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Zao YJ, Cheng G, Feng MM, Wang YX, Zhang ZF, Zhang X, Jiang P. Trichinella spiralis cathepsin B bound and degraded host's intestinal type I collagen. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 257:128728. [PMID: 38092101 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Trichinellosis is a zoonotic parasitic disease that poses threats to human health, the meat industry, food safety, and huge financial losses. The critical stage of Trichinella spiralis (T. spiralis) infection is the invasion of intestinal larvae into the host's intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). T. spiralis Cathepsin B (TsCB) specifically interacts with IECs to facilitate the invasion of larvae. This study aims to look at how TsCB affects mouse IECs. TsCB was successfully cloned, expressed, and characterized, demonstrating its natural cysteine protease hydrolysis activity. A total of 140 proteins that interact with rTsCB were identified by GST pull-down combined with LC-MS/MS, including type I collagen, an essential component of the host's intestinal epithelial barrier system and intimately related to intestinal epithelial damage. TsCB transcription and expression levels rise, whereas type I collagen in the host's intestinal mucosa declines when the T. spiralis larvae invaded. Besides, it was discovered that TsCB bound to and degraded type I collagen of the host's intestine. This research can serve as a foundation for clarifying how T. spiralis invades the host's intestinal barrier and might provide information on potential targets for the creation of novel treatments to treat parasite illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Jiao Zao
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China; Yunan University School of Medicine, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Ge Cheng
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Miao Miao Feng
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Yi Xuan Wang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Zi Fang Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
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2
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Cheng S, Zhu B, Luo F, Lin X, Sun C, You Y, Yi C, Xu B, Wang J, Lu Y, Hu W. Comparative transcriptome profiles of Schistosoma japonicum larval stages: Implications for parasite biology and host invasion. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0009889. [PMID: 35025881 PMCID: PMC8791509 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Schistosoma japonicum is prevalent in Asia with a wide mammalian host range, which leads to highly harmful zoonotic parasitic diseases. Most previous transcriptomic studies have been performed on this parasite, but mainly focus on stages inside the mammalian host. Moreover, few larval transcriptomic data are available in public databases. Here we mapped the detailed transcriptome profiles of four S. japonicum larval stages including eggs, miracidia, sporocysts and cercariae, providing a comprehensive development picture outside of the mammalian host. By analyzing the stage-specific/enriched genes, we identified functional genes associated with the biological characteristic at each stage: e.g. we observed enrichment of genes necessary for DNA replication only in sporocysts, while those involved in proteolysis were upregulated in sporocysts and/or cercariae. This data indicated that miracidia might use leishmanolysin and neprilysin to penetrate the snail, while elastase (SjCE2b) and leishmanolysin might contribute to the cercariae invasion. The expression profile of stem cell markers revealed potential germinal cell conversion during larval development. Additionally, our analysis indicated that tandem duplications had driven the expansion of the papain family in S. japonicum. Notably, all the duplicated cathepsin B-like proteases were highly expressed in cercariae. Utilizing our 3rd version of S. japonicum genome, we further characterized the alternative splicing profiles throughout these four stages. Taken together, the present study provides compressive gene expression profiles of S. japonicum larval stages and identifies a set of genes that might be involved in intermediate and definitive host invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyun Cheng
- Department of infectious diseases, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bingkuan Zhu
- Department of infectious diseases, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Luo
- Department of infectious diseases, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiying Lin
- Department of infectious diseases, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengsong Sun
- Anhui Provincial Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Hefei, China
| | - Yanmin You
- Department of infectious diseases, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cun Yi
- Department of infectious diseases, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Xu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of China Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Joint Research Laboratory of Genetics and Ecology on Parasite-host Interaction, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention & Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jipeng Wang
- Department of infectious diseases, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of infectious diseases, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of infectious diseases, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of China Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Joint Research Laboratory of Genetics and Ecology on Parasite-host Interaction, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention & Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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3
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Zhu B, Luo F, Shen Y, Yang W, Sun C, Wang J, Li J, Mo X, Xu B, Zhang X, Li Y, Hu W. Schistosoma japonicum cathepsin B2 (SjCB2) facilitates parasite invasion through the skin. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008810. [PMID: 33104723 PMCID: PMC7644097 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cercariae invasion of the human skin is the first step in schistosome infection. Proteases play key roles in this process. However, little is known about the related hydrolytic enzymes in Schistosoma japonicum. Here, we investigated the biochemical features, tissue distribution and biological roles of a cathepsin B cysteine protease, SjCB2, in the invasion process of S. japonicum cercariae. Enzyme activity analysis revealed that recombinant SjCB2 is a typical cysteine protease with optimum temperature and pH for activity at 37°C and 4.0, respectively, and can be totally inhibited by the cysteine protease inhibitor E-64. Immunoblotting showed that both the zymogen (50 kDa) and mature enzyme (30.5 kDa) forms of SjCB2 are expressed in the cercariae. It was observed that SjCB2 localized predominantly in the acetabular glands and their ducts of cercariae, suggesting that the protease could be released during the invasion process. The protease degraded collagen, elastin, keratin, fibronectin, immunoglobulin (A, G and M) and complement C3, protein components of the dermis and immune system. In addition, proteomic analysis demonstrated that SjCB2 can degrade the human epidermis. Furthermore, it was showed that anti-rSjCB2 IgG significantly reduced (22.94%) the ability of the cercariae to invade the skin. The cysteine protease, SjCB2, located in the acetabular glands and their ducts of S. japonicum cercariae. We propose that SjCB2 facilitates skin invasion by degrading the major proteins of the epidermis and dermis. However, this cysteine protease may play additional roles in host-parasite interaction by degrading immunoglobins and complement protein. Schistosomiasis is one of the most prevalent parasitic diseases in the world, with about 200 million humans infected in 74 tropical countries. The infection of schistosome is initiated when the larvae, cercariae, penetrate the human skin. Proteolytic enzymes are likely involved in the invasion process, but these have yet to be characterized for S. japonicum. Here, we have functionally expressed a recombinant form of the cathepsin B cysteine protease SjCB2 in the yeast Pichia pastoris. Our study showed that SjCB2 degraded a number of proteins associated with the skin and immune systems, and disrupted the structure of the human epidermis. The enzyme was located in the acetabular glands and their ducts in the cercariae, where it would be stored before released into the skin. Antibody-blocking studies revealed that SjCB2 had a 22.94% contribution during the cercariae invasion process. Taken together, our findings suggest that SjCB2 helped cercariae penetrating the skin barrier and evading the immune attack to allow successful infection in the mammalian host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingkuan Zhu
