1
|
Lima Dos Santos CC, Matharoo AS, Pinzón Cueva E, Amin U, Perez Ramos AA, Mann NK, Maheen S, Butchireddy J, Falki VB, Itrat A, Rajkumar N, Zia Ul Haq M. The Influence of Sex, Age, and Race on Coronary Artery Disease: A Narrative Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e47799. [PMID: 38021526 PMCID: PMC10676710 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.47799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease has remained one of the leading causes of mortality in the world. The basic pathophysiology of coronary artery disease (CAD) is a reduction of the blood flow in coronary vessels, leading to restricted blood flow to the heart muscle. Both modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors contribute to its multifactorial etiology. The clinical presentation ranges from asymptomatic to typical symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, and left arm or jaw pain. The purpose of this review is to investigate and analyze the variation of CAD depending on the biological sex, age, race, or ethnicity and how it might differ in the studied population while comparing the symptoms and prognosis of CAD. For this research, PubMed's database was used. A total of 926 articles were selected using pre-determined inclusion and exclusion criteria, with 74 articles eligible to be included in the narrative review. Studies were selected from the general population of patients with CAD, regardless of their severity, stage of diagnosis, and treatment plan. The scale for the assessment of non-systematic review articles (SANRA) was used to assess the quality of the study. As humans age, the incidence of CAD increases, and people over 75 are more likely to have multiple-vessel CAD. It has been observed that South Asians have the highest rate of CAD at 24%, while the White population has the lowest at 8%. The prevalence of CAD also depends on race, with the White population having the lowest rate at 3.2%, followed by Hispanics at 5%, Black women at 5.2%, and Black men at 5.7%. Younger Black women tend to have more chest pain. Men with CAD commonly experience chest pain, and women are more likely to present with atypical symptoms. Modifiable risk factors such as smoking and alcoholism are more commonly observed in young men than in young women. Coronary artery disease in the elderly, female, minority, and Black patients is associated with a higher mortality rate. Acknowledging the prevalence of certain risk factors, signs, results, and responses to treatment in certain socio-demographic groups, as well as the provision and accessibility of diagnosis and treatment, would lead to a better outcome for all individuals. The impact of this shift can range from an earlier diagnosis of CAD to a faster and more customized treatment plan tailored to each patient's individual requirements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Uzma Amin
- Pathology, Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi, PAK
| | | | - Navpreet K Mann
- Cardiology, Government Medical College and Rajindra Hospital, Patiala, IND
| | - Sara Maheen
- General Medicine, Odessa National Medical University, Odessa, UKR
| | - Jyothsna Butchireddy
- Cardiology, Government Medical College, Omandurar Government Estate, Chennai, IND
| | | | - Abeeha Itrat
- Cardiology, Lutheran General Hospital, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Muhammad Zia Ul Haq
- Epidemiology and Public Health, Emory University Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, USA
- Noncommunicable Diseases and Mental Health, World Health Organization, Cairo, EGY
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Key genes in the liver fibrosis process are mined based on single-cell transcriptomics. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 598:131-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.01.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
3
|
Xu X, Zeng X, Li R, Feng J, Huang D, Huang Y. [Mechanism of hepatocyte mitochondrial NDUFA13 deficiency-induced liver fibrogenesis: the role of abnormal hepatic stellate cell activation]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2021; 41:529-535. [PMID: 33963711 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2021.04.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of hepatocyte mitochondrial NDUFA13 loss in the liver fibrogenesis in mice and explore the possible mechanisms. OBJECTIVE We used liver-specific NDUFA13 heterozygous knockout mouse models (NDUFA13fl/-; Alb-Cre) established previously by intercrossing NDUFA13fl/fl and Alb-Cre mice, with their littermate control NDUFA13fl/fl mice as the control (n=8). The mice were euthanized at the age of 4 weeks and 2 years, and the liver tissues were collected for HE and Masson staining to observe the pathological changes and fibrosis phenotypes. Western blotting was performed to detect the expression of NDUFA13 protein in the liver tissues, and the infiltration of F4/80+ macrophages and the expressions of TGF-β1, TNF-α and IL-1β were analyzed by immunofluorescence assay. The expression levels of α-SMA, matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteases 1 (TIMP-1), collagen-Ⅰ and collagen-Ⅲ were assayed by immunohistochemistry. OBJECTIVE HE and Masson staining showed obvious inflammatory infiltration but no significant fibrosis in the liver tissues of 4-week-old NDUFA13fl/- mice, but severe liver damage with massive fibrosis was observed in 2-year-old NDUFA13fl/- mice. NDUFA13 expression in 2-year-old NDUFA13fl/- mice markedly decreased compared with that in the control NDUFA13fl/fl mice as shown by Western blotting (P < 0.05). Immunohistochemistry showed obvious infiltration of F4/80+ macrophages in the liver tissue with a large amount of TGF-β1 production (P < 0.05) and TNF-α and IL-1β secretions in NDUFA13fl/- mice (P < 0.05). NDUFA13 knockout obviously promoted α-SMA expression (P < 0.05) and collagen-Ⅰ and collagen-Ⅲ deposition (P < 0.05) while significantly decreased MMP-9 and increased TIMP-1 expression in the liver (P < 0.05). OBJECTIVE Hepatocytes-specific NDUFA13 deficiency can trigger spontaneous and chronic liver fibrosis phenotypes in mice probably in association with abnormal activation of hepatic stellate cells induced by macrophages and inflammatory factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Xu
- Pediatrics Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - X Zeng
- Pediatrics Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - R Li
- Pediatrics Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - J Feng
- Pediatrics Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - D Huang
- Pediatrics Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Y Huang
