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Gritti T, Carra E, Van der Auwera G, Solana JC, Gaspari V, Trincone S, Ortalli M, Rabitti A, Reggiani A, Rugna G, Varani S. Molecular Typing of Leishmania spp. Causing Tegumentary Leishmaniasis in Northeastern Italy, 2014-2020. Pathogens 2023; 13:19. [PMID: 38251327 PMCID: PMC10820635 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) is endemic but neglected in southern Europe. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the Leishmania strains causing TL cases in northeastern Italy, where an upsurge of TL cases has been observed in the last decade. Sections from 109 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) biopsies of skin and mucosal tissues were collected from TL cases in the selected area. Two DNA targets were amplified and sequenced: the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) and the heat-shock protein 70 gene (hsp70). An in silico analysis was also performed on 149 genomes belonging to the Leishmania donovani complex. A total of 88 out of 109 (80.7%) samples from 83 TL cases were successfully typed by ITS1 and/or hsp70. ITS1 analysis identified L. infantum in 67 cases (91.8%), while L. major (n = 4, 5.5%) and L. tropica (n = 2, 2.7%) were detected in the remaining cases that were categorized as imported. Further, the hsp70 typing of 75 autochthonous cases showed the presence of eight distinct sequence variants belonging to the Leishmania donovani complex, with high genetic variability when compared to known L. infantum populations. In conclusion, our findings show that peculiar L. infantum variants are emerging in the novel focus on TL in northeastern Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Gritti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (T.G.); (M.O.); (S.V.)
| | - Elena Carra
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (E.C.); (A.R.)
| | | | - José Carlos Solana
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28022 Madrid, Spain
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28022 Majadahonda, Spain
| | - Valeria Gaspari
- Unit of Dermatology, Head and Neck Department, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvana Trincone
- Unit of Dermatology, Ospedale Bufalini, Azienda Unità Sanitaria Locale della Romagna, 47521 Cesena, Italy;
| | - Margherita Ortalli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (T.G.); (M.O.); (S.V.)
- Unit of Microbiology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alice Rabitti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (E.C.); (A.R.)
| | - Alessandro Reggiani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (E.C.); (A.R.)
| | - Gianluca Rugna
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (E.C.); (A.R.)
| | - Stefania Varani
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (T.G.); (M.O.); (S.V.)
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Mouri O, Melenotte C, Guéry R, Cotteret C, Schweitzer-Chaput A, Perignon A, Thellier M, Bourrat E, Kaguelidou F, Siriez JY, Malvy D, Gangneux JP, Duvignaud A, Ravel C, Cisternino S, Ransom J, Caumes E, Lortholary O, Grogl M, Buffet P. Self-application of aminoglycoside-based creams to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis in travelers. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011492. [PMID: 37561802 PMCID: PMC10443860 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In endemic foci, the use of an aquaphilic cream containing paromomycin with/without gentamicin to treat cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is safe, painless and cures 78-82% of patients with New and Old World CL. Self-application in travelers requires evaluation. METHODS Travelers with 1-10 lesions of confirmed CL were prospectively treated with the paromomycin-gentamicin formulation (WR279396, 2012-2017, Group 1) and carefully follow up, or treated with a locally produced paromomycin-only cream (2018-2022, Group 2). The cream was applied once under supervision, then self-applied daily for 20-30 days. A cured lesion was defined as 100% re-epithelialization at day 42 without relapse at three months. RESULTS Medical features were similar in Group 1 (17 patients), and Group 2 (23 patients). Patients were infected with either Leishmania major, L. infantum, L. killicki, L. guyanensis, L. braziliensis, or L. naiffi. Intention-to-treat and per-protocol cure rates were 82% (95% confidence interval (CI) [64.23;100.00]) and 87% (95% CI [71,29;100.00]) in Group 1, and 69% (95% CI [50.76; 88.37]) and 76% (95% CI [57.97; 94.41]) in Group 2. In the pooled Group 1&2, 75% (95% CI [61.58;88.42]) (30/40) and 81% (95% CI [68,46;93.6]) (30/37) of patients were cured in intention-to-treat and per-protocol, respectively. There were no significant differences observed in the success rates between Old World and New World CL (83.3% vs. 60%, p = 0.14). Prospective observations in Group 1 showed that adverse events were mainly pruritus (24%) and pain (18%) on lesions (all mild or moderate). No mucosal involvement was observed in either group. DISCUSSION In this representative population of travelers who acquired CL either in the Old or New World, the 81% per-protocol cure rate of a self-applied aminoglycoside cream was similar to that observed in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oussama Mouri
- AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Parasitologie, Paris, France
| | - Cléa Melenotte
- Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Services de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Assistance-Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Romain Guéry
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Hôpital du Confluent, Nantes, Paris, France
| | - Camille Cotteret
- Pharmacie, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades Assistance-Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Schweitzer-Chaput
- Pharmacie, Hôpital Universitaire Necker-Enfants Malades Assistance-Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Alice Perignon
- Service des maladies infectieuses et tropicales, groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Marc Thellier
- AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Parasitologie, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Bourrat
- Service de dermatologie Hôpital Saint Louis APHP Paris, Paris, France
- Service de pédiatre générale Hôpital Robert Debré APHP Paris, Paris, France
- Centre d’Investigations Cliniques, INSERM CIC1426, Hôpital Robert Debré, APHP.Nord, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Florentia Kaguelidou
- Centre d’Investigations Cliniques, INSERM CIC1426, Hôpital Robert Debré, APHP. Nord, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jean Yves Siriez
- Hôpital Robert-Debré, Service d’Accueil des Urgences pédiatriques, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 48 boulevard Sérurier, Paris, France
| | - Denis Malvy
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM) UMR 1219, Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD) EMR 271, Bordeaux Population Health Research Centre, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Gangneux
- Univ Rennes, CHU Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail)–UMR_S 1085, Rennes, France
| | - Alexandre Duvignaud
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM) UMR 1219, Research Institute for Sustainable Development (IRD) EMR 271, Bordeaux Population Health Research Centre, Bordeaux, France
| | - Christophe Ravel
- Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire de Montpellier, MiVEGEC, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CNR Leishmanioses, Montpellier, France
| | - Salvatore Cisternino
- Université de Paris, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, Department of pharmacy, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France; Université de Paris, Inserm, UMRS-1144, Faculté de Pharmacie, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Paris, France
| | - Janet Ransom
- Fast-Track Drugs and Biologics, North Potomac, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Eric Caumes
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Paris, France
- Centre de diagnostic, Hôpital de l’Hôtel-Dieu,-Paris, France
| | - Olivier Lortholary
- Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Services de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Assistance-Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Paris University, Necker-Pasteur Center for Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, AP-HP, IHU Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Max Grogl
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario “12 de Octubre”, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital 12 de Octubre (imas12). CIBERINFEC, ISCIII. Department of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
- US Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Lima, Peru
| | - Pierre Buffet
- Centre d’Infectiologie Necker-Pasteur, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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El Mazini S, Barhoumi M, Mhaidi I, Daoui O, Kbaich MA, El Kacem S, El Idrissi Saik I, Riyad M, Bekhti K, Guizani I, Lemrani M. Genetic Diversity and Population Structure of Leishmania infantum in Morocco as Revealed by Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) Approach. Pathogens 2023; 12:785. [PMID: 37375475 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania infantum is endemic in Morocco, and it causes both visceral (VL) and cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). In this study, the multilocus sequence typing (MLST) approach was used to investigate the phylogeny and population structure of Leishmania infantum strains isolated from CL and VL patients and the canine reservoir in different leishmaniasis endemic foci in Morocco. For this purpose, eight loci (pgm, alat, me, fh, g6pd, pgd, gpi and cytb) were amplified in 40 samples, out of which 31 were successfully sequenced. The genetic diversity analysis detected a high degree of intraspecific genetic variability among the studied strains. The phylogenetic and the haplotype analyses showed that most of the strains from the same geographical areas clustered together. The recombination among Leishmania infantum strains was revealed through a splits tree analysis and the number of recombination events. Moreover, the assessment of the gene flow between Leishmania infantum and Leishmania tropica through phylogenetic analysis and haplotype diversity in two endemic foci where the two species were sympatric showed no genetic exchange between the two species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara El Mazini
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne-Diseases, Institut Pasteur du Morocco, Casablanca 20360, Morocco
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Bioactive Molecules, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, Fes 30000, Morocco
| | - Mourad Barhoumi
- Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology (MEEP)/ LR16IPT04, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, B.P. 74, Tunis 1068, Tunisia
| | - Idris Mhaidi
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne-Diseases, Institut Pasteur du Morocco, Casablanca 20360, Morocco
| | - Othmane Daoui
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne-Diseases, Institut Pasteur du Morocco, Casablanca 20360, Morocco
| | - Mouad Ait Kbaich
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne-Diseases, Institut Pasteur du Morocco, Casablanca 20360, Morocco
| | - Sofia El Kacem
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne-Diseases, Institut Pasteur du Morocco, Casablanca 20360, Morocco
| | - Imane El Idrissi Saik
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne-Diseases, Institut Pasteur du Morocco, Casablanca 20360, Morocco
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Research Team on Immunopathology of Infectious and Systemic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca 21100, Morocco
| | - Myriam Riyad
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Research Team on Immunopathology of Infectious and Systemic Diseases, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca 21100, Morocco
| | - Khadija Bekhti
- Laboratory of Microbial Biotechnology and Bioactive Molecules, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Sidi Mohammed Ben Abdellah University, Fes 30000, Morocco
| | - Ikram Guizani
- Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology (MEEP)/ LR16IPT04, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, B.P. 74, Tunis 1068, Tunisia
| | - Meryem Lemrani
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Vector-Borne-Diseases, Institut Pasteur du Morocco, Casablanca 20360, Morocco
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Llanes A, Cruz G, Morán M, Vega C, Pineda VJ, Ríos M, Penagos H, Suárez JA, Saldaña A, Lleonart R, Restrepo CM. Genomic diversity and genetic variation of Leishmania panamensis within its endemic range. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 103:105342. [PMID: 35878820 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Species belonging to the Leishmania (Viannia) subgenus are important causative agents of cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in Central and South America. These parasites possess several distinctive biological features that are influenced by their genetics, population structure, and genome instability. To date, several studies have revealed varying degrees of genetic diversity within Leishmania species. Particularly, in species of the L. (Viannia) subgenus, a generalized high intraspecific genetic diversity has been reported, although, conflicting conclusions have been drawn using different molecular techniques. Despite being the most common Leishmania species circulating in Panama and Colombia, few studies have analyzed clinical samples of Leishmania panamensis using whole-genome sequencing, and their restricted number of samples has limited the information they can provide to understand the population structure of L. panamensis. Here, we used next generation sequencing (NGS) to explore the genetic diversity of L. panamensis within its endemic range, analyzing data from 43 isolates of Colombian and Panamanian origin. Our results show the occurrence of three well-defined geographically correlated groups, and suggests the possible occurrence of additional phylogeographic groups. Furthermore, these results support the existence of a mixed mode of reproduction in L. panamensis, with varying frequencies of events of genetic recombination occurring primarily within subpopulations of closely related strains. This study offers important insights into the population genetics and reproduction mode of L. panamensis, paving the way to better understand their population structure and the emergence and maintenance of key eco-epidemiological traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Llanes
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panama City, Panama, Panama
| | - Génesis Cruz
- Escuela de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Exactas y Tecnología, Universidad de Panamá, Panama City, Panama, Panama
| | - Mitchelle Morán
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panama City, Panama, Panama
| | - Carlos Vega
- Escuela de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Exactas y Tecnología, Universidad de Panamá, Panama City, Panama, Panama
| | - Vanessa J Pineda
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Panama City, Panama, Panama
| | - Margarita Ríos
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Panama City, Panama, Panama
| | - Homero Penagos
- Hospital Regional Dr. Rafael Hernández, Caja de Seguro Social, David, Chiriquí, Panama; Sistema Nacional de Investigación-Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SNI-SENACYT), Panama City, Panama, Panama
| | - José A Suárez
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Panama City, Panama, Panama; Sistema Nacional de Investigación-Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SNI-SENACYT), Panama City, Panama, Panama
| | - Azael Saldaña
- Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud (ICGES), Panama City, Panama, Panama; Sistema Nacional de Investigación-Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SNI-SENACYT), Panama City, Panama, Panama
| | - Ricardo Lleonart
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panama City, Panama, Panama; Sistema Nacional de Investigación-Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SNI-SENACYT), Panama City, Panama, Panama.
| | - Carlos M Restrepo
- Centro de Biología Celular y Molecular de Enfermedades, Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología (INDICASAT AIP), Panama City, Panama, Panama; Sistema Nacional de Investigación-Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (SNI-SENACYT), Panama City, Panama, Panama.