- Department of infectious diseases, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Luo
- Department of infectious diseases, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Shen
- Department of infectious diseases, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenbin Yang
- Department of infectious diseases, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengsong Sun
- Department of infectious diseases, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jipeng Wang
- Department of infectious diseases, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Li
- Dermatology Department, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojin Mo
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of China Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Joint Research Laboratory of Genetics and Ecology on Parasite-host Interaction, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention & Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Xu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of China Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Joint Research Laboratory of Genetics and Ecology on Parasite-host Interaction, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention & Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xumin Zhang
- Department of infectious diseases, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongdong Li
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
- * E-mail: (YL); (WH)
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of infectious diseases, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Biodiversity Science and Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of China Ministry of Health, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Joint Research Laboratory of Genetics and Ecology on Parasite-host Interaction, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention & Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (YL); (WH)
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4
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Bischofsberger M, Winkelmann F, Rabes A, Reisinger EC, Sombetzki M. Pathogen-host interaction mediated by vesicle-based secretion in schistosomes. PROTOPLASMA 2020; 257:1277-1287. [PMID: 32462473 PMCID: PMC7449993 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-020-01515-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
As part of the parasite's excretory/secretory system, extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent a potent communication tool of schistosomes with their human host to strike the balance between their own survival in a hostile immunological environment and a minimal damage to the host tissue. Their cargo consists of functional proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids that facilitate biological processes like migration, nutrient acquisition, or reproduction. The most important impact of the vesicle-mediated communication, however, is the promotion of the parasite survival via mimicking host protein function and directly or indirectly modulating the immune response of the host. Overcoming this shield of immunological adaption in the schistosome-host relation is the aim of current research activities in this field and crucial for the development of a reliable anti-schistosomal therapy. Not least because of their prospective use in clinical applications, research on EVs is now a rapidly expanding field. We herein focus on the current state of knowledge of vesicle-based communication of schistosomes and discussing the role of EVs in facilitating biological processes and immune modulatory properties of EVs considering the different life stages of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Bischofsberger
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Section of Nephrology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Franziska Winkelmann
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Section of Nephrology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Anne Rabes
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Section of Nephrology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Emil C Reisinger
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Section of Nephrology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Martina Sombetzki
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Section of Nephrology, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
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5
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Han Y, Yue X, Hu CX, Liu F, Liu RD, He MM, Long SR, Cui J, Wang ZQ. Interaction of a Trichinella spiralis cathepsin B with enterocytes promotes the larval intrusion into the cells. Res Vet Sci 2020; 130:110-117. [PMID: 32171999 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cathepsin B is one member of cysteine protease family and widely distributed in organisms, it plays an important function in parasite penetrating, migrating, molting and immune escaping. The aim of this work was to investigate whether exist interaction between a Trichinella spiralis cathepsin B (TsCB) and mouse intestinal epithelium cells (IECs), and its influence in the process of larva cell invasion. The results of ELISA, indirect immunofluorescence assay (IIFA), confocal microscopy and Far western blotting showed that there was a strong specific binding of rTsCB and IEC proteins, and the binding positions were located in cytoplasm and nuclei of IECs. The results of the in vitro larva penetration test revealed that rTsCB facilitated the larva invasion of IECs, whereas anti-rTsCB antibodies impeded partially the larva intrusion of enterocytes, this promotive or inhibitory roles were dose-dependent of rTsCB or anti-rTsCB antibodies. Silencing TsCB by siRNA mediated RNA interference reduced the TsCB expression in T. spiralis larvae, and markedly inhibited the larva penetration of enterocytes. The results indicated that TsCB binding to IECs promoted larva penetration of host's enteral epithelia, and it is a promising molecular target against intestinal invasive stages of T. spiralis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Han
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Xin Yue
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Chen Xi Hu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Ruo Dan Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Ming Ming He
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Shao Rong Long
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
| | - Jing Cui
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China.
| | - Zhong Quan Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Medical College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China.
