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Md Alwi N, Muhamad R, Ishak A, Wan Abdullah WNH. Yaws: The forgotten tropical skin disease. MALAYSIAN FAMILY PHYSICIAN : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE ACADEMY OF FAMILY PHYSICIANS OF MALAYSIA 2021; 16:104-107. [PMID: 34938399 PMCID: PMC8680937 DOI: 10.51866/cr1275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Yaws is a rare skin disease endemic to tropical countries caused by Treponema pertenue. It is highly infectious and spreads through physical contact. In Malaysia, it was presumably eradicated during the 1960s, with the last reported case published in 1985. Due to its rarity, the disease often goes unrecognised and misdiagnosed. Here, we report the case of a 5-year-old aboriginal boy diagnosed with secondary yaws who presented with fever and an incidental finding of chronic painless ulcerated nodules and plaques on his lower limbs and gluteal region. His diagnosis was confirmed serologically with a venereal disease research laboratory lab test and he was successfully treated with a single dose of intramuscular benzathine penicillin G. Primary care physicians should not ignore this disease since its early recognition and appropriate treatment is vital to its eradication, especially in high-risk communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadiah Md Alwi
- MD, Department of Family Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang, Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Rosediani Muhamad
- MMED, PhD, Department of Family Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang, Kerian, Malaysia
| | - Azlina Ishak
- MBBS, MMED, Department of Family Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang, Kerian, Malaysia
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Krief S, Berny P, Gumisiriza F, Gross R, Demeneix B, Fini JB, Chapman CA, Chapman LJ, Seguya A, Wasswa J. Agricultural expansion as risk to endangered wildlife: Pesticide exposure in wild chimpanzees and baboons displaying facial dysplasia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 598:647-656. [PMID: 28454037 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to environmental endocrine disruptors can affect development and induce irreversible abnormalities in both humans and wildlife. The northern part of Kibale National Park, a mid-altitude rainforest in western Uganda, is largely surrounded by industrial tea plantations and wildlife using this area (Sebitoli) must cope with proximity to human populations and their activities. The chimpanzees and baboons in this area raid crops (primarily maize) in neighboring gardens. Sixteen young individuals of the 66 chimpanzees monitored (25%) exhibit abnormalities including reduced nostrils, cleft lip, limb deformities, reproductive problems and hypopigmentation. Each pathology could have a congenital component, potentially exacerbated by environmental factors. In addition, at least six of 35 photographed baboons from a Sebitoli troop (17%) have similar severe nasal deformities. Our inquiries in villages and tea factories near Sebitoli revealed use of eight pesticides (glyphosate, cypermethrin, profenofos, mancozeb, metalaxyl, dimethoate, chlorpyrifos and 2,4-D amine). Chemical analysis of samples collected from 2014 to 2016 showed that mean levels of pesticides in fresh maize stems and seeds, soils, and river sediments in the vicinity of the chimpanzee territory exceed recommended limits. Notably, excess levels were found for total DDT and its metabolite pp'-DDE and for chlorpyrifos in fresh maize seeds and in fish from Sebitoli. Imidacloprid was detected in coated maize seeds planted at the edge the forest and in fish samples from the Sebitoli area, while no pesticides were detected in fish from central park areas. Since some of these pesticides are thyroid hormone disruptors, we postulate that excessive pesticide use in the Sebitoli area may contribute to facial dysplasia in chimpanzees and baboons through this endocrine pathway. Chimpanzees are considered as endangered by IUCN and besides their intrinsic value and status as closely related to humans, they have major economic value in Uganda via ecotourism. Identifying and limiting potential threats to their survival such be a conservation priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Krief
- UMR 7206 CNRS/MNHN/P7, Eco-anthropologie et ethnobiologie, Hommes, et Environnements, Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Musée de l'Homme, 17 place du Trocadéro, 75016 Paris, France; Great Ape Conservation Project (GACP), Sebitoli Research Station, Kibale National Park, Fort Portal, Uganda.
