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Christofferson RC, Turner EA, Peña-García VH. Identifying Knowledge Gaps through the Systematic Review of Temperature-Driven Variability in the Competence of Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus for Chikungunya Virus. Pathogens 2023; 12:1368. [PMID: 38003832 PMCID: PMC10675276 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12111368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Temperature is a well-known effector of several transmission factors of mosquito-borne viruses, including within mosquito dynamics. These dynamics are often characterized by vector competence and the extrinsic incubation period (EIP). Vector competence is the intrinsic ability of a mosquito population to become infected with and transmit a virus, while EIP is the time it takes for the virus to reach the salivary glands and be expectorated following an infectious bloodmeal. Temperatures outside the optimal range act on life traits, decreasing transmission potential, while increasing temperature within the optimal range correlates to increasing vector competence and a decreased EIP. These relatively well-studied effects of other Aedes borne viruses (dengue and Zika) are used to make predictions about transmission efficiency, including the challenges presented by urban heat islands and climate change. However, the knowledge of temperature and chikungunya (CHIKV) dynamics within its two primary vectors-Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus-remains less characterized, even though CHIKV remains a virus of public-health importance. Here, we review the literature and summarize the state of the literature on CHIKV and temperature dependence of vector competence and EIP and use these data to demonstrate how the remaining knowledge gap might confound the ability to adequately predict and, thus, prepare for future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erik A. Turner
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
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Grubesic TH, Durbin KM. Breastfeeding, Community Vulnerability, Resilience, and Disasters: A Snapshot of the United States Gulf Coast. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:11847. [PMID: 36231150 PMCID: PMC9564847 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191911847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Climate change-induced disasters are increasing in intensity and frequency in the United States. Infant feeding in the aftermath of an extreme event is particularly challenging, especially given large variations in community vulnerability and resilience. The aim of this study was to identify the physical, social, and spatial vulnerabilities of communities along the Gulf Coast and highlight locations where high (or low) breastfeeding initiation rates have the potential to offset (or exacerbate) infant feeding challenges in the wake of a disaster. We structured this study as a retrospective, spatial data analysis of breastfeeding initiation, the risk for extreme events, social vulnerability, and community resilience to uncover locations that may need post-disaster intervention. The results suggested that significant gaps in the geographic distribution of community risk, vulnerability, resilience, and breastfeeding initiation existed. While many metropolitan areas benefitted from high breastfeeding initiation rates, they were also the most "at risk" for disasters. Conversely, many rural communities faced less risk for extreme events but exhibited more social vulnerability and less resilience should a disaster strike. Prioritizing emergency response resources to support infant feeding after a disaster is critically important, but urban and rural communities have divergent profiles that will require variable strategies to ensure recovery. Our results highlight this variability and provide prescriptive guidance regarding where to potentially allocate emergency resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony H. Grubesic
- Center for Geospatial Sciences, School of Public Policy, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Social determinants associated with Zika virus infection in pregnant women. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009612. [PMID: 34329305 PMCID: PMC8323902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to describe the sociodemographic determinants associated with exposure to Zika Virus (ZIKV) in pregnant women during the 2015–2016 epidemic in Salvador, Brazil. The Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic in Brazil has intensified global concern about congenital defects associated with intrauterine exposure. Social determinants are factors that reinforce and contribute to the transmission and spread of ZIKV as well as other arboviruses like Dengue. We performed a cross-sectional study to describe the prevalence of ZIKV and the contribution of social determinants to transmission among pregnant women during the 2015–2016 ZIKV epidemic in Salvador, Brazil. We found that 61% of pregnant women were ZIKV seropositive. We also found that lower education level, food insecurity and lower maternal age were associated with higher ZIKV infection risk. These findings contribute to understanding the role of social determinants in ZIKV transmission, providing key social factors that can be combined with pre-existing tactics (vector control and environmental improvement) to create policies and interventions which reduce social inequalities and risk of infection in vulnerable populations like pregnant women.