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6
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Leontovyč A, Ulrychová L, Horn M, Dvořák J. Collection of Excretory/Secretory Products from Individual Developmental Stages of the Blood Fluke Schistosoma mansoni. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2151:55-63. [PMID: 32451995 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0635-3_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Individual developmental stages of blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni excrete or secrete a different set of molecules. Here we describe optimized protocols for collection of excretory/secretory products (E/S products) from cercariae, schistosomula, adult worms, and eggs. These E/S products are essential for successful parasitism functioning at the host-parasite interface, enabling invasion into the host and contributing to the survival of the parasite by modulation of host physiology and immune responses. Collection of sufficient amounts of E/S products is required for detailed research of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Leontovyč
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Ulrychová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Horn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Dvořák
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic. .,Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic. .,Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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Gao H, Tang B, Bai X, Wang L, Wu X, Shi H, Wang X, Liu X, Liu M. Characterization of an antigenic serine protease in the Trichinella spiralis adult. Exp Parasitol 2018; 195:8-18. [PMID: 30248330 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Serine proteases have been identified as important molecules that are involved in many parasitic infections, and these molecules have also been suggested to play important roles in Trichinella spiralis infections. In the present study, the antigenic serine protease gene Ts-ADSp-7, which was screened from a cDNA library of Trichinella spiralis Adults at 3 days post-infection (p.i.), was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The encoded protein, Ts-ADSp-7, revealed a potential trypsin-like serine protease domain but lacked substrate banding site at position 227 and protease activity. Transcription could be detected in the Adult and muscle larval stage but not in the newborn larval stage, where no fluorescent signal was detected. Western blot analysis revealed that the 3 days p.i. Adults and muscle larvae could secrete Ts-ADSp-7. Interestingly, strong fluorescent signal of Ts-ADSp-7 could be detected in the nucleoli of the enlarged muscle cell nuclei from 12 to 16 days p.i. and in the β-stichosomes of the muscle larvae from 16 to 35 days p.i.. The coagulation assay indicated that Ts-ADSp-7 could inhibit intrinsic coagulation pathway. Regarding the putatively important function of the serine protease in the helminth infection to hosts, a total of 81 serine proteases were found in the parasite and mainly comprised eight subfamilies. These subfamilies exhibited high similarity to transmembrane serine protease, coagulation factor XI, lipocalin, guanylin, ceropin, kallikrein, and plasminogen. Moreover, stage specificity was detected in several subfamilies. In summary, the putatively inactive serine protease-like protein Ts-ADSp-7 could inhibit blood coagulation, and the protein is located in the enlarged nuclei of nurse cells during capsule formation. Furthermore, members of the serine protease family in the parasite might be important molecules in the parasite-host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Gao
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, Jilin University, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, PR China
| | - Bin Tang
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, Jilin University, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, PR China
| | - Xue Bai
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, Jilin University, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, PR China
| | - Libo Wang
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, Jilin University, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, PR China
| | - Xiuping Wu
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, Jilin University, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, PR China
| | - Haining Shi
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital East, USA
| | - Xuelin Wang
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, Jilin University, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, PR China
| | - Xiaolei Liu
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, Jilin University, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, PR China.
| | - Mingyuan Liu
- Key Lab for Zoonoses Research, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonoses, Jilin University, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, PR China.
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8
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White Bear J, Long T, Skinner D, McKerrow JH. Predictions of novel Schistosoma mansoni - human protein interactions consistent with experimental data. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13092. [PMID: 30166569 PMCID: PMC6117258 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31272-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection by the human blood fluke, Schistosoma mansoni involves a variety of cross-species protein- protein interactions. The pathogen expresses a diverse arsenal of proteins that facilitate the breach of physical and biochemical barriers present in skin evasion of the immune system, and digestion of human plasma proteins including albumin and hemoglobin, allowing schistosomes to reside in the host for years. However, only a small number of specific interactions between S. mansoni and human proteins have been identified. We present and apply a protocol that generates testable predictions of S. mansoni-human protein interactions. In this study, we have preliminary predictions of novel interactions between schistosome and human proteins relevant to infection and the ability of the parasite to evade the immune system. We applied a computational whole-genome comparative approach to predict potential S. mansoni-human protein interactions based on similarity to known protein complexes. We first predict S. mansoni -human protein interactions based on similarity to known protein complexes. Putative interactions were then scored and assessed using several contextual filters, including the use of annotation automatically derived from literature using a simple natural language processing methodology. Next, in vitro experiments were carried out between schistosome and host proteins to validate several prospective predictions. Our method predicted 7 out of the 10 previously known cross-species interactions involved in pathogenesis between S. mansoni and its human host. Interestingly, two novel putative interactions involving Schistosoma proteins, the cercarial elastase SmCE, and the adult tegument surface protein Sm29, were also predicted and experimentally characterized. Preliminary data suggest that elafin, a host endogenous serine protease inhibitor, may be a novel substrate for SmCE. Additionally, CD59, an inhibitor of the membrane attack complex, could interact with Sm29. Furthermore, the application framework provides an integrated methodology for investigation of host-pathogen interactions and an extensive source of orthogonal data for experimental analysis. We have made the predictions available for community perusal.
