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Gremski LH, da Justa HC, Polli NLC, Schluga PHDC, Theodoro JL, Wille ACM, Senff-Ribeiro A, Veiga SS. Systemic Loxoscelism, Less Frequent but More Deadly: The Involvement of Phospholipases D in the Pathophysiology of Envenomation. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 15:17. [PMID: 36668837 PMCID: PMC9864854 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bites of Loxosceles spiders can lead to a set of clinical manifestations called loxoscelism, and are considered a public health problem in many regions. The signs and symptoms of loxoscelism are divided into cutaneous and systemic forms. The former is more frequent and includes signs of envenoming at the bite site or neighboring regions. Systemic loxoscelism, although much less frequent, is associated with complications, and can even lead to death. It may include intravascular hemolysis, acute renal failure, and thrombocytopenia. Loxosceles venoms are enriched with phospholipases D (PLDs), which are a family of isoforms found at intra-species and inter-species levels. Under experimental conditions, these enzymes reproduce the main clinical signs of loxoscelism, including an exacerbated inflammatory response at the bite site and dermonecrosis, as well as thrombocytopenia, intravascular hemolysis, and acute renal failure. The role of PLDs in cutaneous loxoscelism was described over forty years ago, when studies identified and purified toxins featured as sphingomyelinase D. More recently, the production of recombinant PLDs and discoveries about their structure and mechanism has enabled a deeper characterization of these enzymes. In this review, we describe these biochemical and functional features of Loxosceles PLDs that determine their involvement in systemic loxoscelism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Helena Gremski
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Hanna Câmara da Justa
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil
| | | | | | - João Lucas Theodoro
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Martins Wille
- Department of Structural, Molecular Biology and Genetics, State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Ponta Grossa 84030-900, Brazil
| | - Andrea Senff-Ribeiro
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Silvio Sanches Veiga
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba 81531-980, Brazil
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Toledo-Blas M, Franco-Vadillo A, Somilleda-Ventura SA, Dominguez-Ruiz B, Guevara-Balcazar G, Kormanovski-Kovzova A, Lopez-Sanchez P, Jarillo-Luna RA, Lara-Padilla E, Castillo-Hernandez MC. Comparative treatment with hyperbaric oxygen therapy in a model of systemic loxoscelism in rats. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 25:1452-1459. [PMID: 36544520 PMCID: PMC9742574 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2022.65357.14385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Spiders of the Loxosceles genus, known as violin spiders, produce venom with dermonecrotic and systemic effects, as it is a species widely distributed in the world, its study represents a high medical relevance. Systemic loxoscelism, which occurs in 1 in 5 cases and is the most frequent in children, can be fatal, so the study of effective therapy is of great relevance. In the present study, we compared different therapeutic options to mitigate the systemic effects of Loxosceles boneti venom in a model in which prepubertal rats were used. Materials and Methods A model of systemic intoxication by L. boneti venom was provoked in male Wistar rats. Study groups were formed: healthy control, with venom and untreated control, treatment with N-acetylcysteine, and/or hyperbaric oxygenation therapy. Subsequently, pathological analysis of the kidney and lung was performed. The oxidant-antioxidant response was evaluated, and molecular analysis of the COX-1 and COX-2 enzymes was performed. Results Regenerative changes were observed at the cellular level in both treatments, being more noticeable in the hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO) group. The anti-oxidant response was outstanding in the same group. Conclusion Both treatments offer considerable benefits, however; further studies are needed to provide adequate therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Toledo-Blas
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, México City, México
| | - Antonio Franco-Vadillo
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, México City, México
| | - Selma A Somilleda-Ventura
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, México City, México
| | - Brenda Dominguez-Ruiz
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, México City, México
| | - Gustavo Guevara-Balcazar
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, México City, México
| | - Alexandre Kormanovski-Kovzova
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, México City, México
| | - Pedro Lopez-Sanchez
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, México City, México
| | - Rosa A Jarillo-Luna
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, México City, México
| | - Eleazar Lara-Padilla
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, México City, México
| | - Maria Carmen Castillo-Hernandez
- Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, México City, México,Corresponding author: Maria Carmen Castillo-Hernandez. Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, México City, México.