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Rees EE, Petukhova T, Mascarenhas M, Pelcat Y, Ogden NH. Environmental and social determinants of population vulnerability to Zika virus emergence at the local scale. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:290. [PMID: 29739467 PMCID: PMC5941591 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2867-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Zika virus (ZIKV) spread rapidly in the Americas in 2015. Targeting effective public health interventions for inhabitants of, and travellers to and from, affected countries depends on understanding the risk of ZIKV emergence (and re-emergence) at the local scale. We explore the extent to which environmental, social and neighbourhood disease intensity variables influenced emergence dynamics. Our objective was to characterise population vulnerability given the potential for sustained autochthonous ZIKV transmission and the timing of emergence. Logistic regression models estimated the probability of reporting at least one case of ZIKV in a given municipality over the course of the study period as an indicator for sustained transmission; while accelerated failure time (AFT) survival models estimated the time to a first reported case of ZIKV in week t for a given municipality as an indicator for timing of emergence. Results Sustained autochthonous ZIKV transmission was best described at the temporal scale of the study period (almost one year), such that high levels of study period precipitation and low mean study period temperature reduced the probability. Timing of ZIKV emergence was best described at the weekly scale for precipitation in that high precipitation in the current week delayed reporting. Both modelling approaches detected an effect of high poverty on reducing/slowing case detection, especially when inter-municipal road connectivity was low. We also found that proximity to municipalities reporting ZIKV had an effect to reduce timing of emergence when located, on average, less than 100 km away. Conclusions The different modelling approaches help distinguish between large temporal scale factors driving vector habitat suitability and short temporal scale factors affecting the speed of spread. We find evidence for inter-municipal movements of infected people as a local-scale driver of spatial spread. The negative association with poverty suggests reduced case reporting in poorer areas. Overall, relatively simplistic models may be able to predict the vulnerability of populations to autochthonous ZIKV transmission at the local scale. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-2867-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Rees
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada.
| | - Tatiana Petukhova
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mariola Mascarenhas
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yann Pelcat
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Nicholas H Ogden
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
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Little E, Biehler D, Leisnham PT, Jordan R, Wilson S, LaDeau SL. Socio-Ecological Mechanisms Supporting High Densities of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) in Baltimore, MD. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 54:1183-1192. [PMID: 28605549 PMCID: PMC5850657 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjx103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Social, ecological, and climatic factors interact creating a heterogeneous matrix that determines the spatiotemporal distribution of mosquitoes and human risks of exposure to the diseases they transmit. We explore linkages between the social and institutional processes behind residential abandonment, urban ecology, and the interactions of socio-ecological processes with abiotic drivers of mosquito production. Specifically, we test the relative roles of infrastructure degradation and vegetation for explaining the presence of Aedes albopictus Skuse 1894 to better predict spatial heterogeneity in mosquito exposure risk within urban environments. We further examine how precipitation interacts with these socially underpinned biophysical variables. We use a hierarchical statistical modeling approach to assess how environmental and climatic conditions over 3 years influence mosquito ecology across a socioeconomic gradient in Baltimore, MD. We show that decaying infrastructure and vegetation are important determinants of Ae. albopictus infestation. We demonstrate that both precipitation and vegetation influence mosquito production in ways that are mediated by the level of infrastructural decay on a given block. Mosquitoes were more common on blocks with greater abandonment, but when precipitation was low, mosquitoes were more likely to be found in higher-income neighborhoods with managed container habitat. Likewise, although increased vegetation was a negative predictor of mosquito infestation, more vegetation on blocks with high abandonment was associated with the largest mosquito populations. These findings indicate that fine spatial scale modeling of mosquito habitat within urban areas is needed to more accurately target vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Little
- Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY ()
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
| | - D. Biehler
- Department of Geography and Environmental Systems, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD ()
| | - P. T. Leisnham
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD ()
| | - R. Jordan
- Departments of Human Ecology & Ecology, Evolution, and Natural Resources, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ ()
| | - S. Wilson
- Maryland Institute for Applied Environmental Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD ()
| | - S. L. LaDeau
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, NY ()
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Butterworth MK, Morin CW, Comrie AC. An Analysis of the Potential Impact of Climate Change on Dengue Transmission in the Southeastern United States. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:579-585. [PMID: 27713106 PMCID: PMC5381975 DOI: 10.1289/ehp218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dengue fever, caused by a mosquito-transmitted virus, is an increasing health concern in the Americas. Meteorological variables such as temperature and precipitation can affect disease distribution and abundance through biophysical impacts on the vector and on the virus. Such tightly coupled links may facilitate further spread of dengue fever under a changing climate. In the southeastern United States, the dengue vector is widely established and exists on the current fringe of dengue transmission. OBJECTIVES We assessed projected climate change-driven shifts in dengue transmission risk in this region. METHODS We used a dynamic mosquito population and virus transmission model driven by meteorological data to simulate Aedes aegypti populations and dengue cases in 23 locations in the southeastern United States under current climate conditions and future climate projections. We compared estimates for each location with simulations based on observed data from San Juan, Puerto Rico, where dengue is endemic. RESULTS Our simulations based on current climate data suggest that dengue transmission at levels similar to those in San Juan is possible at several U.S. locations during the summer months, particularly in southern Florida and Texas. Simulations that include climate change projections suggest that conditions may become suitable for virus transmission in a larger number of locations and for a longer period of time during each year. However, in contrast with San Juan, U.S. locations would not sustain year-round dengue transmission according to our model. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that Dengue virus (DENV) transmission is limited by low winter temperatures in the mainland United States, which are likely to prevent its permanent establishment. Although future climate conditions may increase the length of the mosquito season in many locations, projected increases in dengue transmission are limited to the southernmost locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda K. Butterworth
- Department of Environmental and Earth Sciences, Willamette University, Salem, Oregon, USA
- Address correspondence to M.K. Butterworth, Department of Environmental and Earth Sciences, Willamette University, 900 State St., Salem, OR 97301 USA. Telephone: (503) 370-6752. E-mail:
| | - Cory W. Morin
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Andrew C. Comrie
- School of Geography and Development, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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Lupi O, Downing C, Lee M, Pino L, Bravo F, Giglio P, Sethi A, Klaus S, Sangueza OP, Fuller C, Mendoza N, Ladizinski B, Woc-Colburn L, Tyring SK. Mucocutaneous manifestations of helminth infections: Nematodes. J Am Acad Dermatol 2016; 73:929-44; quiz 945-6. [PMID: 26568337 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2014.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the 21st century, despite increased globalization through international travel for business, medical volunteerism, pleasure, and immigration/refugees into the United States, there is little published in the dermatology literature regarding the cutaneous manifestations of helminth infections. Approximately 17% of travelers seek medical care because of cutaneous disorders, many related to infectious etiologies. This review will focus on the cutaneous manifestations of helminth infections and is divided into 2 parts: part I focuses on nematode infections, and part II focuses on trematode and cestode infections. This review highlights the clinical manifestations, transmission, diagnosis, and treatment of helminth infections. Nematodes are roundworms that cause diseases with cutaneous manifestations, such as cutaneous larval migrans, onchocerciasis, filariasis, gnathostomiasis, loiasis, dracunculiasis, strongyloidiasis, ascariasis, streptocerciasis, dirofilariasis, and trichinosis. Tremadotes, also known as flukes, cause schistosomiasis, paragonimiasis, and fascioliasis. Cestodes (tapeworms) are flat, hermaphroditic parasites that cause diseases such as sparganosis, cysticercosis, and echinococcus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Lupi
- Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro and Policlinica Geral do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janerio, Brazil
| | - Christopher Downing
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas.
| | - Michael Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Livia Pino
- Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro and Policlinica Geral do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janerio, Brazil
| | - Francisco Bravo
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Lima, Peru; Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Aisha Sethi
- Section of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Department of Dermatology, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sidney Klaus
- Department of Dermatology, Dartmouth School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Omar P Sangueza
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; Department of Dermatology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Claire Fuller
- International Foundation for Dermatology and Consultant, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Mendoza
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Barry Ladizinski
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Laila Woc-Colburn
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Stephen K Tyring
- Center for Clinical Studies, Houston, Texas; Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
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Monaghan AJ, Morin CW, Steinhoff DF, Wilhelmi O, Hayden M, Quattrochi DA, Reiskind M, Lloyd AL, Smith K, Schmidt CA, Scalf PE, Ernst K. On the Seasonal Occurrence and Abundance of the Zika Virus Vector Mosquito Aedes Aegypti in the Contiguous United States. PLOS CURRENTS 2016; 8:ecurrents.outbreaks.50dfc7f46798675fc63e7d7da563da76. [PMID: 27066299 PMCID: PMC4807952 DOI: 10.1371/currents.outbreaks.50dfc7f46798675fc63e7d7da563da76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION An ongoing Zika virus pandemic in Latin America and the Caribbean has raised concerns that travel-related introduction of Zika virus could initiate local transmission in the United States (U.S.) by its primary vector, the mosquito Aedes aegypti. METHODS We employed meteorologically driven models for 2006-2015 to simulate the potential seasonal abundance of adult Aedes aegypti for fifty cities within or near the margins of its known U.S. range. Mosquito abundance results were analyzed alongside travel and socioeconomic factors that are proxies of viral introduction and vulnerability to human-vector contact. RESULTS Meteorological conditions are largely unsuitable for Aedes aegypti over the U.S. during winter months (December-March), except in southern Florida and south Texas where comparatively warm conditions can sustain low-to-moderate potential mosquito abundance. Meteorological conditions are suitable for Aedes aegypti across all fifty cities during peak summer months (July-September), though the mosquito has not been documented in all cities. Simulations indicate the highest mosquito abundance occurs in the Southeast and south Texas where locally acquired cases of Aedes-transmitted viruses have been reported previously. Cities in southern Florida and south Texas are at the nexus of high seasonal suitability for Aedes aegypti and strong potential for travel-related virus introduction. Higher poverty rates in cities along the U.S.-Mexico border may correlate with factors that increase human exposure to Aedes aegypti. DISCUSSION Our results can inform baseline risk for local Zika virus transmission in the U.S. and the optimal timing of vector control activities, and underscore the need for enhanced surveillance for Aedes mosquitoes and Aedes-transmitted viruses.