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Solana JC, Chicharro C, García E, Aguado B, Moreno J, Requena JM. Assembly of a Large Collection of Maxicircle Sequences and Their Usefulness for Leishmania Taxonomy and Strain Typing. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13061070. [PMID: 35741832 PMCID: PMC9222942 DOI: 10.3390/genes13061070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasites of medical importance, such as Leishmania and Trypanosoma, are characterized by the presence of thousands of circular DNA molecules forming a structure known as kinetoplast, within the mitochondria. The maxicircles, which are equivalent to the mitochondrial genome in other eukaryotes, have been proposed as a promising phylogenetic marker. Using whole-DNA sequencing data, it is also possible to assemble maxicircle sequences as shown here and in previous works. In this study, based on data available in public databases and using a bioinformatics workflow previously reported by our group, we assembled the complete coding region of the maxicircles for 26 prototypical strains of trypanosomatid species. Phylogenetic analysis based on this dataset resulted in a robust tree showing an accurate taxonomy of kinetoplastids, which was also able to discern between closely related Leishmania species that are usually difficult to discriminate by classical methodologies. In addition, we provide a dataset of the maxicircle sequences of 60 Leishmania infantum field isolates from America, Western Europe, North Africa, and Eastern Europe. In agreement with previous studies, our data indicate that L. infantum parasites from Brazil are highly homogeneous and closely related to European strains, which were transferred there during the discovery of America. However, this study showed the existence of different L. infantum populations/clades within the Mediterranean region. A maxicircle signature for each clade has been established. Interestingly, two L. infantum clades were found coexisting in the same region of Spain, one similar to the American strains, represented by the Spanish JPCM5 reference strain, and the other, named “non-JPC like”, may be related to an important leishmaniasis outbreak that occurred in Madrid a few years ago. In conclusion, the maxicircle sequence emerges as a robust molecular marker for phylogenetic analysis and species typing within the kinetoplastids, which also has the potential to discriminate intraspecific variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Carlos Solana
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Biología Molecular (IUBM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain; (C.C.); (E.G.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Chicharro
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain; (C.C.); (E.G.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilia García
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain; (C.C.); (E.G.)
| | - Begoña Aguado
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Genomic and NGS Facility (GENGS), 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Javier Moreno
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain; (C.C.); (E.G.)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (J.M.R.)
| | - Jose M. Requena
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Departamento de Biología Molecular, Instituto Universitario de Biología Molecular (IUBM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (J.M.); (J.M.R.)
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Van der Auwera G, Davidsson L, Buffet P, Ruf MT, Gramiccia M, Varani S, Chicharro C, Bart A, Harms G, Chiodini PL, Brekke H, Robert-Gangneux F, Cortes S, Verweij JJ, Scarabello A, Karlsson Söbirk S, Guéry R, van Henten S, Di Muccio T, Carra E, van Thiel P, Vandeputte M, Gaspari V, Blum J. Surveillance of leishmaniasis cases from 15 European centres, 2014 to 2019: a retrospective analysis. EURO SURVEILLANCE : BULLETIN EUROPEEN SUR LES MALADIES TRANSMISSIBLES = EUROPEAN COMMUNICABLE DISEASE BULLETIN 2022; 27. [PMID: 35086613 PMCID: PMC8796293 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2022.27.4.2002028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Surveillance of human leishmaniasis in Europe is mostly limited to country-specific information from autochthonous infections in the southern part. As at the end of 2021, no integrated analysis has been performed for cases seen across centres in different European countries. Aim To provide a broad perspective on autochthonous and imported leishmaniasis cases in endemic and non-endemic countries in Europe. Methods We retrospectively collected records from cutaneous, mucosal and visceral leishmaniasis cases diagnosed in 15 centres between 2014 and 2019. Centres were located in 11 countries: Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Data on country of infection, reason for travelling, infecting species, age and sex were analysed. Results We obtained diagnostic files from 1,142 cases, of which 76%, 21% and 3% had cutaneous, visceral, and mucosal disease, respectively. Of these, 68% were men, and 32% women, with the median age of 37 years (range: 0–90) at diagnosis. Visceral leishmaniasis was mainly acquired in Europe (88%; 167/190), while cutaneous leishmaniasis was primarily imported from outside Europe (77%; 575/749). Sixty-two percent of cutaneous leishmaniasis cases from outside Europe were from the Old World, and 38% from the New World. Geographic species distribution largely confirmed known epidemiology, with notable exceptions. Conclusions Our study confirms previous reports regarding geographic origin, species, and traveller subgroups importing leishmaniasis into Europe. We demonstrate the importance of pooling species typing data from many centres, even from areas where the aetiology is presumably known, to monitor changing epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pierre Buffet
- Service des maladies infectieuses et tropicales, AP-HP, Hopital Necker, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Thérèse Ruf
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Stefania Varani
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Aldert Bart
- Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gundel Harms
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt - Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Sofia Cortes
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jaco J Verweij
- Microvida Laboratory for Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Elisabeth-TweeSteden Hospital, Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Elena Carra
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell' Emilia-Romagna 'Bruno Ubertini', Brescia, Italy
| | | | | | - Valeria Gaspari
- IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Johannes Blum
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
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- The members of the network are listed under Investigators
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Bel Hadj Ali I, Chouaieb H, Saadi Ben Aoun Y, Harigua-Souiai E, Souguir H, Yaacoub A, El Dbouni O, Harrat Z, Mukhtar MM, Ben Said M, Haddad N, Fathallah-Mili A, Guizani I. Dipeptidyl peptidase III as a DNA marker to investigate epidemiology and taxonomy of Old World Leishmania species. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009530. [PMID: 34310607 PMCID: PMC8341715 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dipeptidyl peptidase III (DPPIII) member of M49 peptidase family is a zinc-dependent metallopeptidase that cleaves dipeptides sequentially from the N-terminus of its substrates. In Leishmania, DPPIII, was reported with other peptidases to play a significant role in parasites' growth and survival. In a previous study, we used a coding sequence annotated as DPPIII to develop and evaluate a PCR assay that is specific to dermotropic Old World (OW) Leishmania species. Thus, our objective was to further assess use of this gene for Leishmania species identification and for phylogeny, and thus for diagnostic and molecular epidemiology studies of Old World Leishmania species. METHODOLOGY Orthologous DDPIII genes were searched in all Leishmania genomes and aligned to design PCR primers and identify relevant restriction enzymes. A PCR assays was developed and seventy-two Leishmania fragment sequences were analyzed using MEGA X genetics software to infer evolution and phylogenetic relationships of studied species and strains. A PCR-RFLP scheme was also designed and tested on 58 OW Leishmania strains belonging to 8 Leishmania species and evaluated on 75 human clinical skin samples. FINDINGS Sequence analysis showed 478 variable sites (302 being parsimony informative). Test of natural selection (dN-dS) (-0.164, SE = 0.013) inferred a negative selection, characteristic of essential genes, corroborating the DPPIII importance for parasite survival. Inter- and intra-specific genetic diversity was used to develop universal amplification of a 662bp fragment. Sequence analyses and phylogenies confirmed occurrence of 6 clusters congruent to L. major, L. tropica, L. aethiopica, L. arabica, L. turanica, L. tarentolae species, and one to the L. infantum and L. donovani species complex. A PCR-RFLP algorithm for Leishmania species identification was designed using double digestions with HaeIII and KpnI and with SacI and PvuII endonucleases. Overall, this PCR-RFLP yielded distinct profiles for each of the species L. major, L. tropica, L. aethiopica, L. arabica and L. turanica and the L. (Sauroleishmania) L. tarentolae. The species L. donovani, and L. infantum shared the same profile except for strains of Indian origin. When tested on clinical samples, the DPPIII PCR showed sensitivities of 82.22% when compared to direct examination and was able to identify 84.78% of the positive samples. CONCLUSION The study demonstrates that DPPIII gene is suitable to detect and identify Leishmania species and to complement other molecular methods for leishmaniases diagnosis and epidemiology. Thus, it can contribute to evidence-based disease control and surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insaf Bel Hadj Ali
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Hamed Chouaieb
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
- Service de parasitologie, EPS Farhat Hached, Faculté de Médecine de Sousse, Université de Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Yusr Saadi Ben Aoun
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Emna Harigua-Souiai
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Hejer Souguir
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Alia Yaacoub
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
- Service de parasitologie, EPS Farhat Hached, Faculté de Médecine de Sousse, Université de Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Oussaïma El Dbouni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Rafik Hariri Hospital, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Zoubir Harrat
- Laboratoire d’Eco-épidémiologie Parasitaire et Génétique des Populations, Institut Pasteur d’Algérie, Algiers, Algeria
| | | | - Moncef Ben Said
- Service de parasitologie, EPS Farhat Hached, Faculté de Médecine de Sousse, Université de Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Nabil Haddad
- Laboratory of Immunology and Vector-Borne Diseases, Faculty of Public Health Lebanese University, Hadath, Lebanon
| | - Akila Fathallah-Mili
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
- Service de parasitologie, EPS Farhat Hached, Faculté de Médecine de Sousse, Université de Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Ikram Guizani
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology and Experimental Pathology, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
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Izri A, Bendjaballah-Laliam A, Sereno D, Akhoundi M. Updates on Geographical Dispersion of Leishmania Parasites Causing Cutaneous Affections in Algeria. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10030267. [PMID: 33669099 PMCID: PMC7996526 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10030267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniases are neglected tropical diseases of public health concern in Algeria. To update the geographical distribution of Leishmania spp. causing cutaneous affection, we examined a set of Giemsa-stained smears prepared from skin lesions of the patients suspected to have cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in various geographical areas in Algeria. The identification of Leishmania parasites was performed using microscopy, conventional PCR, and PCR-RFLP (PCR-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) targeting ITS1-rDNA. Among 32 smears provided from 27 suspected patients with cutaneous lesions, no trace of parasites was observed in the smear of three patients using microscopy and molecular approaches. Furthermore, four patients presented at least two lesions. PCR-RFLP confirmed the presence of Leishmania in 29 smears prepared from 24 patients. Two biopsies, negative after microscopic examination, were found positive by PCR. Of these 29 PCR positive smears (24 patients), 20 were identified using RFLP-PCR as L. major, two as L. tropica, and two as L. infantum. We found L. major infected patients from Ain skhouna, Biskra, El M'hir, Ghardaïa, M'Sila, and Saida, in agreement with previously reported cases. Furthermore, we highlighted for the first time, the identification of L. major in the patients from Bourkika, Bou Kremissa, Bou Saada Clef, Hajout, Maghnia, Médéa, Menaceur, Messad, Mostaghanem, Nador, Oran, and Sidi Okba. A phylogenetic reconstruction performed with sequences collected from the PCR products confirmed these identifications. Our data provide additional information on the geographical extension of CL caused by L. tropica and L. infantum in Algeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezki Izri
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, 93009 Bobigny, France;
- Unité des Virus Émergents (UVE: Aix-Marseille Univ-IRD 190-Inserm 1207-IHU Méditerranée Infection), 13005 Marseille, France
| | | | - Denis Sereno
- MIVEGEC, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier University, 34394 Montpellier, France;
- InterTryp, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, Montpellier University, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Mohammad Akhoundi
- Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, 93009 Bobigny, France;
- Correspondence:
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Hosseini M, Nateghi Rostami M, Hosseini Doust R, Khamesipour A. Multilocus sequence typing analysis of Leishmania clinical isolates from cutaneous leishmaniasis patients of Iran. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 85:104533. [PMID: 32919066 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is mainly caused by L. major and L. tropica in Old World and might be represented as typical skin lesion(s) or sometimes as a spectrum of atypical manifestations. We applied multilocus sequence typing (MLST) to explore genetic variations of Leishmania strains isolated from atypical vs. typical CL patients from Iran. A PCR-sequencing was performed for seven housekeeping genes (g6pd, mpi, asat, icd, 6pgd, fh, and trys) and genetic diversity indices and phylogenetic relationships were analyzed. A total of 41 isolates of L. major (28/41) and L. tropica (13/41) from 21 (51.2%) atypical CL and 20 (48.8%) typical CL cases were included. A set of additional sequences of 41 strains of 17 species of Leishmania were retrieved from databases. Different SNP variations were detected and the highest rate of heterozygous sites was found in g6pd and 6pgd genes (6 sites) for L. tropica and in asat and 6pgd genes (7 sites) for L. major strains. All strains were clustered into 58 unique sequence types (STs) including 17 STs related to 41 strains of Leishmania of this study. Concatenated tree clustered all strains in 6 main clades (A to F) including L. major (clade D) and L. tropica (clade B) strains. Two strains of L. major (codes 28 and 42) with highest nucleotide variations were more close to L. tropica and were grouped in Clade B. All of the STs were related in clonal complexes by using eBURST with the prediction of founder genotypes. A high rate of genetic variations and heterozygocity was evident in L. tropica and L. major strains; nevertheless, there was no significant difference in the diversity of Leishmania strains between typical CL and atypical CL groups. This study represents the first successful application of MLST approach to L. tropica and L. major strains in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansoure Hosseini
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences, Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Reza Hosseini Doust
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences, Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Khamesipour
- Center for Research and Training in Skin Diseases and Leprosy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Fernández-Arévalo A, El Baidouri F, Ravel C, Ballart C, Abras A, Lachaud L, Tebar S, Lami P, Pratlong F, Gállego M, Muñoz C. The Leishmania donovani species complex: A new insight into taxonomy ☆. Int J Parasitol 2020; 50:1079-1088. [PMID: 32889062 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2020.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Among the 20 or so Leishmania spp. described as pathogenic for humans, those of the Leishmania donovani complex are the exclusive causative agents of systemic and fatal visceral leishmaniasis. Although well studied, the complex is taxonomically controversial, which hampers clinical and epidemiological research. In this work, we analysed 56 Leishmania strains previously identified as L. donovani, Leishmania archibaldi or Leishmania infantum, isolated from humans, dogs and sandfly vectors throughout their distribution area. The strains were submitted to biochemical and genetic analyses and the resulting data were compared for congruence. Our results show: i) a partial concordance between biochemical and genetic-based data, ii) very limited genetic variability within the L. donovani complex, iii) footprints of frequent genetic exchange along an east-west gradient, marked by a widespread diffusion of alleles across the geographical range, and iv) a large-scale geographical spreading of a few genotypes. From a taxonomic point of view, considering the absence of relevant terminology in existing classes, the L. donovani complex could be treated as a single entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Fernández-Arévalo
- Secció de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciènces de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Recerca Biomèdica Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau Barcelona, Spain & Departament de Genètica i Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Fouad El Baidouri
- Department of Botany, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Christophe Ravel
- National Reference Centre for Leishmaniasis, University Hospital Centre of Montpellier, MiVEGEC, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Cristina Ballart
- Secció de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciènces de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Abras
- Laboratori d'Ictiologia Genètica, Departament de Biologia, Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Laurence Lachaud
- National Reference Centre for Leishmaniasis, University Hospital Centre of Montpellier, MiVEGEC, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Silvia Tebar
- Secció de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciènces de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patrick Lami
- National Reference Centre for Leishmaniasis, University Hospital Centre of Montpellier, MiVEGEC, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Francine Pratlong
- National Reference Centre for Leishmaniasis, University Hospital Centre of Montpellier, MiVEGEC, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Montserrat Gállego
- Secció de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciènces de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Carme Muñoz
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain; Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau Barcelona, Spain & Departament de Genètica i Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
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Untapped potential: The utility of drylands for testing eco-evolutionary relationships between hosts and parasites. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-PARASITES AND WILDLIFE 2020; 12:291-299. [PMID: 32426218 PMCID: PMC7229972 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Drylands comprise over 41% of all terrestrial surface area and are home to approximately 35.5% of the world's population; however, both free-living and parasitic fauna of these regions remain relatively understudied. Yet, the very conditions that make these regions challenging to study – extreme environmental conditions and low population density for various organisms – also make them potentially untapped natural laboratories for examining eco-evolutionary relationships between hosts and parasites. Adaptations and ecological patterns illustrated by desert parasite communities can serve as exemplars within the extremes regarding the evolution of virulence, breadth of host spectra, and lifecycle strategies. This review provides relevant examples for each of these three topics using parasites from dryland regions in order to encourage future empirical tests of hypotheses regarding parasite ecology and evolution within dryland ecosystems and stimulate wider investigation into the parasitofauna of arid regions in general. As global climate changes and anthropogenic disturbance increases, desertification is a growing problem which has been labeled as a threat to global health. Thus, deserts not only provide useful natural laboratories in which to study parasite transmission but understanding parasite transmission within these habitats becomes increasingly important as larger, likely highly resource insecure, populations are projected to live on the margins of desert regions in the future. Drylands comprise over 41% of Earth's surface but their parasites are understudied. Desert parasite communities are exemplars within the extremes of parasite ecology. Can test hypotheses of virulence evolution, host spectra, and lifecycle strategies. Drylands can provide increasingly important insight into parasite transmission. Larger human populations are projected to live in arid regions as climate changes.
