and increased spontaneous apoptosis in CRC cells (p<0.01). Loss of VEGF also increased the in vitro sensitivity of cells to the cytotoxic effects of the chemotherapeutic drug 5-fluorouracil, as shown by increased apoptosis (p<0.05). These effects were mediated via upregulation of the proapoptotic mediators caspase-3, cleaved PARP and Bax and downregulation of the pro-survival mediator survivin. Our findings suggest a novel and distinct function of VEGF in mediating autocrine/intracrine CRC cell survival.
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