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Sweileh WM, Al-Jabi SW, Sawalha AF, AbuTaha AS, Zyoud SH. Bibliometric analysis of medicine-related publications on poverty (2005-2015). SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:1888. [PMID: 27843745 PMCID: PMC5084147 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-3593-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poverty is a global problem. The war against poverty requires not only financial support, but also poverty-related research to pinpoint areas of high need of intervention. In line with international efforts to fight poverty and negative consequences, we carried out this study to give a bibliometric overview of medicine-related literature on poverty. Such a s study is an indicator of the extent of interaction of various international key players on the war against poverty-related health problems. METHODS Scopus was used to achieve the objective of this study. The time span set for this study was 2005-2015. Poverty-related articles under the subject area "Medicine" were used to give bibliometric indicators such as annual growth of publications, international collaboration, highly cited articles, active countries, institutions, journals, and authors. RESULTS The total number of retrieved articles was 1583. The Hirsh-index of retrieved articles was 56. A modest and fluctuating increase was seen over the study period. Visualization map of retrieved articles showed that "HIV", infectious diseases, mental health, India, and Africa were most commonly encountered terms. No significant dominance of any particular author or journal was observed in retrieved articles. The United States of America had the largest share in the number of published articles. The World Health Organization and Centers for Disease Prevention and Control were among top active institutions/organizations. International collaboration was observed in less than one third of publications. Top cited articles focused on three poverty-related health issues, mainly, infectious diseases, malnutrition, and child development/psychology. Most of top articles were published in high impact journals. CONCLUSIONS Data indicated that articles on poverty were published in high influential medical journals indicative of the importance of poverty as a global health problem. However, the number publications and the extent of international collaborations was lower than expected given the huge burden of poverty-related health problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed M. Sweileh
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Toxicology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Samah W. Al-Jabi
- Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Ansam F. Sawalha
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Toxicology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Adham S. AbuTaha
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Toxicology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Sa’ed H. Zyoud
- Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
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Hotez PJ, Bottazzi ME, Dumonteil E, Buekens P. The Gulf of Mexico: a "hot zone" for neglected tropical diseases? PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003481. [PMID: 25719411 PMCID: PMC4342336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Hotez
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
- James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PJH); (PB)
| | - Maria Elena Bottazzi
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| | - Eric Dumonteil
- Laboratorio de Parasitología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Pierre Buekens
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PJH); (PB)
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Hotez PJ. The medical biochemistry of poverty and neglect. Mol Med 2014; 20 Suppl 1:S31-6. [PMID: 25549231 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2014.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Hotez
- National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Houston, Texas, United States of America Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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Herricks JR. Dangerous Distractions: Imaginary Threats Impede Preparedness for Real Public Health Concerns. CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40475-014-0031-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abstract
AbstractThe 2014 Ebola outbreak has been seen by many as a “perfect storm” and an “unprecedented” public health calamity. This article attempts to place this most current of epidemics, one currently struggling for pandemic status, in an historical frame. At least since the 1600s protocols and programs for the containment of epidemic disease have been known, and mapped. And yet it was almost six months after warnings about this epidemic were first sounded that incomplete programs of control and surveillance were instituted. In effect, we have forgotten the basics of what was once common knowledge in public health. Having placed our faith in bacteriology, virology, and pharmacology, we have forgotten the lessons learned, long ago. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2014;0:1-6)
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Hotez PJ. The NTDs and vaccine diplomacy in latin America: opportunities for united states foreign policy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2922. [PMID: 25255437 PMCID: PMC4177742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Hotez
- Sabin Vaccine Institute and Texas Children's Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- James A. Baker III Institute for Public Policy, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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