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12
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Lauthier JJ, Ruybal P, Barroso PA, Hashiguchi Y, Marco JD, Korenaga M. Development of a Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme for Pan-Leishmania. Acta Trop 2020; 201:105189. [PMID: 31580847 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Since the description of the Leishmania genus, its identification and organization have been a challenge. A high number of molecular markers have been developed to resolve phylogenetic differences at the species level and for addressing key epidemiological and population genetics questions. Based on Multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE), Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) schemes have been developed using different gene candidates. From 38 original gene targets proposed by other authors, 27 of them were chosen. In silico selection was made by analyzing free access genomic sequence data of 33 Leishmania species, one Paraleishmania representative, and one outgroup, in order to select the best 15 loci. De novo amplifications and primers redesign of these 15 genes were analyzed over a panel of 20 reference strains and isolates. Phylogenetic analysis was made at every step. Two MLST schemes were selected. The first one was based on the analysis of three-gene fragments, and it is suitable for species assignment as well as basic phylogenetic studies. By the addition of seven-genes, an approach based on the analysis of ten-gene fragments was also proposed. This is the first work that two optimized MLST schemes have been suggested, validated against a phylogenetically diverse panel of Leishmania isolates. MLST is potentially a powerful phylogenetic approach, and most probably the new gold standard for Leishmania spp. characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Jose Lauthier
- Parasitology Department, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Okocho Kohasu, Nankoku, Kochi Prefecture 783-8505, Japan.
| | - Paula Ruybal
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM). Facultad de Medicina. Paraguay 2155 Piso: 12, CABA (1121). Argentina
| | - Paola Andrea Barroso
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Salta / CONICET, Salta, Argentina
| | - Yoshihisa Hashiguchi
- Parasitology Department, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Okocho Kohasu, Nankoku, Kochi Prefecture 783-8505, Japan; Departamento de Parasitología y Medicina Tropical, Carrera de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Católica de Santiago de Guayaquil, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Jorge Diego Marco
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Salta / CONICET, Salta, Argentina
| | - Masataka Korenaga
- Parasitology Department, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Okocho Kohasu, Nankoku, Kochi Prefecture 783-8505, Japan.
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Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a diverse human disease caused by more than 20 Leishmania species transmitted by the bite of an infected sand fly. Diagnostic testing is recommended to confirm infection and determine the infecting species. Treatment decisions are complex and providers should consider infecting species, patient comorbidities, extent and location of lesions, and previous treatments. There is no single universal treatment for CL and some treatment can have toxicity. Treatment should be individualized and factors, such as self-healing nature of this infection, risk of metastatic complications (ie, mucosal leishmaniasis), and patient wishes, need to be included in individual risk-benefit treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi E Aronson
- Infectious Diseases Division, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
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14
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S. L. Figueiredo de Sá B, Rezende AM, de Melo Neto OP, de Brito MEF, Brandão Filho SP. Identification of divergent Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis ecotypes derived from a geographically restricted area through whole genome analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007382. [PMID: 31170148 PMCID: PMC6581274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania braziliensis, the main etiological agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Latin America, is characterized by major differences in basic biology in comparison with better-known Leishmania species. It is also associated with a high phenotypic and possibly genetic diversity that need to be more adequately defined. Here we used whole genome sequences to evaluate the genetic diversity of ten L. braziliensis isolates from a CL endemic area from Northeastern Brazil, previously classified by Multi Locus Enzyme Electrophoresis (MLEE) into ten distinct zymodemes. These sequences were first mapped using the L. braziliensis M2904 reference genome followed by identification of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs). A substantial level of diversity was observed when compared with the reference genome, with SNP counts ranging from ~95,000 to ~131,000 for the different isolates. When the genome data was used to infer relationship between isolates, those belonging to zymodemes Z72/Z75, recovered from forested environments, were found to cluster separately from the others, generally associated with more urban environments. Among the remaining isolates, those from zymodemes Z74/Z106 were also found to form a separate group. Phylogenetic analyses were also performed using Multi-Locus Sequence Analysis from genes coding for four metabolic enzymes used for MLEE as well as the gene sequence coding for the Hsp70 heat shock protein. All 10 isolates were firmly identified as L. braziliensis, including the zymodeme Z26 isolate previously classified as Leishmania shawi, with the clustering into three groups confirmed. Aneuploidy was also investigated but found in general restricted to chromosome 31, with a single isolate, from zymodeme Z27, characterized by extra copies for other chromosomes. Noteworthy, both Z72 and Z75 isolates are characterized by a much reduced heterozygosity. Our data is consistent with the existence of distinct evolutionary groups in the restricted area sampled and a substantial genetic diversity within L. braziliensis. Leishmania braziliensis is the main etiological agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Latin America. In the Pernambuco state, a highly endemic area for CL in Northeastern Brazil, ten zymodemes have been previously described, identified through the detection of variations in the mobility of selected enzymes on gel electrophoresis (MLEE). Here we used next-generation genome sequencing to reevaluate the genetic diversity and relatedness between isolates representing these zymodemes. The genetic analysis clustered these isolates into three distinct phylogenetic groups, with those circulating in forested environments more related to each other (Z72 and Z75) and separated from the other eight isolates from more urbanized environments, but nevertheless forming two further groups. All ten isolates were definitely identified as L. braziliensis, including one from zymodeme Z26, previously identified as L. shawi through MLEE. Chromosome copy number variation was observed in all isolates studied, but restricted mainly to chromosome 31, with a single isolate (from zymodeme Z27) showing more than two copies of other chromosomes. A low heterozygosity observed only for both Z72/Z75 isolates also confirm differences associated with them. Our findings confirm that MLEE, despite still being considered the gold standard for characterization of Leishmania spp., does not reflect relevant information on intra-specific variations. It also highlights the substantial diversity observed between L. braziliensis isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna S. L. Figueiredo de Sá
- Department of Microbiology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute/FIOCRUZ, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- * E-mail: (BSLFdS); (SPBF)
| | - Antonio M. Rezende
- Department of Microbiology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute/FIOCRUZ, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sinval P. Brandão Filho
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute -FIOCRUZ, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
- * E-mail: (BSLFdS); (SPBF)
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15
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Banu SS, Meyer W, Ferreira-Paim K, Wang Q, Kuhls K, Cupolillo E, Schönian G, Lee R. A novel multilocus sequence typing scheme identifying genetic diversity amongst Leishmania donovani isolates from a genetically homogeneous population in the Indian subcontinent. Int J Parasitol 2019; 49:555-567. [PMID: 31108098 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In the Indian subcontinent, infection with Leishmania donovani can cause fatal visceral leishmaniasis. Genetic variation in L. donovani is believed to occur rapidly from environmental changes and through selective drug pressures, thereby allowing continued disease occurrence in this region. All previous molecular markers that are commonly in use multilocus microsatellite typing and multilocus sequence typing, were monomorphic in L. donovani originating from the Indian subcontinent (with only a few exceptions) and hence are not suitable for this region. An multilocus sequence typing scheme consisting of a new set of seven housekeeping genes was developed in this study, based on recent findings from whole genome sequencing data. This new scheme was used to assess the genetic diversity amongst 22 autochthonous L. donovani isolates from Bangladesh. Nineteen additional isolates of the L. donovani complex (including sequences of L. donovani reference strain BPK282A1) from other countries were included for comparison. By using restriction fragment length polymorphism of the internal transcribed spacer 1 region (ITS1-RFLP) and ITS1 sequencing, all Bangladeshi isolates were confirmed to be L. donovani. Population genetic analyses of 41 isolates using the seven new MLST loci clearly separated L. donovani from Leishmania infantum. With this multilocus sequence typing scheme, seven genotypes were identified amongst Bangladeshi L. donovani isolates, and these isolates were found to be phylogenetically different compared with those from India, Nepal, Iraq and Africa. This novel multilocus sequence typing approach can detect intra- and inter-species variations within the L. donovani complex, but most importantly these molecular markers can be applied to resolve the phylogenetically very homogeneous L. donovani strains from the Indian subcontinent. Four of these markers were found suitable to differentiate strains originating from Bangladesh, with marker A2P being the most discriminative one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultana Shahana Banu
- Parasitology Department, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services (CIDMLS), Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research (ICPMR), Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, Westmead Clinical School, Marie Bashir Institute for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Westmead Hospital (Research and Education Network), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MOHFW), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Wieland Meyer
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, Westmead Clinical School, Marie Bashir Institute for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Westmead Hospital (Research and Education Network), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kennio Ferreira-Paim
- Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, Westmead Clinical School, Marie Bashir Institute for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Westmead Hospital (Research and Education Network), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Qinning Wang
- Parasitology Department, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services (CIDMLS), Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research (ICPMR), Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Katrin Kuhls
- Division of Molecular Biotechnology and Functional Genomics, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Wildau, Germany
| | - Elisa Cupolillo
- Laboratory on Leishmaniasis Research, Oswaldo Cruz Institute - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gabriele Schönian
- Institute for Microbiology and Hygiene CC05, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rogan Lee
- Parasitology Department, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology Laboratory Services (CIDMLS), Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research (ICPMR), Westmead Hospital, Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Molecular Mycology Research Laboratory, Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, Westmead Clinical School, Marie Bashir Institute for Emerging Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, Westmead Hospital (Research and Education Network), The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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Abstract
Phylogenetics is an important component of the systems biology approach. Knowledge about evolution of the genus Leishmania is essential to understand various aspects of basic biology of these parasites, such as parasite-host or parasite-vector relationships, biogeography, or epidemiology. Here, we present a comprehensive guideline for performing phylogenetic studies based on DNA sequence data, but with principles that can be adapted to protein sequences or other molecular markers. It is presented as a compilation of the most commonly used genetic targets for phylogenetic studies of Leishmania, including their respective primers for amplification and references, as well as details of PCR assays. Guidelines are, then, presented to choose the best targets in relation to the types of samples under study. Finally, and importantly, instructions are given to obtain optimal sequences, alignments, and datasets for the subsequent data analysis and phylogenetic inference. Different bioinformatics methods and software for phylogenetic inference are presented and explained. This chapter aims to provide a compilation of methods and generic guidelines to conduct phylogenetics of Leishmania for nonspecialists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Kuhls
- Molekulare Biotechnologie und Funktionelle Genomik, Technische Hochschule Wildau, Wildau, Germany.