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de Miranda ALS, Lima SDA, Botelho AFM, Gomes Campos MT, Eckstein C, Minozzo JC, Chávez-Olórtegui CD, Soto-Blanco B. Protective Effectiveness of an Immunization Protocol Against the Toxic Effects of Loxosceles intermedia Venom in Rabbits. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:852917. [PMID: 35711800 PMCID: PMC9195175 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.852917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Loxosceles spp. (brown spiders) bites are responsible for the development of a syndrome consisting mainly of dermonecrotic lesions, and also systemic effects. Rabbits are one of the main experimental models used for better understanding the systemic and local effects of Loxosceles venom. The aim of this study is to evaluate the toxic and protective effects of rabbits immunized with Loxosceles spp. venom. Male New Zealand rabbits were allocated as a control group (CG; n = 5) that received adjuvant (Montanide) and phosphate-buffer saline (PBS), or as venom group (VG; n = 5) that received 21 μg of Loxosceles venom using Montanide as adjuvant. After five immunization cycles, a trial with 7 μg of Loxosceles intermedia (L. intermedia) venom was performed, and dermonecrotic lesions were measured. The rabbits were then euthanized, and their organs were collected for histopathology analysis. Rabbits that had undergone Loxosceles venom immunization protocol showed minor clinical disturbances during the experimental period. The used immunization protocol protected the rabbits against the toxic effect of the Loxosceles venom because they showed minor clinical disturbances during the experimental period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luísa Soares de Miranda
- Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, Veterinary College, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Sabrina de Almeida Lima
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - Marco Túlio Gomes Campos
- Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, Veterinary College, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Camila Eckstein
- Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, Veterinary College, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - João Carlos Minozzo
- Department of Health of the State of Paraná, Production and Research Center of Immunobiologicals, Piraquara, Brazil
| | - Carlos Delfin Chávez-Olórtegui
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Benito Soto-Blanco
- Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, Veterinary College, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Benito Soto-Blanco
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Gremski LH, Matsubara FH, da Justa HC, Schemczssen-Graeff Z, Baldissera AB, Schluga PHDC, Leite IDO, Boia-Ferreira M, Wille ACM, Senff-Ribeiro A, Veiga SS. Brown spider venom toxins: what are the functions of astacins, serine proteases, hyaluronidases, allergens, TCTP, serpins and knottins? J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2021; 27:e20200188. [PMID: 34377142 PMCID: PMC8314928 DOI: 10.1590/1678-9199-jvatitd-2020-0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Accidents caused by the bites of brown spiders (Loxosceles) generate a clinical condition that often includes a threatening necrotic skin lesion near the bite site along with a remarkable inflammatory response. Systemic disorders such as hemolysis, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure may occur, but are much less frequent than the local damage. It is already known that phospholipases D, highly expressed toxins in Loxosceles venom, can induce most of these injuries. However, this spider venom has a great range of toxins that probably act synergistically to enhance toxicity. The other protein classes remain poorly explored due to the difficulty in obtaining sufficient amounts of them for a thorough investigation. They include astacins (metalloproteases), serine proteases, knottins, translationally controlled tumor proteins (TCTP), hyaluronidases, allergens and serpins. It has already been shown that some of them, according to their characteristics, may participate to some extent in the development of loxoscelism. In addition, all of these toxins present potential application in several areas. The present review article summarizes information regarding some functional aspects of the protein classes listed above, discusses the directions that could be taken to materialize a comprehensive investigation on each of these toxins as well as highlights the importance of exploring the full venom repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Helena Gremski
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | - Hanna Câmara da Justa
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ana Carolina Martins Wille
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology and Genetics, State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil
| | - Andrea Senff-Ribeiro
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Silvio Sanches Veiga