| | - Philippe Berny
- VetAgroSup Campus Vétérinaire de Lyon, 1 avenue Bourgelat, 69280 Marcy l'Etoile, France.
| | | | - Régine Gross
- UMR 7206 CNRS/MNHN/P7, Eco-anthropologie et ethnobiologie, Hommes, et Environnements, Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Musée de l'Homme, 17 place du Trocadéro, 75016 Paris, France; Great Ape Conservation Project (GACP), Sebitoli Research Station, Kibale National Park, Fort Portal, Uganda
| | - Barbara Demeneix
- UMR 7221, Evolution of Endocrine Regulations, Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Jean Baptiste Fini
- UMR 7221, Evolution of Endocrine Regulations, Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - Colin A Chapman
- Department of Anthropology, and McGill School of Environment, 855 Sherbrooke Street West, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 2T7, Canada; Wildlife Conservation Society, 2300 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, New York 10460, USA.
| | - Lauren J Chapman
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Dr. Penfield Avenue, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1B1, Canada.
| | | | - John Wasswa
- Department of Chemistry, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
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Narain JP, Jain SK, Bora D, Venkatesh S. Eradicating successfully yaws from India: The strategy & global lessons. Indian J Med Res 2016; 141:608-13. [PMID: 26139778 PMCID: PMC4510759 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.159542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Yaws, a non-venereal treponematosis, affecting primarily the tribal populations, has been considered historically as one of the most neglected tropical diseases in the world. In 1996, India piloted an initiative to eradicate yaws based on a strategy consisting of active case finding through house-to-house search and treatment of cases and their contacts with long acting penicillin. Thereafter, the campaign implemented in all 51 endemic districts in 10 States of the country led to the achievement of a yaws-free status in 2004. In the post-elimination phase, surveillance activities accompanied by serological surveys were continued in the erstwhile endemic districts. These surveys carried out among children between the age of 1-5 yr, further confirmed the absence of community transmission in the country. The experience of India demonstrates that yaws can be eradicated in all endemic countries of Africa and Asia, provided that political commitment can be mobilized and community level activities sustained until the goal is achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jai P Narain
- Epidemiology & Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS), National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC), Delhi, India
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Mamoojee Y, Tan G, Gittins S, Sarfo S, Stephenson L, Carrington D, Bedu-Addo G, Phillips R, Appiah LT, Chadwick D. Diagnosis of treponemal co-infection in HIV-infected West Africans. Trop Med Int Health 2012; 17:1521-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3156.2012.03090.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Prevalence of serological markers and risk factors for bloodborne pathogens in Salvador, Bahia state, Brazil. Epidemiol Infect 2012; 141:181-7. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268812000386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYThis study aimed to determine the prevalence of serological markers for HIV-1/2, HBV, HCV, Treponema cruzi and T. pallidum infections. The association of these infections with risk factors in a population from Salvador, Bahia, Brazil was also analysed. Of the 780 enrolled individuals, 545 (70%) were female and 235 (30%) were male. Seroprevalence of 0·8% (6/702), 1·3% (9/678), 1·5% (10/684), 3·5% (23/663) and 11·5% (77/668) for HIV-1/2, HBV, HCV, T. cruzi and T. pallidum infections, respectively, was observed. The seroprevalence of T. pallidum was higher in males 20% (43/210) than in females 7% (34/458) (P < 0·01). An association between age and seroprevalence for T. cruzi (P = 0·02) and T. pallidum (P < 0·01) was observed. HBsAg was associated with having tattoos (3/37 vs. 6/623, P = 0·01) and not having a steady sexual partner (5/141 vs. 4/473, P = 0·04), while anti-HIV-1/2 was associated with having tattoos (2/39 vs. 4/647, P = 0·04); however, larger studies are needed to categorically state the relationship of these risk factors with infectious agents. The prevalence of serological markers for HIV-1/2, HBV, HCV and T. cruzi was consistent with other studies.