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Affiliation(s)
- J White Bear
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- Graduate Group in Bioinformatics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- MIT Lincoln Laboratory 244 Wood St, Lexington, MA, USA.
| | - Thavy Long
- Department of Pathology and Sandler Center for Basic Research in Parasitic Diseases, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
- INRA - InTheRes - UMR 1436, Equipe Transporteurs Membranaires et Résistance, 180, Chemin de Tournefeuille, Toulouse, France
| | - Danielle Skinner
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - James H McKerrow
- Department of Pathology and Sandler Center for Basic Research in Parasitic Diseases, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, 94158, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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Grote A, Caffrey CR, Rebello KM, Smith D, Dalton JP, Lustigman S. Cysteine proteases during larval migration and development of helminths in their final host. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0005919. [PMID: 30138448 PMCID: PMC6107106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neglected tropical diseases caused by metazoan parasites are major public health concerns, and therefore, new methods for their control and elimination are needed. Research over the last 25 years has revealed the vital contribution of cysteine proteases to invasion of and migration by (larval) helminth parasites through host tissues, in addition to their roles in embryogenesis, molting, egg hatching, and yolk degradation. Their central function to maintaining parasite survival in the host has made them prime intervention targets for novel drugs and vaccines. This review focuses on those helminth cysteine proteases that have been functionally characterized during the varied early stages of development in the human host and embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Grote
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Conor R. Caffrey
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Karina M. Rebello
- Laboratório de Toxinologia and Laboratório de Estudos Integrados em Protozoologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - David Smith
- School of Biological Sciences, Medical Biology Centre, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - John P. Dalton
- School of Biological Sciences, Medical Biology Centre, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Lustigman
- Lindsley F. Kimball Research Institute, New York Blood Center, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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10
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Sanya RE, Nkurunungi G, Andia Biraro I, Mpairwe H, Elliott AM. A life without worms. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2018; 111:3-11. [PMID: 28340138 PMCID: PMC5412073 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trx010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Worms have co-evolved with humans over millions of years. To survive, they manipulate host systems by modulating immune responses so that they cause (in the majority of hosts) relatively subtle harm. Anthelminthic treatment has been promoted as a measure for averting worm specific pathology and to mitigate subtle morbidities which may include effects on anaemia, growth, cognitive function and economic activity. With our changing environment marked by rapid population growth, urbanisation, better hygiene practices and anthelminthic treatment, there has been a decline in worm infections and other infectious diseases and a rise in non-communicable diseases such as allergy, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. This review reflects upon our age-old interaction with worms, and the broader ramifications of life without worms for vaccine responses and susceptibility to other infections, and for allergy-related and metabolic disease. We touch upon the controversy around the benefits of mass drug administration for the more-subtle morbidities that have been associated with worm infections and then focus our attention on broader, additional aspects of life without worms, which may be either beneficial or detrimental.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Sanya
- MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit, Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda.,College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Gyaviira Nkurunungi
- MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit, Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda.,Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | | | - Harriet Mpairwe
- MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit, Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Alison M Elliott
- MRC/UVRI Uganda Research Unit, Uganda Virus Research Institute, P.O. Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda.,Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
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11
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Dvorak J, Horn M. Serine proteases in schistosomes and other trematodes. Int J Parasitol 2018; 48:333-344. [PMID: 29477711 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Trematodes, also known as flukes, are phylogenetically ancient parasitic organisms. Due to their importance as human and veterinary parasites, their proteins have been investigated extensively as drug and vaccine targets. Among those, proteases, as crucial enzymes for parasite survival, are considered candidate molecules for anti-parasitic interventions. Surprisingly however, trematode serine proteases, in comparison with other groups of proteases, are largely neglected. Genes encoding serine proteases have been identified in trematode genomes in significant abundance, but the biological roles and biochemical functions of these proteases are poorly understood. However, increasing volumes of genomic and proteomic studies, and accumulated experimental evidence, indicate that this class of proteases plays a substantial role in host-parasite interactions and parasite survival. Here, we discuss in detail serine proteases at genomic and protein levels, and their known or hypothetical functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Dvorak
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Kamycka 129, Prague CZ 165 21, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Horn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague CZ 166 10, Czech Republic.
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12
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Grote A, Lustigman S, Ghedin E. Lessons from the genomes and transcriptomes of filarial nematodes. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2017; 215:23-29. [PMID: 28126543 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human filarial infections are a leading cause of morbidity in the developing world. While a small arsenal of drugs exists to treat these infections, there remains a tremendous need for the development of additional interventions. Recent genome sequences and transcriptome analyses of filarial nematodes have provided novel biological insight and allowed for the prediction of novel drug targets as well as potential vaccine candidates. In this review, we discuss the currently available data, insights gained into the metabolism of these organisms, and how the filaria field can move forward by leveraging these data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Grote
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, USA
| | | | - Elodie Ghedin
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, USA.