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Lombardi R, Ferreiro A, Claure-Del Granado R, Burdmann EA, Rosa-Diez G, Yu L, Younes-Ibrahim M, Carlino C, Chávez-Iñiguez JS, Pereira MB, Varela CF, Zamoner W, Janiques D, Lecueder S, Cerrón-Millán V, Cueto-Manzano A. EPILAT-IRA Study: A contribution to the understanding of the epidemiology of acute kidney injury in Latin America. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224655. [PMID: 31725746 PMCID: PMC6855418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Epidemiology of acute kidney injury (AKI) is highly dependent on patient characteristics, context and geography. Considering the limited information in Latin America and the Caribbean, we performed a study with the aim to contribute to improve its better understanding. Methods Observational, prospective, longitudinal, multinational cohort study addressed to determine risk factors, clinical profile, process of care and outcomes of AKI in the region. Patients meeting KDIGO AKI definition were included over a 9-month period and designated community or hospital-acquired. De-identified clinical and lab data were entered in a specifically designed on-line platform. Co-variables potentially linked to AKI onset, in-hospital and 90-days mortality, were recorded and correlated using a multiple logistic regression model. Results Fifty-seven physicians from 15 countries provided data on 905 patients, most with acceptable basic needs coverage. Median age 64 (50–74) yrs; most of them were male (61%) and mestizos (42%). Comorbidities were present in 77%. AKI was community-acquired in 62%. Dehydration, shock and nephrotoxic drugs were the commonest causes. During their process of care, 77% of patients were assessed by nephrologists. Kidney replacement therapy (KRT) was performed in 29% of cases. In-hospital mortality was 26.5% and independently associated to older age, chronic liver disease, hypotension, shock, cardiac disturbances, hospital-acquired sepsis, KRT and mechanical ventilation. At 90-days follow up partial or complete renal recovery was 81% and mortality 24%. Conclusions AKI was mainly community-acquired, in patients with comorbidities and linked to fluid loss and nephrotoxic drugs. Mortality was high and long-term follow up poor. Notwithstanding, the study shows partially the situation in the participant countries rather than the actual epidemiology of AKI in Latin America and Caribbean, a pending and needed task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Lombardi
- Dept. of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
- * E-mail:
| | - Alejandro Ferreiro
- Dept. of Nephrology, School of Medicine, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Rolando Claure-Del Granado
- Division of Nephrology, Hospital Obrero #2 - C.N.S., Universidad Mayor de San Simon School of Medicine, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Emmanuel A. Burdmann
- LIM 12, Division of Nephrology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Luis Yu
- LIM 12, Division of Nephrology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Mariana B. Pereira
- Nephrology Division, Hospital do Servidor Público Estadual, Universidade Nove de Julho, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Welder Zamoner
- Botucatu School of Medicine, São Paulo State University-UNESP, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Diego Janiques
- Clinica Renalle, Pontifícia Universidade Católica, Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Víctor Cerrón-Millán
- Hospital Nacional Daniel Alcides Carrión, Dept. de Medicina, Servicio de Nefrología, Callao- Lima, Perú
| | - Alfonso Cueto-Manzano
- Medical Research Unit of Renal Diseases, Hospital de Especialidades, CMNO, IMSS, Guadalajara, Mexico
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Tetracycline Reduces Kidney Damage Induced by Loxosceles Spider Venom. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9030090. [PMID: 28257106 PMCID: PMC5371845 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9030090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Envenomation by Loxosceles spider can result in two clinical manifestations: cutaneous and systemic loxoscelism, the latter of which includes renal failure. Although incidence of renal failure is low, it is the main cause of death, occurring mainly in children. The sphingomyelinase D (SMase D) is the main component in Loxosceles spider venom responsible for local and systemic manifestations. This study aimed to investigate the toxicity of L. intermedia venom and SMase D on kidney cells, using both In vitro and in vivo models, and the possible involvement of endogenous metalloproteinases (MMP). Results demonstrated that venom and SMase D are able to cause death of human kidney cells by apoptosis, concomitant with activation and secretion of extracellular matrix metalloproteases, MMP-2 and MMP-9. Furthermore, cell death and MMP synthesis and secretion can be prevented by tetracycline. In a mouse model of systemic loxoscelism, Loxosceles venom-induced kidney failure was observed, which was abrogated by administration of tetracycline. These results indicate that MMPs may play an important role in Loxosceles venom-induced kidney injury and that tetracycline administration may be useful in the treatment of human systemic loxoscelism.