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Yaws in the Western pacific region: a review of the literature. J Trop Med 2011; 2011:642832. [PMID: 22235208 PMCID: PMC3253475 DOI: 10.1155/2011/642832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Revised: 08/31/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Until the middle of the 20th century, yaws was highly endemic and considered a serious public health problem in the Western Pacific Region (WPR), leading to intensive control efforts in the 1950s–1960s. Since then, little attention has been paid to its reemergence. Its current burden is unknown.
This paper presents the results of an extensive literature review, focusing on yaws in the South Pacific.
Available records suggest that the region remains largely free of yaws except for Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands, and Vanuatu. Many clinical cases reported recently were described as “attenuated”; advanced stages are rare. A single intramuscular injection of benzathine penicillin is still effective in curing yaws.
In the Pacific, yaws may be amenable to elimination if adequate resources are provided and political commitment revived. A mapping of yaws prevalence in PNG, Solomon, and Vanuatu is needed before comprehensive country-tailored strategies towards yaws elimination can be developed.
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Manirakiza A, Boas SV, Beyam N, Zadanga G, Konamna FX, Njuimo SP, Laganier R. Clinical outcome of skin yaws lesions after treatment with benzathinebenzylpenicillin in a pygmy population in Lobaye, Central African Republic. BMC Res Notes 2011; 4:543. [PMID: 22171605 PMCID: PMC3309964 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-4-543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Yaws is a bacterial skin and bone infectious disease caused by Treponema pallidum pertenue. It is endemic, particularly among pygmies in Central African Republic. To assess the clinical cure rate after treatment with benzathinepenicillin in this population, we conducted a cohort survey of 243 patients in the Lobaye region. Findings and conclusion The rate of healing of lesions after 5 months was 95.9%. This relatively satisfactory level of therapeutic response implies that yaws could be controlled in the Central African Republic. Thus, reinforcement of the management of new cases and of contacts is suggested.
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Mitjà O, Hays R, Lelngei F, Laban N, Ipai A, Pakarui S, Bassat Q. Challenges in recognition and diagnosis of yaws in children in Papua New Guinea. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2011; 85:113-6. [PMID: 21734134 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.2011.11-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
A global resurgence of yaws in developing countries highlights the need for reliable diagnostic criteria for this neglected infection. We conducted a clinical and serologic survey of 233 children less than 15 years of age who had clinically suspected yaws. A total of 138 (59%) cases were confirmed serologically, and 10 of 12 primary stage cases showed positive results for Treponema pallidum by a polymerase chain reaction assay that has not yet been validated for identification of yaws. A high proportion of cases (46%) were in the secondary stage; 92% of them had osteoarticular involvement, and only 24% had a Venereal Disease Research Laboratory titer greater than 1:32.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriol Mitjà
- Department of Medicine, and Department of Microbiology, Lihir Medical Centre, International SOS, Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea.
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Laboratory-confirmed case of yaws in a 10-year-old boy from the Republic of the Congo. J Clin Microbiol 2011; 49:4013-5. [PMID: 21918034 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01121-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a case of yaws in a patient with puritic cutaneous eruption who was initially suspected of infection with monkeypox. The diagnosis was established by real-time PCR and sequencing of specific treponemal DNA sequences. This is the first report describing the use of DNA sequencing to identify Treponema pallidum subsp. pertenue-specific sequences in a patient with active yaws.