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13
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Cai P, Gobert GN, You H, McManus DP. The Tao survivorship of schistosomes: implications for schistosomiasis control. Int J Parasitol 2016; 46:453-63. [PMID: 26873753 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, caused by blood flukes of the genus Schistosoma, is a major public health problem which contributes substantially to the economic and financial burdens of many nations in the developing world. An array of survival strategies, such as the unique structure of the tegument which acts as a major host-parasite interface, immune modulation mechanisms, gene regulation, and apoptosis and self-renewal have been adopted by schistosome parasites over the course of long-term evolution with their mammalian definitive hosts. Recent generation of complete schistosome genomes together with numerous biological, immunological, high-throughput "-omics" and gene function studies have revealed the Tao or strategies that schistosomes employ not only to promote long-term survival, but also to ensure effective life cycle transmission. New scenarios for the future control of this important neglected tropical disease will present themselves as our understanding of these Tao increases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Cai
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Geoffrey N Gobert
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - Hong You
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland, Australia
| | - Donald P McManus
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Queensland, Australia.
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14
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Liu M, Ju C, Du XF, Shen HM, Wang JP, Li J, Zhang XM, Feng Z, Hu W. Proteomic Analysis on Cercariae and Schistosomula in Reference to Potential Proteases Involved in Host Invasion of Schistosoma japonicum Larvae. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:4623-34. [PMID: 26370134 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a parasitic zoonosis posing great threat to human health. The infection is acquired by larval cercariae penetrating host skin and transforming into juveniles, schistosomula. Proteolytic enzymes secreted from the cercarial acetabular glands are known to aid to the skin penetration, but molecular mechanisms remain largely unclear. To profile the protein composition and identify potential invasive proteases, we developed a new method for simulating cercarial transformation and collecting schistosomula, and for the first time, we compared the proteomes of Schistosoma japonicum cercariae and schistosomula by using in-gel shotgun proteomic analysis. Totally, 1972 proteins were identified in association with ten main biological processes based on Gene Ontology analysis; 46 proteases were detected in cercariae, and among them, 25 proteases disappeared after penetrated. Notably, leishmanolysins and serine and cysteine proteases were found abundant but differentially expressed. Recombinant serine protease SjCE2b and cysteine protease SjCB2 were produced and used for validation of native proteins. Immunofluorescence and Western blotting assays detected SjCE2b and SjCB2 in cercariae but not in schistosomula, suggesting the two enzymes might be consumed upon skin migration. Our data comprehensively chart the proteomic changes during cercarial invasion, revealing the potential proteases involved, providing a platform for the development of molecular anti-infection strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University , 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Chuan Ju
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of Ministry of Public Health, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Du
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University , 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hai-Mo Shen
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of Ministry of Public Health, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ji-Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University , 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University , 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xu-Min Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University , 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Zheng Feng
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of Ministry of Public Health, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Wei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Microbiology and Microbial Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University , 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China.,Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of Ministry of Public Health, National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention , 207 Rui Jin Er Road, Shanghai 200025, China.,State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University , 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
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15
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Sanin DE, Prendergast CT, Mountford AP. IL-10 Production in Macrophages Is Regulated by a TLR-Driven CREB-Mediated Mechanism That Is Linked to Genes Involved in Cell Metabolism. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 195:1218-32. [PMID: 26116503 PMCID: PMC4505959 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
IL-10 is produced by macrophages in diverse immune settings and is critical in limiting immune-mediated pathology. In helminth infections, macrophages are an important source of IL-10; however, the molecular mechanism underpinning production of IL-10 by these cells is poorly characterized. In this study, bone marrow-derived macrophages exposed to excretory/secretory products released by Schistosoma mansoni cercariae rapidly produce IL-10 as a result of MyD88-mediated activation of MEK/ERK/RSK and p38. The phosphorylation of these kinases was triggered by TLR2 and TLR4 and converged on activation of the transcription factor CREB. Following phosphorylation, CREB is recruited to a novel regulatory element in the Il10 promoter and is also responsible for regulating a network of genes involved in metabolic processes, such as glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Moreover, skin-resident tissue macrophages, which encounter S. mansoni excretory/secretory products during infection, are the first monocytes to produce IL-10 in vivo early postinfection with S. mansoni cercariae. The early and rapid release of IL-10 by these cells has the potential to condition the dermal microenvironment encountered by immune cells recruited to this infection site, and we propose a mechanism by which CREB regulates the production of IL-10 by macrophages in the skin, but also has a major effect on their metabolic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Sanin
- Department of Biology, Centre for Immunology and Infection, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Catriona T Prendergast
- Department of Biology, Centre for Immunology and Infection, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian P Mountford