| | - Isabel Mauricio
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Lisbon, Portugal
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Rostamian M, Niknam HM. Leishmania tropica: What we know from its experimental models. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2018; 104:1-38. [PMID: 31030767 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania tropica causes different forms of leishmaniasis in many parts of the world. Animal models can help to clarify the issues of pathology and immune response in L. tropica infections and can be applied to the control, prevention and treatment of the disease. The aim of this article is to summarize published data related to experimental models of this parasite, presenting an overview of the subject. We also present in brief the epidemiology, transmission and human manifestation of L. tropica infection. Mice, rats and hamsters have been used for experimental models of L. tropica infection. Main findings of the published studies show that: (1) Hamsters are the best animal model for L. tropica infection, with the drawback of being outbred hence not suitable for many studies. (2) L. tropica infection causes a non-ulcerative and chronic pathology as cutaneous form in mice and usually visceral form in hamsters. (3) L. tropica infection in mice results in a weaker immune response in comparison to Leishmania major. (4) While the Th1 responses are evoked against L. tropica, Th2 responses do not explain the outcomes of this infection, and IL-10 and TGF-β are two main suppressive cytokines. (5) The host genotype affects the immune response and disease outcome of L. tropica infection and the dose, strain, routes of inoculation, and sex of the host are among the factors affecting disease outcome of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mosayeb Rostamian
- Nosocomial Infections Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Hamid M Niknam
- Immunology Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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Ceccarelli M, Diotallevi A, Andreoni F, Vitale F, Galluzzi L, Magnani M. Exploiting genetic polymorphisms in metabolic enzymes for rapid screening of Leishmania infantum genotypes. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:572. [PMID: 30382928 PMCID: PMC6211443 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3143-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmania infantum is the aetiological agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Numerous strains and/or zymodemes have been identified and characterized by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MLEE). MLEE is considered the reference method for L. infantum parasite typing and it is based upon enzyme electrophoretic mobility analysis from promastigote cultures. However, the MLEE technique is cumbersome, time-consuming and does not detect silent genetic mutations or nucleotide changes that give rise to amino acid changes that do not alter electrophoretic mobility. As a result of these difficulties, many DNA-based typing methods have been developed over the past few years. However, relative to the enzymes utilized in MLEE analysis, we observed a shortage of DNA sequences available in the GenBank database or an absolute lack of sequences belonging to specific zymodemes. The aims of the present study were to (i) implement the number of sequences coding for metabolic enzymes used in MLEE; (ii) identify polymorphisms that characterize L. infantum zymodemes most prevalent in the Mediterranean basin; and (iii) exploit these polymorphisms to develop a rapid screening test that would give results comparable with existing MLEE typing. Results Partial sequences of seven metabolic enzyme genes (malic enzyme, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, mitochondrial isocitrate dehydrogenase, glucose-6-phosphate isomerase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphoglucomutase and mannose phosphate isomerase) were obtained from 11 L. infantum strains. The comparison of these sequences with those obtained from GenBank allowed for the identification of a few polymorphisms that could distinguish several zymodemes. In particular, the polymorphism 390T>G in the malic enzyme gene has been exploited to develop a high-resolution melt (HRM)-based assay to rapidly differentiate the genotype 390T, associated with zymodemes MON-1, MON-72 and MON-201, evidencing a partial agreement between genotyping results and MLEE. The assay has been successfully applied to L. infantum clinical isolates and clinical samples. Conclusions A HRM-based assay for rapid identification of genotypes associated with the most common L. infantum zymodemes in the Mediterranean basin has been developed and its potential application in epidemiological research for L. infantum population screening, without parasite isolation and culturing, has been demonstrated. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-3143-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Ceccarelli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Aurora Diotallevi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Francesca Andreoni
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vitale
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Sicily "A Mirri", Palermo, PA, Italy
| | - Luca Galluzzi
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, PU, Italy.
| | - Mauro Magnani
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, PU, Italy
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Genetic polymorphism in Leishmania infantum isolates from human and animals determined by nagt PCR-RFLP. Infect Dis Poverty 2018; 7:54. [PMID: 29898776 PMCID: PMC6001066 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-018-0439-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmania infantum is the causative agent of human visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and sporadic human cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in the Mediterranean region. The genetic variation of the Leishmania parasites may result in different phenotypes that can be associated with the geographical distribution and diversity of the clinical manifestations. The main objective of this study was to explore the genetic polymorphism in L. infantum isolates from human and animal hosts in different regions of Morocco. METHODS The intraspecific genetic variability of 40 Moroccan L. infantum MON-1 strains isolated from patients with VL (n = 31) and CL (n = 2) and from dogs (n = 7) was evaluated by PCR-RFLP of nagt, a single-copy gene encoding N-acetylglucosamine-1-phosphate transferase. For a more complete analysis of L. infantum polymorphism, we included the restriction patterns of nagt from 17 strains available in the literature and patterns determined by in-silico digestion of three sequences from the GenBank database. RESULTS Moroccan L. infantum strains presented a certain level of genetic diversity and six distinct nagt-RFLP genotypes were identified. Three of the six genotypes were exclusively identified in the Moroccan population of L. infantum: variant M1 (15%), variant M2 (7.5%), and variant M3 (2.5%). The most common genotype (65%), variant 2 (2.5%), and variant 4 (7.5%), were previously described in several countries with endemic leishmaniasis. Phylogenetic analysis segregated our L. infantum population into two distinct clusters, whereas variant M2 was clearly distinguished from both cluster I and cluster II. This distribution highlights the degree of genetic variability among the Moroccan L. infantum population. CONCLUSION The nagt PCR-RFLP method presented here showed an important genetic heterogeneity among Moroccan L. infantum strains isolated from human and canine reservoirs with 6 genotypes identified. Three of the six Moroccan nagt genotypes, have not been previously described and support the particular genetic diversity of the Moroccan L. infantum population reported in other studies.
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Jiang Y, Yuan Z, Zang G, Li D, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Liu H, Cao J, Shen Y. Cyclospora cayetanensis infections among diarrheal outpatients in Shanghai: a retrospective case study. Front Med 2018; 12:98-103. [DOI: 10.1007/s11684-018-0614-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Haouas N, Amer O, Alshammri FF, Al-Shammari S, Remadi L, Ashankyty I. Cutaneous leishmaniasis in northwestern Saudi Arabia: identification of sand fly fauna and parasites. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:544. [PMID: 29096693 PMCID: PMC5668970 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2497-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a vector-borne disease transmitted by the bite of an infected sand fly. This disease is highly prevalent in Saudi Arabia where Leishmania major and L. tropica are the etiological agents. In the region of Hail, northwestern of Saudi Arabia, the incidence is about 183 cases/year. However, the epidemiology of the disease in this area is not well understood. Thus, an epidemiological survey was conducted in 2015-2016 to identify the circulating parasite and the sand fly fauna in the region of Hail. Skin lesion scrapings were collected from suspected patients with CL. METHODS The diagnosis was made by microscopic examination of Giemsa-stained smear and PCR. The parasite was identified by PCR and sequencing of the single copy putative translation initiation factor alpha subunit gene. Sand fly specimens were collected and identified morphologically. Total DNA was extracted from the abdomen of female specimens and Leishmania DNA was detected by PCR. RESULTS Among the 57 examined patients, 37 were positive for CL. The identification of the parasite has revealed the single species Leishmania major. The 384 sand flies were collected belonged to two genera (Phlebotomus and Sergentomyia), six sub-genera and six species. Phlebotomus papatasi, Ph. kazeruni and Sergentomyia clydei were the dominant species. Leishmania DNA was detected in two females of Ph. papatasi two of Ph. kazeruni and one specimen of Sergentomyia clydei. CONCLUSIONS Leishmania major is confirmed to be the etiological agent of cutaneous leishmaniasis in northwestern Saudi Arabia. The molecular detection of Leishmania DNA in Ph. papatasi and Ph. kazeruni supports the potential role of these two species in the transmission of Leishmania. Further epidemiological studies are needed to prove their role and to evaluate the burden of CL in the study region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najoua Haouas
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie Médicale et Moléculaire (LR12ES08), Département de Biologie Clinique B, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Omar Amer
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, University of Hail, Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Shorooq Al-Shammari
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, University of Hail, Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Latifa Remadi
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie Médicale et Moléculaire (LR12ES08), Département de Biologie Clinique B, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Ibrahim Ashankyty
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, University of Hail, Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Lachaud L, Fernández-Arévalo A, Normand AC, Lami P, Nabet C, Donnadieu JL, Piarroux M, Djenad F, Cassagne C, Ravel C, Tebar S, Llovet T, Blanchet D, Demar M, Harrat Z, Aoun K, Bastien P, Muñoz C, Gállego M, Piarroux R. Identification of Leishmania by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight (MALDI-TOF) Mass Spectrometry Using a Free Web-Based Application and a Dedicated Mass-Spectral Library. J Clin Microbiol 2017; 55:2924-2933. [PMID: 28724559 PMCID: PMC5625378 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00845-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Human leishmaniases are widespread diseases with different clinical forms caused by about 20 species within the Leishmania genus. Leishmania species identification is relevant for therapeutic management and prognosis, especially for cutaneous and mucocutaneous forms. Several methods are available to identify Leishmania species from culture, but they have not been standardized for the majority of the currently described species, with the exception of multilocus enzyme electrophoresis. Moreover, these techniques are expensive, time-consuming, and not available in all laboratories. Within the last decade, mass spectrometry (MS) has been adapted for the identification of microorganisms, including Leishmania However, no commercial reference mass-spectral database is available. In this study, a reference mass-spectral library (MSL) for Leishmania isolates, accessible through a free Web-based application (mass-spectral identification [MSI]), was constructed and tested. It includes mass-spectral data for 33 different Leishmania species, including species that infect humans, animals, and phlebotomine vectors. Four laboratories on two continents evaluated the performance of MSI using 268 samples, 231 of which were Leishmania strains. All Leishmania strains, but one, were correctly identified at least to the complex level. A risk of species misidentification within the Leishmania donovani, L. guyanensis, and L. braziliensis complexes was observed, as previously reported for other techniques. The tested application was reliable, with identification results being comparable to those obtained with reference methods but with a more favorable cost-efficiency ratio. This free online identification system relies on a scalable database and can be implemented directly in users' computers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Lachaud
- Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre National de Référence des Leishmanioses, Université de Montpellier, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Anna Fernández-Arévalo
- Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
- Secció de Parasitologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Center of International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anne-Cécile Normand
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU Timone, Université d'Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Patrick Lami
- Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre National de Référence des Leishmanioses, Université de Montpellier, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Cécile Nabet
- Laboratoire Hospitalo-Universitaire de Parasito-Mycologie, EA 3593, EPaT Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, Université de Guyane, Laboratoire Associé au CNR Leishmania, Cayenne, France
| | | | - Martine Piarroux
- Université Aix-Marseille, INSERM-IRD-AMU UMR 912, Marseille, France
| | - Farid Djenad
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU Timone, Université d'Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Carole Cassagne
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU Timone, Université d'Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Christophe Ravel
- Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre National de Référence des Leishmanioses, Université de Montpellier, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Silvia Tebar
- Secció de Parasitologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Llovet
- Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Genètica i Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Denis Blanchet
- Laboratoire Hospitalo-Universitaire de Parasito-Mycologie, EA 3593, EPaT Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, Université de Guyane, Laboratoire Associé au CNR Leishmania, Cayenne, France
| | - Magalie Demar
- Laboratoire Hospitalo-Universitaire de Parasito-Mycologie, EA 3593, EPaT Ecosystèmes Amazoniens et Pathologie Tropicale, Université de Guyane, Laboratoire Associé au CNR Leishmania, Cayenne, France
| | - Zoubir Harrat
- Laboratoire d'Eco-Épidemiologie Parasitaire et Génétique des Populations, Institut Pasteur d'Algerie, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Karim Aoun
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Médicale, Biotechnologies et Biomolécules, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Patrick Bastien
- Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre National de Référence des Leishmanioses, Université de Montpellier, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Carmen Muñoz
- Servei de Microbiologia, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Genètica i Microbiologia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Montserrat Gállego
- Secció de Parasitologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- ISGlobal, Barcelona Center of International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic-Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Renaud Piarroux
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHU Timone, Université d'Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
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Phlebotomine sand fly-borne pathogens in the Mediterranean Basin: Human leishmaniasis and phlebovirus infections. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005660. [PMID: 28796786 PMCID: PMC5552025 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogens transmitted to humans by phlebotomine sand flies are neglected, as they cause infectious diseases that are not on the priority list of national and international public health systems. However, the infections caused by protozoa of the Leishmania genus and viruses belonging to the Phlebovirus genus (family Phenuiviridae)—the most significant group of viruses transmitted by sand flies—have a relevant role for human pathology. These infections are emerging in the Mediterranean region and will likely spread in forthcoming decades, posing a complex threat to human health. Four species and 2 hybrid strains of Leishmania are pathogenic for humans in the Mediterranean Basin, with an estimated annual incidence of 239,500–393,600 cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis and 1,200–2,000 cases of visceral leishmaniasis. Among the phleboviruses, Toscana virus can cause neuroinvasive infections, while other phleboviruses are responsible for a typical “3-day fever”; the actual incidence of Phlebovirus infections in the Mediterranean area is unknown, although at least 250 million people are exposed. Here, we reviewed the current literature on epidemiology of sand fly–borne infections in the Mediterranean Basin, with a focus on humans. Our analysis indicates the need for increased public health activities directed to determine the disease burden of these infections as well as to improve their surveillance. Among the emerging challenges concerning sand fly–borne pathogens, the relationships between sand fly–borne protozoa and viruses should be considered in future studies, including epidemiological links between Leishmania and phleboviruses as well as the conditional capacity for these pathogens to be involved in interactions that may evolve towards increased virulence.