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Chaves-Moreira D, Senff-Ribeiro A, Wille ACM, Gremski LH, Chaim OM, Veiga SS. Highlights in the knowledge of brown spider toxins. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2017; 23:6. [PMID: 28194160 PMCID: PMC5299669 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-017-0097-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown spiders are venomous arthropods that use their venom for predation and defense. In humans, bites of these animals provoke injuries including dermonecrosis with gravitational spread of lesions, hematological abnormalities and impaired renal function. The signs and symptoms observed following a brown spider bite are called loxoscelism. Brown spider venom is a complex mixture of toxins enriched in low molecular mass proteins (4-40 kDa). Characterization of the venom confirmed the presence of three highly expressed protein classes: phospholipases D, metalloproteases (astacins) and insecticidal peptides (knottins). Recently, toxins with low levels of expression have also been found in Loxosceles venom, such as serine proteases, protease inhibitors (serpins), hyaluronidases, allergen-like toxins and histamine-releasing factors. The toxin belonging to the phospholipase-D family (also known as the dermonecrotic toxin) is the most studied class of brown spider toxins. This class of toxins single-handedly can induce inflammatory response, dermonecrosis, hemolysis, thrombocytopenia and renal failure. The functional role of the hyaluronidase toxin as a spreading factor in loxoscelism has also been demonstrated. However, the biological characterization of other toxins remains unclear and the mechanism by which Loxosceles toxins exert their noxious effects is yet to be fully elucidated. The aim of this review is to provide an insight into brown spider venom toxins and toxicology, including a description of historical data already available in the literature. In this review article, the identification processes of novel Loxosceles toxins by molecular biology and proteomic approaches, their biological characterization and structural description based on x-ray crystallography and putative biotechnological uses are described along with the future perspectives in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Senff-Ribeiro
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Martins Wille
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR Brazil.,Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, State University of Ponta Grossa (UEPG), Ponta Grossa, PR Brazil
| | - Luiza Helena Gremski
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR Brazil
| | - Olga Meiri Chaim
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR Brazil
| | - Silvio Sanches Veiga
- Department of Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraná (UFPR), Curitiba, PR Brazil
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Burdmann EA, Jha V. Acute kidney injury due to tropical infectious diseases and animal venoms: a tale of 2 continents. Kidney Int 2017; 91:1033-1046. [PMID: 28088326 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
South and Southeast Asia and Latin American together comprise 46 countries and are home to approximately 40% of the world population. The sociopolitical and economic heterogeneity, tropical climate, and malady transitions characteristic of the region strongly influence disease behavior and health care delivery. Acute kidney injury epidemiology mirrors these inequalities. In addition to hospital-acquired acute kidney injury in tertiary care centers, these countries face a large preventable burden of community-acquired acute kidney injury secondary to tropical infectious diseases or animal venoms, affecting previously healthy young individuals. This article reviews the epidemiology, clinical picture, prevention, risk factors, and pathophysiology of acute kidney injury associated with tropical diseases (malaria, dengue, leptospirosis, scrub typhus, and yellow fever) and animal venom (snakes, bees, caterpillars, spiders, and scorpions) in tropical regions of Asia and Latin America, and discusses the potential future challenges due to emerging issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel A Burdmann
- LIM 12, Division of Nephrology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Vivekanand Jha
- George Institute for Global Health, New Delhi, India, and University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Caro CA, Lillo L, Valenzuela FJ, Cabello G. Mechanistic characterization and inhibition of sphingomyelinase C over substituted Iron Schiff bases of chitosan adsorbed on glassy carbon electrode. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 263:81-87. [PMID: 28038894 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The medical treatment of laxoscelisms is based solely on supportive measures. Although equine antiserum for Sphingomyelinase C (SMASE) and D isomers are available, it is not used due to the risk of an anaphylactic reaction and its unproven efficacy. As potential enzyme inhibitors, derivatives of Iron chitosan complexes were studied (Shiff base having -R = -H, -Cl, -Br, -F, -OCH3, -CH3, -NO2). These chitosan complexes were chosen because they have revealed good results in medicine and catalysis due to their biodegradable characteristics and bioavailability. Besides considering that these complexes have not been studied in relation to this toxin. The mechanisms underlying the catalytic and catcher effects of Iron chitosan complexes were studied using electrochemistry, UV-Vis spectroscopy and microscopic assay at physiological pH. The electrochemical studies showed that one of seven Schiff bases of chitosan adsorbed on glassy carbon electrode was electrocatalytically active for the oxidation of sphingomyelinase at 1.27 V, and that allowed proposing a reaction scheme for SMASE oxidation by adsorbed Iron complexes. On the other hand, even though the spectroscopic studies indicated that there was no chemical bond formation between the complex and SMASE in solution, the microscopic studies showed that this complex proved to be a remarkable cellular protector in presence of the enzyme. In conclusion, Shiff base of chitosan with R = -CH3 was the only active complex in front of sphingomyelinase C, protecting red blood cells, according to our electrochemical and microscopic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia A Caro
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Campus Fernando May, Av. Andrés Bello S/n, Chillán, Chile.