- Department of Biology, Centre for Immunology and Infection, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
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16
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van der Ree AM, Mutapi F. The helminth parasite proteome at the host-parasite interface - Informing diagnosis and control. Exp Parasitol 2015; 157:48-58. [PMID: 26116863 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Helminth parasites are a significant health burden for humans in the developing world and also cause substantial economic losses in livestock production across the world. The combined lack of vaccines for the major human and veterinary helminth parasites in addition to the development of drug resistance to anthelmintics in sheep and cattle mean that controlling helminth infection and pathology remains a challenge. However, recent high throughput technological advances mean that screening for potential drug and vaccine candidates is now easier than in previous decades. A better understanding of the host-parasite interactions occurring during infection and pathology and identifying pathways that can be therapeutically targeted for more effective and 'evolution proof' interventions is now required. This review highlights some of the advances that have been made in understanding the host-parasite interface in helminth infections using studies of the temporal expression of parasite proteins, i.e. the parasite proteome, and discuss areas for potential future research and translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M van der Ree
- Institute of Immunology & Infection Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Francisca Mutapi
- Institute of Immunology & Infection Research, Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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17
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Bourke CD, Prendergast CT, Sanin DE, Oulton TE, Hall RJ, Mountford AP. Epidermal keratinocytes initiate wound healing and pro-inflammatory immune responses following percutaneous schistosome infection. Int J Parasitol 2015; 45:215-24. [PMID: 25575749 PMCID: PMC4365920 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Keratinocytes constitute the majority of cells in the skin's epidermis, the first line of defence against percutaneous pathogens. Schistosome larvae (cercariae) actively penetrate the epidermis to establish infection, however the response of keratinocytes to invading cercariae has not been investigated. Here we address the hypothesis that cercariae activate epidermal keratinocytes to promote the development of a pro-inflammatory immune response in the skin. C57BL/6 mice were exposed to Schistosoma mansoni cercariae via each pinna and non-haematopoietic cells isolated from epidermal tissue were characterised for the presence of different keratinocyte sub-sets at 6, 24 and 96 h p.i. We identified an expansion of epidermal keratinocyte precursors (CD45(-), CD326(-), CD34(+)) within 24 h of infection relative to naïve animals. Following infection, cells within the precursor population displayed a more differentiated phenotype (α6integrin(-)) than in uninfected skin. Parallel immunohistochemical analysis of pinnae cryosections showed that this expansion corresponded to an increase in the intensity of CD34 staining, specifically in the basal bulge region of hair follicles of infected mice, and a higher frequency of keratinocyte Ki67(+) nuclei in both the hair follicle and interfollicular epidermis. Expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine and stress-associated keratin 6b genes was also transiently upregulated in the epidermal tissue of infected mice. In vitro exposure of keratinocyte precursors isolated from neonatal mouse skin to excretory/secretory antigens released by penetrating cercariae elicited IL-1α and IL-1β production, supporting a role for keratinocyte precursors in initiating cutaneous inflammatory immune responses. Together, these observations indicate that S.mansoni cercariae and their excretory/secretory products act directly upon epidermal keratinocytes, which respond by initiating barrier repair and pro-inflammatory mechanisms similar to those observed in epidermal wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire D Bourke
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.
| | | | - David E Sanin
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Tate E Oulton
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca J Hall
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian P Mountford
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
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18
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Liu S, Cai P, Piao X, Hou N, Zhou X, Wu C, Wang H, Chen Q. Expression profile of the Schistosoma japonicum degradome reveals differential protease expression patterns and potential anti-schistosomal intervention targets. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1003856. [PMID: 25275570 PMCID: PMC4183426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood fluke proteases play pivotal roles in the processes of invasion, nutrition acquisition, immune evasion, and other host-parasite interactions. Hundreds of genes encoding putative proteases have been identified in the recently published schistosome genomes. However, the expression profiles of these proteases in Schistosoma species have not yet been systematically analyzed. We retrieved and culled the redundant protease sequences of Schistosoma japonicum, Schistosoma mansoni, Echinococcus multilocularis, and Clonorchis sinensis from public databases utilizing bioinformatic approaches. The degradomes of the four parasitic organisms and Homo sapiens were then comparatively analyzed. A total of 262 S. japonicum protease sequences were obtained and the expression profiles generated using whole-genome microarray. Four main clusters of protease genes with different expression patterns were identified: proteases up-regulated in hepatic schistosomula and adult worms, egg-specific or predominantly expressed proteases, cercaria-specific or predominantly expressed proteases, and constantly expressed proteases. A subset of protease genes with different expression patterns were further validated using real-time quantitative PCR. The present study represents the most comprehensive analysis of a degradome in Schistosoma species to date. These results provide a firm foundation for future research on the specific function(s) of individual proteases and may help to refine anti-proteolytic strategies in blood flukes. Parasite proteases play critical roles in host-parasite interactions and thus are considered to be potential anti-schistosomal targets. Although numerous schistosome proteases have been predicted based on recently published genomes, no systematic analysis of their expression in Schistosoma species has been performed. Thus, we comparatively analyzed the degradomes of four parasitic organisms and human host, and performed whole-genome microarray analysis to analyze the expression profile of the Schistosoma japonicum degradome at four developmental stages. The expression profile generated for the S. japonicum degradome was divided into four main clusters with different expression patterns, and a subset of selected proteases were further validated using real-time quantitative PCR. Our work is the most comprehensive analysis of a degradome in Schistosoma species to date. Many protease genes were first characterized in blood flukes, and some could be treated as potential anti-schistosomal targets for intensive research in the future. The results provide a firm foundation for deep study on the specific function(s) of individual proteases or protease families in schistosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Liu