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El Hamouchi A, Ejghal R, Hida M, Lemrani M. Intraspecific genetic variability in a population of Moroccan Leishmania infantum revealed by PCR-RFLP of kDNA minicircles. Acta Trop 2017; 169:142-149. [PMID: 28209553 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In Morocco, Leishmania infantum is the main etiologic agent of human and canine visceral leishmaniasis (VL). This species has been proven to be an opportunistic agent in HIV+ patients and is also responsible of sporadic cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL).This work aims to evaluate the genetic variability of Moroccan L. infantum strains based on PCR-RFLP analysis of the kinetoplastid DNA (kDNA) minicircles. A total of 75 DNA samples extracted from positive Giemsa-stained smears (n=32) and from L. infantum cultures (n=43) was studied. The samples have been taken from VL patients infected (n=7) or not (n=56) by HIV, patients with CL (n=2) and finally from infected dogs (n=10). An hypervariable region of kDNA was amplified using the primers MC1 and MC2; the PCR products were digested separately by a panel of nine restriction enzymes. The presence or absence of restriction fragments was scored in a binary matrix and the SplitsTree4 software was used for the construction of a Neighbor-Net network. Moroccan L. infantum population showed an important level of variability with the identification of 6 genotypes. For each genotype a PCR product was sequenced, confirming the presence of all the expected restriction sites. The predominant profile was the genotype B. A new genotype, named Q was detected for the first time, whereas the four other genotypes (G, K, N and O) were reported sporadically in the Mediterranean basin. The Neighbor-Net network segregates our L. infantum population into 3 clusters: Cluster I includes genotype B, cluster II grouping the genotypes O, Q and G and finally the cluster III contains the genotype N. The kDNA-PCR-RFLP assay is suitable for use directly on biological samples; it reveals an important degree of genetic variability among L. infantum strains even those belonging to the same zymodeme what is of great epidemiological interest.
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Van der Auwera G, Bart A, Chicharro C, Cortes S, Davidsson L, Di Muccio T, Dujardin JC, Felger I, Paglia MG, Grimm F, Harms G, Jaffe CL, Manser M, Ravel C, Robert-Gangneux F, Roelfsema J, Töz S, Verweij JJ, Chiodini PL. Comparison of Leishmania typing results obtained from 16 European clinical laboratories in 2014. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 21:30418. [PMID: 27983510 PMCID: PMC5291127 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2016.21.49.30418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is endemic in southern Europe, and in other European countries cases are diagnosed in travellers who have visited affected areas both within the continent and beyond. Prompt and accurate diagnosis poses a challenge in clinical practice in Europe. Different methods exist for identification of the infecting Leishmania species. Sixteen clinical laboratories in 10 European countries, plus Israel and Turkey, conducted a study to assess their genotyping performance. DNA from 21 promastigote cultures of 13 species was analysed blindly by the routinely used typing method. Five different molecular targets were used, which were analysed with PCR-based methods. Different levels of identification were achieved, and either the Leishmania subgenus, species complex, or actual species were reported. The overall error rate of strains placed in the wrong complex or species was 8.5%. Various reasons for incorrect typing were identified. The study shows there is considerable room for improvement and standardisation of Leishmania typing. The use of well validated standard operating procedures is recommended, covering testing, interpretation, and reporting guidelines. Application of the internal transcribed spacer 1 of the rDNA array should be restricted to Old World samples, while the heat-shock protein 70 gene and the mini-exon can be applied globally.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aldert Bart
- Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Sofia Cortes
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, UNL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | | | - Jean-Claude Dujardin
- Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.,Biomedical Sciences, Antwerp University, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ingrid Felger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Maria Grazia Paglia
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI) Lazzaro Spallanzani, Rome, Italy
| | - Felix Grimm
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Gundel Harms
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Charles L Jaffe
- Hebrew University, Hadassah Medical Centre, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Monika Manser
- United Kingdom National External Quality Assessment Service, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Jeroen Roelfsema
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, RIVM, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Seray Töz
- Ege University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Parasitology, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Peter L Chiodini
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London, United Kingdom.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Genetics and Evolution of Leishmania parasites. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2017; 50:93-94. [PMID: 28359441 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Coughlan S, Mulhair P, Sanders M, Schonian G, Cotton JA, Downing T. The genome of Leishmania adleri from a mammalian host highlights chromosome fission in Sauroleishmania. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43747. [PMID: 28256610 PMCID: PMC5335649 DOI: 10.1038/srep43747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of pathogens arising from humans, livestock and wild animals can be enhanced by genome-based investigation. Phylogenetically classifying and optimal construction of these genomes using short sequence reads are key to this process. We examined the mammal-infecting unicellular parasite Leishmania adleri belonging to the lizard-infecting Sauroleishmania subgenus. L. adleri has been associated with cutaneous disease in humans, but can be asymptomatic in wild animals. We sequenced, assembled and investigated the L. adleri genome isolated from an asymptomatic Ethiopian rodent (MARV/ET/75/HO174) and verified it as L. adleri by comparison with other Sauroleishmania species. Chromosome-level scaffolding was achieved by combining reference-guided with de novo assembly followed by extensive improvement steps to produce a final draft genome with contiguity comparable with other references. L. tarentolae and L. major genome annotation was transferred and these gene models were manually verified and improved. This first high-quality draft Leishmania adleri reference genome is also the first Sauroleishmania genome from a non-reptilian host. Comparison of the L. adleri HO174 genome with those of L. tarentolae Parrot-TarII and lizard-infecting L. adleri RLAT/KE/1957/SKINK-7 showed extensive gene amplifications, pervasive aneuploidy, and fission of chromosomes 30 and 36. There was little genetic differentiation between L. adleri extracted from mammals and reptiles, highlighting challenges for leishmaniasis surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Coughlan
- School of Mathematics, Applied Mathematics and Statistics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Peter Mulhair
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | | | - Tim Downing
- School of Mathematics, Applied Mathematics and Statistics, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
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Akhoundi M, Downing T, Votýpka J, Kuhls K, Lukeš J, Cannet A, Ravel C, Marty P, Delaunay P, Kasbari M, Granouillac B, Gradoni L, Sereno D. Leishmania infections: Molecular targets and diagnosis. Mol Aspects Med 2017; 57:1-29. [PMID: 28159546 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Progress in the diagnosis of leishmaniases depends on the development of effective methods and the discovery of suitable biomarkers. We propose firstly an update classification of Leishmania species and their synonymies. We demonstrate a global map highlighting the geography of known endemic Leishmania species pathogenic to humans. We summarize a complete list of techniques currently in use and discuss their advantages and limitations. The available data highlights the benefits of molecular markers in terms of their sensitivity and specificity to quantify variation from the subgeneric level to species complexes, (sub) species within complexes, and individual populations and infection foci. Each DNA-based detection method is supplied with a comprehensive description of markers and primers and proposal for a classification based on the role of each target and primer in the detection, identification and quantification of leishmaniasis infection. We outline a genome-wide map of genes informative for diagnosis that have been used for Leishmania genotyping. Furthermore, we propose a classification method based on the suitability of well-studied molecular markers for typing the 21 known Leishmania species pathogenic to humans. This can be applied to newly discovered species and to hybrid strains originating from inter-species crosses. Developing more effective and sensitive diagnostic methods and biomarkers is vital for enhancing Leishmania infection control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Akhoundi
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital de l'Archet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France; MIVEGEC, UMR CNRS5290-IRD224-Université de Montpellier Centre IRD, Montpellier, France.
| | - Tim Downing
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jan Votýpka
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katrin Kuhls
- Division of Molecular Biotechnology and Functional Genomics, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, Wildau, Germany
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Biology Centre, Institute of Parasitology, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Sciences, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, Canada
| | - Arnaud Cannet
- Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Christophe Ravel
- French National Reference Centre on Leishmaniasis, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Marty
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital de l'Archet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France; Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Pascal Delaunay
- Service de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Hôpital de l'Archet, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nice, Nice, France; Inserm U1065, Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France; MIVEGEC, UMR CNRS5290-IRD224-Université de Montpellier Centre IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Mohamed Kasbari
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail, ANSES, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Maisons-Alfort, Cedex, France
| | - Bruno Granouillac
- IRD/UMI 233, INSERM U1175, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France; MIVEGEC, UMR CNRS5290-IRD224-Université de Montpellier Centre IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Luigi Gradoni
- Unit of Vector-borne Diseases and International Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Denis Sereno
- MIVEGEC, UMR CNRS5290-IRD224-Université de Montpellier Centre IRD, Montpellier, France; Intertryp UMR IRD177, Centre IRD de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Can You Judge a Disease Host by the Company It Keeps? Predicting Disease Hosts and Their Relative Importance: A Case Study for Leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0005004. [PMID: 27716833 PMCID: PMC5055336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonoses are an important class of infectious diseases. An important element determining the impact of a zoonosis on domestic animal and human health is host range. Although for particular zoonoses some host species have been identified, until recently there have been no methods to predict those species most likely to be hosts or their relative importance. Complex inference networks infer potential biotic interactions between species using their degree of geographic co-occurrence, and have been posited as a potential tool for predicting disease hosts. Here we present the results of an interdisciplinary, empirical study to validate a model based on such networks for predicting hosts of Leishmania (L.) mexicana in Mexico. Using systematic sampling to validate the model predictions we identified 22 new species of host (34% of all species collected) with the probability to be a host strongly dependent on the probability of co-occurrence of vector and host. The results confirm that Leishmania (L.) mexicana is a generalist parasite but with a much wider host range than was previously thought. These results substantially change the geographic risk profile for Leishmaniasis and provide insights for the design of more efficient surveillance measures and a better understanding of potential dispersal scenarios. Emerging and neglected zoonoses are an important global threat to public health. Host range, in particular, is a crucial factor in determining disease risk and the potential for adequate interventions. Here we show that Leishmania has a very wide host range and that Complex Inference Networks can be used to infer ecological relationships in the context of zoonoses, identifying both the potential hosts and their relative importance. These results substantially change the risk profile and potential control measures that can be used to combat the disease, allowing for the design of more efficient surveillance measures and a better understanding of potential dispersal scenarios.
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Zhang JR, Guo XG, Liu JL, Zhou TH, Gong X, Chen DL, Chen JP. Molecular detection, identification and phylogenetic inference of Leishmania spp. in some desert lizards from Northwest China by using internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) sequences. Acta Trop 2016; 162:83-94. [PMID: 27338182 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania is still endemic in Northwest China. It has been thought that reptiles could be a reservoir for mammalian leishmaniasis. However, data are still scarce on natural infection of lizards with Leishmania spp. in China. The present study deals with detection, identification and phylogenetic inference of Leishmania parasites at species and intraspecies levels isolated from six desert lizard species from 10 geographical locations in Northwest China using amplification and sequencing of ITS-rDNA. In total, 83 haplotypes were found among 137 ITS1 sequences obtained from up to 64.6% of all captured lizards. Representative sequences of Leishmania available in GenBank were compiled for comparison with the obtained haplotypes. Tree-based species delimitation was achieved by using Bayesian phylogenitc analyses and maximum parsimony approach. Phylogenetic trees congruently supported that the haplotypes were found to belong to three Leishmania species including L. (sauroleishmania) sp., Leishmania tropica and Leishmania donovani complex. A network approach revealed paraphyletic populations of L. (sauroleishmania) sp. and L. tropica at intraspecies level regarding geographical origin and low host specificity. Chinese L. tropica from lizards showed significant heterogeneity as the obtained haplotypes were distributed in different clusters from other countries. Common ancestry was observed between some sequences of L. tropica from lizards and other sequence types from clinical samples from other countries. This may lend support to the potential reservoir role of lizards for human leishmaniasis. Our results appear to be the first molecular evidence for natural infection of lizards in Northwest China with reptilian Leishmania and mammalian Leishmania species. Desert lizards may be considered as putative reservoir hosts for Leishmania in China. Further studies on persistence of the Leishmania parasites in lizards and sandflies are recommended for the better understanding of their epidemiological involvement.