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Hay R, Estrada R, Grossmann H. Managing skin disease in resource-poor environments - the role of community-oriented training and control programs. Int J Dermatol 2011; 50:558-63. [PMID: 21506972 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2011.04954.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Programs that have been devised to improve the lot of patients with skin disease, or disease presenting with skin signs and symptoms, in resource-poor regions have focused mainly on education and training or community-oriented control measures. However, both have in common an objective of managing disease at population level. Training has been delivered in different ways both by direct teaching for varying periods of time or by web-based and electronic communication; control measures have been less in evidence and there is a great need for more support from funding agencies. Despite this, there is now a growing number of successful initiatives in health improvement for skin conditions that cover many parts of the world. This report describes many of these schemes as an example of what can be done to help patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderick Hay
- International Foundation of Dermatology, London, UK.
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Keegan R, Dabbagh A, Strebel PM, Cochi SL. Comparing Measles With Previous Eradication Programs: Enabling and Constraining Factors. J Infect Dis 2011; 204 Suppl 1:S54-61. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Mitjà O, Hays R, Ipai A, Gubaila D, Lelngei F, Kirara M, Paru R, Bassat Q. Outcome Predictors in Treatment of Yaws. Emerg Infect Dis 2011; 17:1083-5. [DOI: 10.3201/eid/1706.101575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Mitjà O, Hays R, Ipai A, Gubaila D, Lelngei F, Kirara M, Paru R, Bassat Q. Outcome predictors in treatment of yaws. Emerg Infect Dis 2011; 17. [PMID: 21749808 PMCID: PMC3363320 DOI: 10.3201/eid1706.101575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To estimate failure rates after treatment with benzathine penicillin and to identify determinants of failure that affected outcomes for yaws, we conducted a cohort study of 138 patients; treatment failed in 24 (17.4%). Having low initial titers on Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test and living in a village where yaws baseline incidence was high were associated with increased likelihood of treatment failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oriol Mitjà
- Lihir Medical Centre, Lihir Island, Papua New Guinea.
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Abstract
Although yaws is rare in developed countries, as worldwide travel has become commonplace, it is essential to recognize this condition when evaluating patients who traveled from endemic regions. Herein, we discuss a case of secondary yaws presenting as extensive expanding annular lesions to raise awareness of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K Satter
- Department of Dermatology, Naval Medical Center, San Diego, California 92134-2300, USA.
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Gerstl S, Kiwila G, Dhorda M, Lonlas S, Myatt M, Ilunga BK, Lemasson D, Szumilin E, Guerin PJ, Ferradini L. Prevalence study of yaws in the Democratic Republic of Congo using the lot quality assurance sampling method. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6338. [PMID: 19623266 PMCID: PMC2710509 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2008] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Until the 1970s the prevalence of non-venereal trepanomatosis, including yaws, was greatly reduced after worldwide mass treatment. In 2005, cases were again reported in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. We carried out a survey to estimate the village-level prevalence of yaws in the region of Equator in the north of the country in order to define appropriate strategies to effectively treat the affected population. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We designed a community-based survey using the Lot Quality Assurance Sampling method to classify the prevalence of active yaws in 14 groups of villages (lots). The classification into high, moderate, or low yaws prevalence corresponded to World Health Organization prevalence thresholds for identifying appropriate operational treatment strategies. Active yaws cases were defined by suggestive clinical signs and positive rapid plasma reagin and Treponema pallidum hemagglutination serological tests. The overall prevalence in the study area was 4.7% (95% confidence interval: 3.4-6.0). Two of 14 lots had high prevalence (>10%), three moderate prevalence (5-10%) and nine low prevalence (<5%.). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Although yaws is no longer a World Health Organization priority disease, the presence of yaws in a region where it was supposed to be eradicated demonstrates the importance of continued surveillance and control efforts. Yaws should remain a public health priority in countries where previously it was known to be endemic. The integration of sensitive surveillance systems together with free access to effective treatment is recommended. As a consequence of our study results, more than 16,000 people received free treatment against yaws.
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Rinaldi A. Free, at last! The progress of new disease eradication campaigns for Guinea worm disease and polio, and the prospect of tackling other diseases. EMBO Rep 2009; 10:215-21. [PMID: 19255577 PMCID: PMC2658554 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2009.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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