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Pengfei Cai
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xianyu Piao
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Hou
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaosu Zhou
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chuang Wu
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Heng Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Institute of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qijun Chen
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- * E-mail:
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19
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Functional characterization of SjB10, an intracellular serpin from Schistosoma japonicum. Parasitology 2014; 141:1746-60. [PMID: 25137634 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182014001061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY Serine protease inhibitors (serpin) play essential roles in many organisms. Mammalian serpins regulate the blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, inflammation and complement activation pathways. In parasitic helminths, serpins are less well characterized, but may also be involved in evasion of the host immune response. In this study, a Schistosoma japonicum serpin (SjB10), containing a 1212 bp open reading frame (ORF), was cloned, expressed and functionally characterized. Sequence analysis, comparative modelling and structural-based alignment revealed that SjB10 contains the essential structural motifs and consensus secondary structures of inhibitory serpins. Transcriptional profiling demonstrated that SjB10 is expressed in adult males, schistosomula and eggs but particularly in the cercariae, suggesting a possible role in cercarial penetration of mammalian host skin. Recombinant SjB10 (rSjB10) inhibited pancreatic elastase (PE) in a dose-dependent manner. rSjB10 was recognized strongly by experimentally infected rat sera indicating that native SjB10 is released into host tissue and induces an immune response. By immunochemistry, SjB10 localized in the S. japonicum adult foregut and extra-embryonic layer of the egg. This study provides a comprehensive demonstration of sequence and structural-based analysis of a functional S. japonicum serpin. Furthermore, our findings suggest that SjB10 may be associated with important functional roles in S. japonicum particularly in host-parasite interactions.
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20
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Redpath SA, Fonseca NM, Perona-Wright G. Protection and pathology during parasite infection: IL-10 strikes the balance. Parasite Immunol 2014; 36:233-52. [PMID: 24666543 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The host response to infection requires an immune response to be strong enough to control the pathogen but also restrained, to minimize immune-mediated pathology. The conflicting pressures of immune activation and immune suppression are particularly apparent in parasite infections, where co-evolution of host and pathogen has selected many different compromises between protection and pathology. Cytokine signals are critical determinants of both protective immunity and immunopathology, and, in this review, we focus on the regulatory cytokine IL-10 and its role in protozoan and helminth infections. We discuss the sources and targets of IL-10 during parasite infection, the signals that initiate and reinforce its action, and its impact on the invading parasite, on the host tissue, and on coincident immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Redpath
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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21
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Boyett D, Hsieh MH. Wormholes in host defense: how helminths manipulate host tissues to survive and reproduce. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004014. [PMID: 24743351 PMCID: PMC3990715 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Boyett
- Program in Human Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Michael H. Hsieh
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Horn M, Fajtová P, Rojo Arreola L, Ulrychová L, Bartošová-Sojková P, Franta Z, Protasio AV, Opavský D, Vondrášek J, McKerrow JH, Mareš M, Caffrey CR, Dvořák J. Trypsin- and Chymotrypsin-like serine proteases in schistosoma mansoni-- 'the undiscovered country'. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2766. [PMID: 24676141 PMCID: PMC3967958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Blood flukes (Schistosoma spp.) are parasites that can survive for years or decades in the vasculature of permissive mammalian hosts, including humans. Proteolytic enzymes (proteases) are crucial for successful parasitism, including aspects of invasion, maturation and reproduction. Most attention has focused on the ‘cercarial elastase’ serine proteases that facilitate skin invasion by infective schistosome larvae, and the cysteine and aspartic proteases that worms use to digest the blood meal. Apart from the cercarial elastases, information regarding other S. mansoni serine proteases (SmSPs) is limited. To address this, we investigated SmSPs using genomic, transcriptomic, phylogenetic and functional proteomic approaches. Methodology/Principal Findings Genes encoding five distinct SmSPs, termed SmSP1 - SmSP5, some of which comprise disparate protein domains, were retrieved from the S. mansoni genome database and annotated. Reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT- qPCR) in various schistosome developmental stages indicated complex expression patterns for SmSPs, including their constituent protein domains. SmSP2 stood apart as being massively expressed in schistosomula and adult stages. Phylogenetic analysis segregated SmSPs into diverse clusters of family S1 proteases. SmSP1 to SmSP4 are trypsin-like proteases, whereas SmSP5 is chymotrypsin-like. In agreement, trypsin-like activities were shown to predominate in eggs, schistosomula and adults using peptidyl fluorogenic substrates. SmSP5 is particularly novel in the phylogenetics of family S1 schistosome proteases, as it is part of a cluster of sequences that fill a gap between the highly divergent cercarial elastases and other family S1 proteases. Conclusions/Significance Our series of post-genomics analyses clarifies the complexity of schistosome family S1 serine proteases and highlights their interrelationships, including the cercarial elastases and, not least, the identification of a ‘missing-link’ protease cluster, represented by SmSP5. A framework is now in place to guide the characterization of individual proteases, their