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Increased prevalence of human cutaneous leishmaniasis in Israel and the Palestinian Authority caused by the recent emergence of a population of genetically similar strains of Leishmania tropica. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 50:102-109. [PMID: 27498421 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Twelve unlinked microsatellite markers were used to determine the microsatellite profiles of 50 newly and 46 previously typed strains of L. tropica from various Israeli and Palestinian foci. Their microsatellite profiles were compared to those of 99 previously typed strains of L. tropica from 15 countries. Israeli and Palestinian strains of L. tropica fell into three different groups, one of which contained 75 of the 96 Israeli and Palestinian strains. This population separated from all the others at the first hierarchical level by Bayesian statistics and formed a distinct monophyletic group on applying genetic distance and allele frequency analyses. The second cluster contained ten Israeli strains from a specific focus north of the Sea of Galilee, which were previously shown to differ from all other strains of L. tropica in their serological, biochemical and molecular biological parameters. This cluster was closely related to clusters comprising strains of L. tropica from Africa. Four Israeli and five Palestinian strains fell into different genetic entities mostly related to strains from Asian foci of CL. Importation during numerous migrations of humans and, perhaps, infected reservoir animals in the past and, now, through modern travel is the most likely explanation for the existence of so many locally encountered genetic variants of L. tropica in the Israeli-Palestinian region. Geographical and ecological variation may play a role in expanding the genetic heterogeneity once given importations had become established in different foci. Currently, one population is expanding in the area comprising almost all of the Palestinian and Israeli strains of L. tropica isolated since 1996 and investigated in this study, which differ clearly from all other strains of whatsoever origin. This population seems to result from the re-emergence of a previously existing genotype owing to environmental changes and human activities.
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Pratlong F, Balard Y, Lami P, Talignani L, Ravel C, Dereure J, Lefebvre M, Serres G, Bastien P, Dedet JP. The Montpellier Leishmania Collection, from a Laboratory Collection to a Biological Resource Center: A 39-Year-Long Story. Biopreserv Biobank 2016; 14:470-479. [PMID: 27379470 DOI: 10.1089/bio.2015.0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the development of a laboratory collection of Leishmania that was initiated in 1975 and, after 39 years, has become an international Biological Resource Center (BRC-Leish, Montpellier, France, BioBank No. BB-0033-00052), which includes 6353 strains belonging to 36 Leishmania taxa. This is a retrospective analysis of the technical and organizational changes that have been adopted over time to take into account the technological advances and related modifications in the collection management and quality system. The technical improvements concerned the culture and cryopreservation techniques, strain identification by isoenzymatic and molecular techniques, data computerization and quality management to meet the changes in international standards, and in the cryogenic and microbiological safety procedures. The BRC is working toward obtaining the NF-S 96-900 certification in the coming years. Our long-term expertise in Leishmania storage and typing and collection maintenance should encourage field epidemiologists and clinical practitioners in endemic countries to secure their own strain collection with the help of the French BRC-Leish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francine Pratlong
- Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montpellier-National Reference Centre for Leishmaniases-Unit MIVEGEC (CNRS 5290/IRD 224/University of Montpellier)-Academic Hospital Center (C.H.U.) of Montpellier , Montpellier, France
| | - Yves Balard
- Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montpellier-National Reference Centre for Leishmaniases-Unit MIVEGEC (CNRS 5290/IRD 224/University of Montpellier)-Academic Hospital Center (C.H.U.) of Montpellier , Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Lami
- Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montpellier-National Reference Centre for Leishmaniases-Unit MIVEGEC (CNRS 5290/IRD 224/University of Montpellier)-Academic Hospital Center (C.H.U.) of Montpellier , Montpellier, France
| | - Loïc Talignani
- Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montpellier-National Reference Centre for Leishmaniases-Unit MIVEGEC (CNRS 5290/IRD 224/University of Montpellier)-Academic Hospital Center (C.H.U.) of Montpellier , Montpellier, France
| | - Christophe Ravel
- Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montpellier-National Reference Centre for Leishmaniases-Unit MIVEGEC (CNRS 5290/IRD 224/University of Montpellier)-Academic Hospital Center (C.H.U.) of Montpellier , Montpellier, France
| | - Jacques Dereure
- Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montpellier-National Reference Centre for Leishmaniases-Unit MIVEGEC (CNRS 5290/IRD 224/University of Montpellier)-Academic Hospital Center (C.H.U.) of Montpellier , Montpellier, France
| | - Michèle Lefebvre
- Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montpellier-National Reference Centre for Leishmaniases-Unit MIVEGEC (CNRS 5290/IRD 224/University of Montpellier)-Academic Hospital Center (C.H.U.) of Montpellier , Montpellier, France
| | - Ghislaine Serres
- Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montpellier-National Reference Centre for Leishmaniases-Unit MIVEGEC (CNRS 5290/IRD 224/University of Montpellier)-Academic Hospital Center (C.H.U.) of Montpellier , Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Bastien
- Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montpellier-National Reference Centre for Leishmaniases-Unit MIVEGEC (CNRS 5290/IRD 224/University of Montpellier)-Academic Hospital Center (C.H.U.) of Montpellier , Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Dedet
- Laboratory of Parasitology-Mycology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montpellier-National Reference Centre for Leishmaniases-Unit MIVEGEC (CNRS 5290/IRD 224/University of Montpellier)-Academic Hospital Center (C.H.U.) of Montpellier , Montpellier, France
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Cassan C, Dione MM, Dereure J, Diedhiou S, Bucheton B, Hide M, Kako C, Gaye O, Senghor M, Niang AA, Bañuls AL, Faye B. First insights into the genetic diversity and origin of Leishmania infantum in Mont Rolland (Thiès region, Senegal). Microbes Infect 2016; 18:412-420. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Babuadze G, Farlow J, de Koning HP, Carrillo E, Chakhunashvili G, Murskvaladze M, Kekelidze M, Karseladze I, Kokaia N, Kalandadze I, Tsereteli D, Markhvashvili I, Sidamonidze K, Chanturia G, Adeishvili E, Imnadze P. Seroepidemiology and molecular diversity of Leishmania donovani complex in Georgia. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:279. [PMID: 27177688 PMCID: PMC4866401 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1558-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis includes multiple clinical syndromes, most notably visceral, cutaneous, and mucosal forms. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), also known as kala-azar, is a potentially fatal disease endemic to large parts of Africa and Asia, and in South-Eastern Europe (Greece, Turkey, Georgia). Visceral leishmaniasis is a parasitic zoonosis caused by species of the L. donovani complex. In the classical epidemiological model the main reservoir for VL are canines. METHODS The study included a cohort of 513 individuals of both genders (190 males and 323 females) from the ages of 1 to 70 years that were screened in ten villages across two districts in Kakheti using the Kalazar Detect™ rK39 rapid diagnostic test. The phylogenetic diversity patterns of local strains, based on the rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences, were assessed for samples obtained from patients with suspected L. donovani infection, from canine reservoirs and from Phlebotomus sand flies obtained from different geographical areas of Georgia and from Azerbaijan. RESULTS Out of a total of 600 domestic dog blood samples 95 (15.8 %) were positive by rK39 rapid diagnostic tests. For symptomatic domestic dogs, the testing of conjunctival swabs or bone marrow aspirates revealed a higher VL incidence in Kvareli District (Kvareli; 19.4 %, n = 329) compared with that observed for Sagarejo District (Sagarejo; 11.4 %, n = 271). A total of 231 sand flies of both genders were collected during the 2-month period; of the 114 females, 1.75 % were PCR positive for the presence of Leishmania spp. CONCLUSIONS VL infection rates remain high in both canines and humans in Georgia, with disease in several known natural foci. The genetic relationships derived from rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence comparisons identified genetic subgroups, revealing preliminary insights into the genetic structure of L. donovani complex members currently circulating in the South Caucasus and demonstrates the utility of ITS-based genotyping in the resource-limited country of Georgia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgi Babuadze
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health of Georgia, 9 M. Asatiani Str. 0186, Tbilisi, Georgia. .,Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia.
| | - Jason Farlow
- Farlow Scientific Consulting Company, Lewiston, UT, USA
| | - Harry P de Koning
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G43 2DX, UK
| | - Eugenia Carrillo
- Unit of Leishmaniasis and Chagas Disease, WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, National Center for Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Giorgi Chakhunashvili
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health of Georgia, 9 M. Asatiani Str. 0186, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | | | - Merab Kekelidze
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health of Georgia, 9 M. Asatiani Str. 0186, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Irakli Karseladze
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health of Georgia, 9 M. Asatiani Str. 0186, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Nora Kokaia
- S. Virsaladze Research Institute of Medical Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Irine Kalandadze
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health of Georgia, 9 M. Asatiani Str. 0186, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - David Tsereteli
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health of Georgia, 9 M. Asatiani Str. 0186, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Ivane Markhvashvili
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health of Georgia, 9 M. Asatiani Str. 0186, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Ketevan Sidamonidze
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health of Georgia, 9 M. Asatiani Str. 0186, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Gvantsa Chanturia
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health of Georgia, 9 M. Asatiani Str. 0186, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Ekaterine Adeishvili
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health of Georgia, 9 M. Asatiani Str. 0186, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Paata Imnadze
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health of Georgia, 9 M. Asatiani Str. 0186, Tbilisi, Georgia
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Development of a Murine Infection Model with Leishmania killicki, Responsible for Cutaneous Leishmaniosis in Algeria: Application in Pharmacology. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:7985104. [PMID: 26949705 PMCID: PMC4754473 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7985104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In Algeria, Leishmania infantum, Leishmania major, and Leishmania killicki (Leishmania tropica) are responsible for cutaneous leishmaniosis. We established a murine model of L. killicki infection to investigate its infective capacity, some immunophysiopathological aspects, and its suitability for pharmacological purposes. Following the injection of L. major or L. killicki metacyclic promastigotes in the ear dermis of BALB/c mice, the course of infection was followed. The infection with L. killicki caused slower lesion formation than with L. major. The presence of L. killicki or L. major DNA and parasites was detected in the ear dermis and in lymph nodes, spleen, and liver. Lesions induced by L. killicki were nonulcerative in their aspect, whereas those caused by L. major were highly ulcerative and necrotic, which matches well with the lesion phenotype reported in humans for L. killicki and L. major, respectively. The treatment of L. killicki lesions by injection of Glucantime® significantly reduced the lesion thickness and parasite burden. Ear dermal injection of BALB/c mice constitutes a model to study lesions physiopathology caused by L. killicki and presents interest for in vivo screening of new compounds against this pathogen, emerging in Algeria.
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Martin-Blondel G, Iriart X, El Baidouri F, Simon S, Mills D, Demar M, Pistone T, Le Taillandier T, Malvy D, Gangneux JP, Couppie P, Munckhof W, Marchou B, Ravel C, Berry A. Outbreak of Leishmania braziliensis Cutaneous Leishmaniasis, Saül, French Guiana. Emerg Infect Dis 2016; 21:892-4. [PMID: 25897573 PMCID: PMC4412217 DOI: 10.3201/eid2105.141181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Gebhardt M, Ertas B, Falk T, Blödorn-Schlicht N, Metze D, Böer-Auer A. Fast, sensitive and specific diagnosis of infections withLeishmaniaspp. in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded skin biopsies by cytochrome b polymerase chain reaction. Br J Dermatol 2015; 173:1239-49. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.14088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Gebhardt
- Dermatologikum Hamburg; Stephansplatz 5 20354 Hamburg Germany
| | - B. Ertas
- Dermatologikum Hamburg; Stephansplatz 5 20354 Hamburg Germany
| | - T.M. Falk
- Dermatologikum Hamburg; Stephansplatz 5 20354 Hamburg Germany
| | | | - D. Metze
- Department of Dermatology; Münster University; Von Esmarch Strasse 58 48149 Münster Germany
| | - A. Böer-Auer
- Dermatologikum Hamburg; Stephansplatz 5 20354 Hamburg Germany
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The Genetic Relationship between Leishmania aethiopica and Leishmania tropica Revealed by Comparing Microsatellite Profiles. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26196393 PMCID: PMC4511230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmania (Leishmania) aethiopica and L. (L.) tropica cause cutaneous leishmaniases and appear to be related. L. aethiopica is geographically restricted to Ethiopia and Kenya; L. tropica is widely dispersed from the Eastern Mediterranean, through the Middle East into eastern India and in north, east and south Africa. Their phylogenetic inter-relationship is only partially revealed. Some studies indicate a close relationship. Here, eight strains of L. aethiopica were characterized genetically and compared with 156 strains of L. tropica from most of the latter species' geographical range to discern the closeness. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Twelve unlinked microsatellite markers previously used to genotype strains of L. tropica were successfully applied to the eight strains of L. aethiopica and their microsatellite profiles were compared to those of 156 strains of L. tropica from various geographical locations that were isolated from human cases of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis, hyraxes and sand fly vectors. All the microsatellite profiles were subjected to various analytical algorithms: Bayesian statistics, distance-based and factorial correspondence analysis, revealing: (i) the species L. aethiopica, though geographically restricted, is genetically very heterogeneous; (ii) the strains of L. aethiopica formed a distinct genetic cluster; and (iii) strains of L. aethiopica are closely related to strains of L. tropica and more so to the African ones, although, by factorial correspondence analysis, clearly separate from them. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The successful application of the 12 microsatellite markers, originally considered species-specific for the species L. tropica, to strains of L. aethiopica confirmed the close relationship between these two species. The Bayesian and distance-based methods clustered the strains of L. aethiopica among African strains of L. tropica, while the factorial correspondence analysis indicated a clear separation between the two species. There was no correlation between microsatellite profiles of the eight strains of L. aethiopica and the type of leishmaniasis, localized (LCL) versus diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL), displayed by the human cases.