| | - Luis Lillo
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Campus Fernando May, Av. Andrés Bello S/n, Chillán, Chile
| | - Francisco J Valenzuela
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Campus Fernando May, Av. Andrés Bello S/n, Chillán, Chile
| | - Gerardo Cabello
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Bío-Bío, Campus Fernando May, Av. Andrés Bello S/n, Chillán, Chile
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Recent advances in the understanding of brown spider venoms: From the biology of spiders to the molecular mechanisms of toxins. Toxicon 2014; 83:91-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Cloning, expression and characterization of a phospholipase D from Loxosceles gaucho venom gland. Biochimie 2013; 95:1773-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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12
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A novel hyaluronidase from brown spider (Loxosceles intermedia) venom (Dietrich's Hyaluronidase): from cloning to functional characterization. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2206. [PMID: 23658852 PMCID: PMC3642055 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Loxoscelism is the designation given to clinical symptoms evoked by Loxosceles spider's bites. Clinical manifestations include skin necrosis with gravitational spreading and systemic disturbs. The venom contains several enzymatic toxins. Herein, we describe the cloning, expression, refolding and biological evaluation of a novel brown spider protein characterized as a hyaluronidase. Employing a venom gland cDNA library, we cloned a hyaluronidase (1200 bp cDNA) that encodes for a signal peptide and a mature protein. Amino acid alignment revealed a structural relationship with members of hyaluronidase family, such as scorpion and snake species. Recombinant hyaluronidase was expressed as N-terminal His-tag fusion protein (∼45 kDa) in inclusion bodies and activity was achieved using refolding. Immunoblot analysis showed that antibodies that recognize the recombinant protein cross-reacted with hyaluronidase from whole venom as well as an anti-venom serum reacted with recombinant protein. Recombinant hyaluronidase was able to degrade purified hyaluronic acid (HA) and chondroitin sulfate (CS), while dermatan sulfate (DS) and heparan sulfate (HS) were not affected. Zymograph experiments resulted in ∼45 kDa lytic zones in hyaluronic acid (HA) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) substrates. Through in vivo experiments of dermonecrosis using rabbit skin, the recombinant hyaluronidase was shown to increase the dermonecrotic effect produced by recombinant dermonecrotic toxin from L. intermedia venom (LiRecDT1). These data support the hypothesis that hyaluronidase is a “spreading factor”. Recombinant hyaluronidase provides a useful tool for biotechnological ends. We propose the name Dietrich's Hyaluronidase for this enzyme, in honor of Professor Carl Peter von Dietrich, who dedicated his life to studying proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans. Accidents involving brown spiders (Loxosceles genus) are reported throughout the world. South and Southeast of Brazil are endemic areas for this spider. Loxosceles bites commonly trigger local signs as swelling, erythema, hemorrhage and the hallmark symptom: a dermonecrotic lesion with gravitational spreading. Systemic effects are less common; however, are implicated in more severe cases. Hyaluronidases are referred in several venoms as “spreading factors” due to their enzymatic activity upon extracellular components. This activity facilitates the permeation of other toxins through the victim's body. In fact, a previous study identified the activity of L. intermedia venom upon glycosaminoglycans which are abundant components in the extracellular matrix of many tissues. Disclosing a little more about the role of hyaluronidases within this venom, we investigated the activities of a recombinant hyaluronidase from L. intermedia venom. Dietrich's hyaluronidase, as it was designated, was produced as a recombinant protein. By performing a rabbit skin dermonecrosis assay using Dietrich's Hyaluronidase and a dermonecrotic toxin, we showed that Dietrich's Hyaluronidase increased the dermonecrotic area induced by the dermonecrotic toxin. Our results confirm that hyaluronidases are a “spreading factor” of L. intermedia venom.
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Jungnickel H, Luch A. A personalized life: biomarker monitoring from cradle to grave. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2012; 101:471-98. [PMID: 22945580 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8340-4_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Considering the holy grail of future medical treatment being personalized medicines, biomarker research will become more and more the focus for attention not only to develop new medical treatment regimes, based on changes in biomarker patterns, but also for nutritional advice to guarantee a lifelong optimized health condition. The current review gives an outline of how personalized medicine can become established for actual medical treatment using new biomarker concepts. Starting from the development of biomarker research using mainly immunological techniques, the review gives an overview about biomarkers of prediction evolved and focuses on new methodology for the identification of biomarkers using hyphenated analytical techniques like metabolomics and lipidomics. The actual use of multivariate statistical methods in combination with metabolomics and lipidomics is discussed not only for medical treatment but also for precautionary risk identification in human biomonitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Jungnickel
- Department of Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Strasse 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Gemany,
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