stage-specific expression and their contributions to parasitism, in particular, their possible modulation of host physiology. Schistosomes are blood flukes that live in the blood system and cause chronic and debilitating infection in hundreds of millions of people. Proteolytic enzymes (proteases) produced by the parasite allow it to survive and reproduce. We focused on understanding the repertoire of trypsin- and chymotrypsin-like Schistosoma mansoni serine proteases (SmSPs) using a variety of genomic, bioinformatics, RNA- and protein-based techniques. We identified five SmSPs that are produced at different stages of the parasite's development. Based on bioinformatics and cleavage preferences for small peptide substrates, SmSP1 to SmSP4 are trypsin-like, whereas SmSP5 is chymotrypsin-like. Interestingly, SmSP5 forms part of a ‘missing link’ group of enzymes between the specialized chymotrypsin-like ‘cercarial elastases’ that help the parasite invade human skin and the more typical chymotrypsins and trypsins found in the nature. Our findings form a basis for further exploration of the functions of the individual enzymes, including their possible contributions to influencing host physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Horn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Fajtová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Liliana Rojo Arreola
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lenka Ulrychová
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavla Bartošová-Sojková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Franta
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Project Group Bioresources, Gießen, Germany
| | - Anna V. Protasio
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - David Opavský
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Vondrášek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - James H. McKerrow
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Michael Mareš
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Conor R. Caffrey
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jan Dvořák
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
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23
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Pseudotyped murine leukemia virus for schistosome transgenesis: approaches, methods and perspectives. Transgenic Res 2014; 23:539-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s11248-013-9779-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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24
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Wilson RA. Virulence factors of schistosomes. Microbes Infect 2012; 14:1442-50. [PMID: 22982150 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This review considers whether the products of schistosomes in the mammalian host can be considered as virulence factors. These include: the cercarial secretions used in infection, those of the migrating schistosomulum, surface-exposed proteins of adult worms in the portal system and their gut vomitus in the context of immune evasion, secretions of the egg facilitating its escape from gut tissues and micro-exon gene products.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Alan Wilson
- Centre for Immunology & Infection, Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
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25
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Ingram JR, Rafi SB, Eroy-Reveles AA, Ray M, Lambeth L, Hsieh I, Ruelas D, Lim KC, Sakanari J, Craik CS, Jacobson MP, McKerrow JH. Investigation of the proteolytic functions of an expanded cercarial elastase gene family in Schistosoma mansoni. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1589. [PMID: 22509414 PMCID: PMC3317910 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cercarial elastase is the major invasive larval protease in Schistosoma mansoni, a parasitic blood fluke, and is essential for host skin invasion. Genome sequence analysis reveals a greatly expanded family of cercarial elastase gene isoforms in Schistosoma mansoni. This expansion appears to be unique to S. mansoni, and it is unknown whether gene duplication has led to divergent protease function. Methods Profiling of transcript and protein expression patterns reveals that cercarial elastase isoforms are similarly expressed throughout the S. mansoni life cycle. Computational modeling predicts key differences in the substrate-binding pockets of various cercarial elastase isoforms, suggesting a diversification of substrate preferences compared with the ancestral gene of the family. In addition, active site labeling of SmCE reveals that it is activated prior to exit of the parasite from its intermediate snail host. Conclusions The expansion of the cercarial gene family in S. mansoni is likely to be an example of gene dosage. In addition to its critical role in human skin penetration, data presented here suggests a novel role for the protease in egress from the intermediate snail host. This study demonstrates how enzyme activity-based analysis complements genomic and proteomic studies, and is key in elucidating proteolytic function. Schistosome parasites are a major cause of disease in the developing world. The larval stage of the parasite transitions between an intermediate snail host and a definitive human host in a dramatic fashion, burrowing out of the snail and subsequently penetrating human skin. This process is facilitated by secreted proteases. In Schistosoma mansoni, cercarial elastase is the predominant secreted protease and essential for host skin invasion. Genomic analysis reveals a greatly expanded cercarial elastase gene family in S. mansoni. Despite sequence divergence, SmCE isoforms show similar expression profiles throughout the S. mansoni life cycle and have largely similar substrate specificities, suggesting that the majority of protease isoforms are functionally redundant and therefore their expansion is an example of gene dosage. However, activity-based profiling also indicates that a subset of SmCE isoforms are activated prior to the parasite's exit from its intermediate snail host, suggesting that the protease may also have a role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica R. Ingram
- Tetrad Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Salma B. Rafi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - A. Alegra Eroy-Reveles
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Manisha Ray
- Tetrad Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Laura Lambeth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ivy Hsieh
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Debbie Ruelas
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - K. C. Lim
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Judy Sakanari
- Sandler Center for Drug Discovery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Charles S. Craik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Matthew P. Jacobson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - James H. McKerrow
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Sandler Center for Drug Discovery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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