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Shaw J, Pratlong F, Floeter-Winter L, Ishikawa E, El Baidouri F, Ravel C, Dedet JP. Characterization of Leishmania (Leishmania) waltoni n.sp. (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae), the Parasite Responsible for Diffuse Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in the Dominican Republic. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 93:552-8. [PMID: 26149864 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.14-0774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania parasites isolated, between 1979 and 1988 by the late Bryce Walton, from Dominican Republic (DR) patients with diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis, were characterized using a panel of 12 isoenzymes, 23 monoclonal antibodies, small subunit ribosomal DNA (SSu rDNA), and multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA). The isoenzyme and monoclonal antibody profiles and the MLSA results showed that the Dominican Republic parasites were distinct from other described Leishmania species. This new species belongs to the mexicana complex, which is distributed in central and parts of northern South America. It is suggested that the parasites uniqueness from other members of the mexicana complex is related to it being isolated on an island for millions of years. If Leishmania (Leishmania) waltoni fails to adapt to some imported mammal, such as the house rat, it will be the only Leishmania to be classified as an endangered species. The excessive destruction of habitats on Hispaniola threatens the survival of its vectors and presumed natural reservoirs, such as the rodent hutias and the small insectivorous mammal solenodon. The concept of Leishmania species is discussed in the light of recent evaluations on criteria for defining bacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Shaw
- Parasitology Department, Biomedical Sciences Institute, São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil; French National Reference Centre on Leishmaniasis, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France; Biology Department, BioSciences Institute, São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil; Tropical Medicine Nucleus, Pará Federal University, Brazil; School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, England
| | - Francine Pratlong
- Parasitology Department, Biomedical Sciences Institute, São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil; French National Reference Centre on Leishmaniasis, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France; Biology Department, BioSciences Institute, São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil; Tropical Medicine Nucleus, Pará Federal University, Brazil; School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, England
| | - Lucile Floeter-Winter
- Parasitology Department, Biomedical Sciences Institute, São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil; French National Reference Centre on Leishmaniasis, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France; Biology Department, BioSciences Institute, São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil; Tropical Medicine Nucleus, Pará Federal University, Brazil; School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, England
| | - Edna Ishikawa
- Parasitology Department, Biomedical Sciences Institute, São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil; French National Reference Centre on Leishmaniasis, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France; Biology Department, BioSciences Institute, São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil; Tropical Medicine Nucleus, Pará Federal University, Brazil; School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, England
| | - Fouad El Baidouri
- Parasitology Department, Biomedical Sciences Institute, São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil; French National Reference Centre on Leishmaniasis, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France; Biology Department, BioSciences Institute, São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil; Tropical Medicine Nucleus, Pará Federal University, Brazil; School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, England
| | - Christophe Ravel
- Parasitology Department, Biomedical Sciences Institute, São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil; French National Reference Centre on Leishmaniasis, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France; Biology Department, BioSciences Institute, São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil; Tropical Medicine Nucleus, Pará Federal University, Brazil; School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, England
| | - Jean-Pierre Dedet
- Parasitology Department, Biomedical Sciences Institute, São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil; French National Reference Centre on Leishmaniasis, Montpellier University, Montpellier, France; Biology Department, BioSciences Institute, São Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil; Tropical Medicine Nucleus, Pará Federal University, Brazil; School of Life Sciences, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, England
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Di Muccio T, Scalone A, Bruno A, Marangi M, Grande R, Armignacco O, Gradoni L, Gramiccia M. Epidemiology of Imported Leishmaniasis in Italy: Implications for a European Endemic Country. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129418. [PMID: 26114938 PMCID: PMC4482607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, the number of imported leishmaniasis cases has increased in countries of Western Europe. The trend is associated with increasing travels, ecotourism activity, military operations and immigration. While in endemic countries leishmaniasis is usually well diagnosed, accurate patient history and parasite identification are necessary to distinguish between autochthonous and imported cases. This is particularly important, as new Leishmania species/genotypes may be introduced and transmitted by local phlebotomine vectors without appropriate surveillance, with unpredictable consequences. We report on the surveillance of imported leishmaniasis performed by the Leishmania Identification Reference Centre of Rome from 1986 through 2012, involving health care centres from 16/20 Italian regions. Suspected imported cases were analyzed and conclusions were based on clinical, epidemiological and diagnostic findings. Over the years, different parasite identification methods were employed, including MultiLocus Enzyme Electrophoresis and molecular techniques combining disease diagnosis (SSU rDNA nested-PCR) and Leishmania typing (nuclear repetitive sequence and ITS-1 PCR-RFLPs). A total of 105 imported cases were recorded (annual range: 0-20) of which 36 were visceral (VL) (16 HIV-coinfections) and 69 cutaneous (CL) cases; 85 cases (52 CL) were from the Old World and 20 (17 CL) from the New World. Eight Leishmania species were identified, of which 7 were exotic to Italy. VL importation until 1995 was associated with the spread of Mediterranean Leishmania-HIV co-infections in early 1990s. Following the introduction of HAART treatment, such cases became occasional in Italians but relatively frequent among immigrants. In contrast, a steady increase of CL cases was observed from different areas of the Old and New Worlds, that in recent years included mainly immigrants ‘visiting friends and relatives’ and Italian tourists. This positive trend likely depends on better diagnosis and reporting; however, we suspect that many CL cases remained unrecognized. Given the relatively low incidence of leishmaniasis importation, the risk of introduction of exotic parasites appears limited, although the detection of anthroponotic species requires attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trentina Di Muccio
- Unit of Vector-borne Diseases & International Health, MIPI Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Aldo Scalone
- Unit of Vector-borne Diseases & International Health, MIPI Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Bruno
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Unit of Microbiology and Virology, IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
| | - Massimo Marangi
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Sciences, Sant’Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Romualdo Grande
- Unit of Clinical Microbiology Virology and Bioemergencies Diagnosis, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Gradoni
- Unit of Vector-borne Diseases & International Health, MIPI Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Gramiccia
- Unit of Vector-borne Diseases & International Health, MIPI Department, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Leishmania is an infectious protozoan parasite related to African and American trypanosomes. All Leishmania species that are pathogenic to humans can cause dermal disease. When one is confronted with cutaneous leishmaniasis, identification of the causative species is relevant in both clinical and epidemiological studies, case management, and control. This review gives an overview of the currently existing and most used assays for species discrimination, with a critical appraisal of the limitations of each technique. The consensus taxonomy for the genus is outlined, including debatable species designations. Finally, a numerical literature analysis is presented that describes which methods are most used in various countries and regions in the world, and for which purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gert Van der Auwera
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jean-Claude Dujardin
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium Antwerp University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
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42
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Chaara D, Ravel C, Bañuls AL, Haouas N, Lami P, Talignani L, El Baidouri F, Jaouadi K, Harrat Z, Dedet JP, Babba H, Pratlong F. Evolutionary history of Leishmania killicki (synonymous Leishmania tropica) and taxonomic implications. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:198. [PMID: 25889939 PMCID: PMC4387592 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0821-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The taxonomic status of Leishmania (L.) killicki, a parasite that causes chronic cutaneous leishmaniasis, is not well defined yet. Indeed, some researchers suggested that this taxon could be included in the L. tropica complex, whereas others considered it as a distinct phylogenetic complex. To try to solve this taxonomic issue we carried out a detailed study on the evolutionary history of L. killicki relative to L. tropica. Methods Thirty-five L. killicki and 25 L. tropica strains isolated from humans and originating from several countries were characterized using the MultiLocus Enzyme Electrophoresis (MLEE) and the MultiLocus Sequence Typing (MLST) approaches. Results The results of the genetic and phylogenetic analyses strongly support the hypothesis that L. killicki belongs to the L. tropica complex. Our data suggest that L. killicki emerged from a single founder event and that it evolved independently from L. tropica. However, they do not validate the hypothesis that L. killicki is a distinct complex. Therefore, we suggest naming this taxon L. killicki (synonymous L. tropica) until further epidemiological and phylogenetic studies justify the L. killicki denomination. Conclusions This study provides taxonomic and phylogenetic information on L. killicki and improves our knowledge on the evolutionary history of this taxon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhekra Chaara
- Département de Biologie Clinique B, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie Médicale et Moléculaire (code LR12ES08), Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia. .,Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre National de Référence des Leishmanioses, CHRU de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, France, 39 avenue Charles FLAHAULT, 34295, Montpellier Cedex 5, France. .,UMR MIVEGEC (CNRS 5290-IRD 224-Université de Montpellier), Montpellier, 34394, France.
| | - Christophe Ravel
- Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre National de Référence des Leishmanioses, CHRU de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, France, 39 avenue Charles FLAHAULT, 34295, Montpellier Cedex 5, France. .,UMR MIVEGEC (CNRS 5290-IRD 224-Université de Montpellier), Montpellier, 34394, France.
| | - Anne- Laure Bañuls
- UMR MIVEGEC (CNRS 5290-IRD 224-Université de Montpellier), Montpellier, 34394, France.
| | - Najoua Haouas
- Département de Biologie Clinique B, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie Médicale et Moléculaire (code LR12ES08), Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Patrick Lami
- Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre National de Référence des Leishmanioses, CHRU de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, France, 39 avenue Charles FLAHAULT, 34295, Montpellier Cedex 5, France. .,UMR MIVEGEC (CNRS 5290-IRD 224-Université de Montpellier), Montpellier, 34394, France.
| | - Loïc Talignani
- Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre National de Référence des Leishmanioses, CHRU de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, France, 39 avenue Charles FLAHAULT, 34295, Montpellier Cedex 5, France. .,UMR MIVEGEC (CNRS 5290-IRD 224-Université de Montpellier), Montpellier, 34394, France.
| | - Fouad El Baidouri
- Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre National de Référence des Leishmanioses, CHRU de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, France, 39 avenue Charles FLAHAULT, 34295, Montpellier Cedex 5, France. .,UMR MIVEGEC (CNRS 5290-IRD 224-Université de Montpellier), Montpellier, 34394, France. .,School of Life Sciences University of Lincoln, Joseph Banks Laboratories, Green Lane, Lincoln, LN6 7DL, UK.
| | - Kaouther Jaouadi
- Département de Biologie Clinique B, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie Médicale et Moléculaire (code LR12ES08), Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Zoubir Harrat
- Laboratoire d'éco-épidémiologie Parasitaire et Génétique des Populations, Institut Pasteur d'Algérie, Dely Ibrahim, Algeria.
| | - Jean-Pierre Dedet
- Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre National de Référence des Leishmanioses, CHRU de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, France, 39 avenue Charles FLAHAULT, 34295, Montpellier Cedex 5, France. .,UMR MIVEGEC (CNRS 5290-IRD 224-Université de Montpellier), Montpellier, 34394, France.
| | - Hamouda Babba
- Département de Biologie Clinique B, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie Médicale et Moléculaire (code LR12ES08), Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Francine Pratlong
- Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre National de Référence des Leishmanioses, CHRU de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, France, 39 avenue Charles FLAHAULT, 34295, Montpellier Cedex 5, France. .,UMR MIVEGEC (CNRS 5290-IRD 224-Université de Montpellier), Montpellier, 34394, France.