- Pediatrics Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing 400014, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ballin M, Nordström P, Niklasson J, Nordström A. Associations of Visceral Adipose Tissue and Skeletal Muscle Density With Incident Stroke, Myocardial Infarction, and All-Cause Mortality in Community-Dwelling 70-Year-Old Individuals: A Prospective Cohort Study. J Am Heart Assoc 2021; 10:e020065. [PMID: 33870709 PMCID: PMC8200751 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.020065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Background Aging leads to increased visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and reduced skeletal muscle density. To which extent these are associated with the risk of stroke, myocardial infarction (MI), and all-cause mortality in older adults is unknown. Methods and Results A total of 3294 70-year-old individuals (49.6% women) underwent a health examination in Umeå, Sweden, during 2012 to 2018. VAT and muscle density were measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Cases of stroke, MI, and all-cause mortality were collected through national registers. Cox regressions were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs per SD greater VAT and per SD lower muscle density. During a mean follow-up of 3.6 years, there were 108 cases of stroke or MI, and 97 deaths. Greater VAT (adjusted HR [aHR], 1.56; 95% CI, 1.09-2.22), but not lower muscle density (aHR, 1.14; 95% CI, 0.97-1.34), was associated with increased risk of stroke or MI. Neither VAT (aHR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.65-1.41) nor muscle density (aHR, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.92-1.34) was associated with all-cause mortality. The association of VAT with stroke or MI was only significant in men (aHR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.19-2.91) but not women (aHR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.25-1.42) (Pinteraction=0.038). Conclusions With the limitation of being an observational study, these findings suggest that VAT is an important obesity-related predictor of cardiovascular risk in 70-year-old men, and by implication, that decreasing VAT may potentially reduce their risk of cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Ballin
- Unit of Geriatric MedicineDepartment of Community Medicine and RehabilitationUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
- Section of Sustainable HealthDepartment of Public Health and Clinical MedicineUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Peter Nordström
- Unit of Geriatric MedicineDepartment of Community Medicine and RehabilitationUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Johan Niklasson
- Unit of Geriatric MedicineDepartment of Community Medicine and RehabilitationUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Anna Nordström
- Section of Sustainable HealthDepartment of Public Health and Clinical MedicineUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
- School of Sport SciencesUiT The Arctic University of NorwayTromsøNorway
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yan L, Zhang X, Fu J, Liu Q, Lei X, Cao Z, Zhang J, Shao Y, Tong Q, Qin W, Liu X, Liu C, Liu Z, Li Z, Lu J, Xu X. Inhibition of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 3 channel attenuates carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic fibrosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 558:86-93. [PMID: 33906111 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Transient receptor potential vanilloid 3 (TRPV3) is a member of the TRP superfamily. Previous studies have demonstrated that TRPV3 is associated with myocardial fibrosis. However, the role of TRPV3 in hepatic fibrosis and its underlying mechanisms are still unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the underlying effects of TRPV3 on hepatic fibrosis at multiple biological levels. First, immunohistochemical staining was performed to examine TRPV3 expression in human hepatic cirrhosis tissues. Then, we established a CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis mouse model. The TRPV3 selective agonist drofenine and its inhibitor, forsythoside B, were intraperitoneally injected to investigate the relationship between TRPV3 and liver fibrosis progression. Finally, in vitro studies were performed using hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) to discover the potential molecular biological mechanisms. Immunohistochemistry revealed TRPV3 overexpression in liver cirrhosis. In the liver fibrosis groups, TRPV3 inhibitor treatment significantly reduced liver fibrosis, while TRPV3 agonist exacerbated its progression. In HSCs, knocking down TRPV3 with siRNA impaired DNA synthesis and cell proliferation and increased cell apoptosis. Furthermore, we found that knockdown of TRPV3 could reduce the lectin like oxidized lowdensity lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) protein levels. Our research suggests that lower expression or functional levels of TRPV3 can ameliorate the inflammatory response and fibrotic tissue proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Likun Yan
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Jie Fu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Xiaohua Lei
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Zhenyu Cao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Ju Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Yaoli Shao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Qing Tong
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Wei Qin
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Xinxu Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Chun Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Zhenghao Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Jueliang Lu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Xundi Xu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Disease Research, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China; Department of General Surgery. Pinghu Hospital, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518116, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Associations of Light, Moderate to Vigorous, and Total Physical Activity With the Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in 4,652 Community-Dwelling 70-Year-Olds: A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Study. J Aging Phys Act 2021; 29:735-743. [PMID: 33412513 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2020-0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this cross-sectional study, the authors investigated the associations of objectively measured physical activity (PA) with the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in older adults. Accelerometer-derived light-intensity PA, moderate to vigorous PA, and steps per day were measured in (N = 4,652) 70-year-olds in Umeå, Sweden, during May 2012-November 2019. The MetS was assessed according to the American Heart Association/ National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute criteria. The prevalence of MetS was 49.3%. Compared with the reference, the odds ratios for MetS in increasing quartiles of light-intensity PA were 0.91 (0.77-1.09), 0.75 (0.62-0.89), and 0.66 (0.54-0.80). For moderate to vigorous PA, the corresponding odds ratios were 0.79 (0.66-0.94), 0.67 (0.56-0.80), and 0.56 (0.46-0.67). For steps per day, the odds ratios were 0.65 (0.55-0.78), 0.55 (0.46-0.65), and 0.45 (0.36-0.55). In summary, this study shows that greater amounts of PA, regardless of intensity, are associated with lower odds of MetS. With the limitation of being an observational study, these findings may have implications for the prevention of MetS in older adults.
Collapse
|
7
|
Borlongan CV, Hess DC. Laboratory and clinical research on COVID-19: focus on non-lung organs. CONDITIONING MEDICINE 2020; 3:239-240. [PMID: 34136763 PMCID: PMC8205431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - David C Hess
- Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University
| |
Collapse
|