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Cantacessi C, Dantas-Torres F, Nolan MJ, Otranto D. The past, present, and future of Leishmania genomics and transcriptomics. Trends Parasitol 2015; 31:100-8. [PMID: 25638444 PMCID: PMC4356521 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
It has been nearly 10 years since the completion of the first entire genome sequence of a Leishmania parasite. Genomic and transcriptomic analyses have advanced our understanding of the biology of Leishmania, and shed new light on the complex interactions occurring within the parasite-host-vector triangle. Here, we review these advances and examine potential avenues for translation of these discoveries into treatment and control programs. In addition, we argue for a strong need to explore how disease in dogs relates to that in humans, and how an improved understanding in line with the 'One Health' concept may open new avenues for the control of these devastating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Cantacessi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Filipe Dantas-Torres
- Departamento de Imunologia, Centro de Pesquisas Aggeu Magalhães, Fiocruz-PE, Brazil; Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Matthew J Nolan
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, North Mymms, UK
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università degli Studi di Bari, Bari, Italy
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44
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Rougeron V, De Meeûs T, Bañuls AL. A primer for Leishmania population genetic studies. Trends Parasitol 2015; 31:52-9. [PMID: 25592839 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniases remain a major public health problem. Despite the development of elaborate experimental techniques and sophisticated statistical tools, how these parasites evolve, adapt themselves to new environmental compartments and hosts, and develop resistance to new drugs remains unclear. Leishmania parasites constitute a complex model from a biological, ecological, and epidemiological point of view but also with respect to their genetics and phylogenetics. With this in view, we seek to outline the criteria, caveats, and confounding factors to be considered for Leishmania population genetic studies. We examine how the taxonomic complexity, heterozygosity, intraspecific and interspecific recombination, aneuploidy, and ameiotic recombination of Leishmania intersect with population genetic studies of this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Rougeron
- MIVEGEC (Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5290 - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) 224 - Universités Montpellier 1 et 2, Montpellier, France; Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon.
| | - T De Meeûs
- IRD/Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Élevage en zone Subhumide (CIRDES), UMR 177, INTERTRYP IRD-Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), CIRDES 01, BP 454 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - A-L Bañuls
- MIVEGEC (Laboratoire Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5290 - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) 224 - Universités Montpellier 1 et 2, Montpellier, France
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45
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Marco JD, Barroso PA, Locatelli FM, Cajal SP, Hoyos CL, Nevot MC, Lauthier JJ, Tomasini N, Juarez M, Estévez JO, Korenaga M, Nasser JR, Hashiguchi Y, Ruybal P. Multilocus sequence typing approach for a broader range of species of Leishmania genus: describing parasite diversity in Argentina. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 30:308-317. [PMID: 25558029 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne protozoan infection affecting over 350 million people around the world. In Argentina cutaneous leishmaniasis is endemic in nine provinces and visceral leishmaniasis is spreading from autochthonous transmission foci in seven provinces. However, there is limited information about the diversity of the parasite in this country. Implementation of molecular strategies for parasite typing, particularly multilocus sequence typing (MLST), represents an improved approach for genetic variability and population dynamics analyses. We selected six loci as candidates implemented in reference strains and Argentinean isolates. Phylogenetic analysis showed high correlation with taxonomic classification of the parasite. Autochthonous Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis showed higher genetic diversity than L. (Leishmania) infantum but low support was obtained for intra-L. braziliensis complex variants suggesting the need of new loci that contribute to phylogenetic resolution for an improved MLST or nested-MLST scheme. This study represents the first characterization of genetic variability of Leishmania spp. in Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge D Marco
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Salta/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. Bolivia 5150, A4402FDO Salta, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones en Enfermedades Tropicales, Sede Regional Orán, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Alvarado 751, A4530ANQ San Ramón De La Nueva Orán, Salta, Argentina.
| | - Paola A Barroso
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Salta/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. Bolivia 5150, A4402FDO Salta, Argentina; Instituto de Investigaciones en Enfermedades Tropicales, Sede Regional Orán, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Alvarado 751, A4530ANQ San Ramón De La Nueva Orán, Salta, Argentina.
| | - Fabricio M Locatelli
- Department of Parasitology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Okocho Kohasu, Nankoku, Kochi Prefecture 783-8505, Japan.
| | - S Pamela Cajal
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Enfermedades Tropicales, Sede Regional Orán, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Alvarado 751, A4530ANQ San Ramón De La Nueva Orán, Salta, Argentina.
| | - Carlos L Hoyos
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Enfermedades Tropicales, Sede Regional Orán, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Alvarado 751, A4530ANQ San Ramón De La Nueva Orán, Salta, Argentina.
| | - M Cecilia Nevot
- Veterinaria del Oeste, Av. Lavalle 2574, N3300ONN Posadas, Misiones, Argentina.
| | - Juan J Lauthier
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Salta/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. Bolivia 5150, A4402FDO Salta, Argentina.
| | - Nicolás Tomasini
- Instituto de Patología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional de Salta/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. Bolivia 5150, A4402FDO Salta, Argentina.
| | - Marisa Juarez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Enfermedades Tropicales, Sede Regional Orán, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Alvarado 751, A4530ANQ San Ramón De La Nueva Orán, Salta, Argentina.
| | - J Octavio Estévez
- Veterinaria del Oeste, Av. Lavalle 2574, N3300ONN Posadas, Misiones, Argentina.
| | - Masataka Korenaga
- Department of Parasitology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Okocho Kohasu, Nankoku, Kochi Prefecture 783-8505, Japan.
| | - Julio R Nasser
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Enfermedades Tropicales, Sede Regional Orán, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Alvarado 751, A4530ANQ San Ramón De La Nueva Orán, Salta, Argentina.
| | - Yoshihisa Hashiguchi
- Department of Parasitology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Okocho Kohasu, Nankoku, Kochi Prefecture 783-8505, Japan; Centro de Biomedicina, Universidad Central del Ecuador y Proyecto Prometeo, SNESCYT, Sodiro N14-121 e Iquique, Quito, Ecuador.
| | - Paula Ruybal
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica, Universidad de Buenos Aires/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Paraguay 2155, piso 13, C1121ABG Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Abstract
Leishmaniosis caused by Leishmania infantum is a vector-borne zoonotic disease endemic in southern Europe, but which is spreading northwards. Millions of dogs, cats and other non-conventional companion animals susceptible to L. infantum, living in European households, may develop a severe disease and contribute to the spread of leishmaniosis because of travelling or re-homing. Dogs are the main reservoir but other new reservoirs have recently been incriminated. Sand flies remain the sole proven vector and non-vectorial transmission has been reported at individual level and in areas where the vector is absent. Clinical disease affects only a proportion of infected dogs and a complex genetic background of immune response is responsible for this susceptibility. There is a wide range of serological and parasitological diagnostic tools available whose cost-effective use depends on a reasoned approach. Clinical response to treatment of sick dogs is variable. Clinical cure is often obtained but clinical recurrence can occur and post-therapy follow up should be maintained life-long. In Europe, vaccination can be combined with individual protection with pyrethroids as part of an integrated approach to prevention. L. infantum is the only species isolated from cats in Europe and xenodiagnosis substantiated that infected cats are infectious for sand flies. Feline infection may be frequent in endemic areas, but prevalence is generally lower than in dogs. When cats are tested by both serological and molecular techniques discordant results are often observed. Feline cases have been reported from endemic areas in Italy, France, Spain and Portugal, but four cases were also diagnosed in Switzerland in cats that had travelled to or been imported from Spain. Half of the cases were diagnosed in cats with impaired immune responses. Clinical manifestations compatible with feline leishmaniosis include lymph node enlargement, skin and mucocutaneous lesions, ocular lesions, chronic gingivostomatitis, hypergammaglobulinemia, and normocytic normochromic anemia. Cats have been empirically treated with some drugs used in dogs. Due to polymorphic clinical picture and the insidious progressive course, leishmaniosis can persist for a long time before dogs or cats are brought to a veterinarian and so diagnosis can be delayed. Exotic or new Leishmania spp. have been reported in humans, animals and vectors in Europe. This changing situation requires attention in Europe for designing epidemiological studies and control measures.
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47
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Haouas N, Remadi L, Chaara D, Chargui N, Dabghi R, Jbeniani H, Babba H, Ravel C. Unexpected co-detection of promastigote and amastigote Leishmania forms in a human cutaneous lesion: implications for leishmaniasis physiopathology and treatment. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 81:18-20. [PMID: 25312011 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis pathogenicity depends on the survival and replication of the parasitic protozoa in the form of non-motile amastigotes inside macrophages. Here, we report the unprecedented observation of both Leishmania major amastigote and promastigote forms (the latter is normally detected only in the mid gut of the insect vector or in vitro culture) in a cutaneous lesion of a 6-year-old boy. This finding suggests that modifications of the skin lesion environment, such as maceration and changes in pH or temperature, could promote the in situ transformation of Leishmania amastigotes into promastigotes. This observation raises questions about the physiopathology of cutaneous leishmaniasis and the influence of micro-environmental changes on the efficiency of topical treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najoua Haouas
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie Médicale et Moléculaire (code LR12ES08), Département de Biologie Clinique B, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Latifa Remadi
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie Médicale et Moléculaire (code LR12ES08), Département de Biologie Clinique B, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Dhekra Chaara
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie Médicale et Moléculaire (code LR12ES08), Département de Biologie Clinique B, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Najla Chargui
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie Médicale et Moléculaire (code LR12ES08), Département de Biologie Clinique B, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Monastir, Tunisia
| | | | - Henda Jbeniani
- Centre d'Hygiène et des Soins de Santé de Base de Kairouan, Tunisia
| | - Hamouda Babba
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie Médicale et Moléculaire (code LR12ES08), Département de Biologie Clinique B, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Christophe Ravel
- French Reference Centre on Leishmaniasis, UMR5290 MIVEGEC, University of Montpellier, Department of Parasitology, Montpellier, France
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Cortes S, Maurício IL, Kuhls K, Nunes M, Lopes C, Marcos M, Cardoso L, Schönian G, Campino L. Genetic diversity evaluation on Portuguese Leishmania infantum strains by multilocus microsatellite typing. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 26:20-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Parasexuality and mosaic aneuploidy in Leishmania: alternative genetics. Trends Parasitol 2014; 30:429-35. [PMID: 25073852 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Reproduction as identical or similar organisms in most biological systems depends on the extreme accuracy of the mitotic (and meiotic) mechanisms involved in the transmission of the genetic material to the two daughter cells. Character recombination and genotype diversification are ensured by the alternation between haploidy and diploidy, which corresponds to the most predominant model in sexually reproducing organisms. In Leishmania, the unique association of high levels of automixis and of constitutive 'mosaic aneuploidy' unexpectedly does not lead to loss of heterozygosity but constitutes an alternative for genotype recombination, hence a source of adaptability.
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Mouri O, Morizot G, Van der Auwera G, Ravel C, Passet M, Chartrel N, Joly I, Thellier M, Jauréguiberry S, Caumes E, Mazier D, Marinach-Patrice C, Buffet P. Easy identification of leishmania species by mass spectrometry. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2841. [PMID: 24902030 PMCID: PMC4046964 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous leishmaniasis is caused by several Leishmania species that are associated with variable outcomes before and after therapy. Optimal treatment decision is based on an accurate identification of the infecting species but current methods to type Leishmania isolates are relatively complex and/or slow. Therefore, the initial treatment decision is generally presumptive, the infecting species being suspected on epidemiological and clinical grounds. A simple method to type cultured isolates would facilitate disease management. METHODOLOGY We analyzed MALDI-TOF spectra of promastigote pellets from 46 strains cultured in monophasic medium, including 20 short-term cultured isolates from French travelers (19 with CL, 1 with VL). As per routine procedure, clinical isolates were analyzed in parallel with Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) at the National Reference Center for Leishmania. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Automatic dendrogram analysis generated a classification of isolates consistent with reference determination of species based on MLST or hsp70 sequencing. A minute analysis of spectra based on a very simple, database-independent analysis of spectra based on the algorithm showed that the mutually exclusive presence of two pairs of peaks discriminated isolates considered by reference methods to belong either to the Viannia or Leishmania subgenus, and that within each subgenus presence or absence of a few peaks allowed discrimination to species complexes level. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Analysis of cultured Leishmania isolates using mass spectrometry allows a rapid and simple classification to the species complex level consistent with reference methods, a potentially useful method to guide treatment decision in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oussama Mouri
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service Parasitologie-Mycologie, Paris, France
| | - Gloriat Morizot
- Unité d'Immunologie Moléculaire des Parasites, Institut Pasteur de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Gert Van der Auwera
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christophe Ravel
- Centre National de Référence des Leishmanioses, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie Passet
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service Parasitologie-Mycologie, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Chartrel
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service Parasitologie-Mycologie, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Joly
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service Parasitologie-Mycologie, Paris, France
| | - Marc Thellier
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service Parasitologie-Mycologie, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, UMR S945 Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U945, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Jauréguiberry
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, UMR S945 Paris, France
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Maladie Infectieuse, Paris, France
| | - Eric Caumes
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, UMR S945 Paris, France
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service de Maladie Infectieuse, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Mazier
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service Parasitologie-Mycologie, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, UMR S945 Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U945, Paris, France
| | - Carine Marinach-Patrice
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, UMR S945 Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U945, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Buffet
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Service Parasitologie-Mycologie, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris6, UMR S945 Paris, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U945, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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