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Yadav M, Sarkar S, Olymon K, Ray SK, Kumar A. Combined In Silico and In Vitro Study to Reveal the Structural Insights and Nucleotide-Binding Ability of the Transcriptional Regulator PehR from the Phytopathogen Ralstonia solanacearum. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:34499-34515. [PMID: 37779998 PMCID: PMC10535256 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The transcriptional regulator PehR regulates the synthesis of the extracellular plant cell wall-degrading enzyme polygalacturonase, which is essential in the bacterial wilt of plants caused by one of the most devastating plant phytopathogens, Ralstonia solanacearum. The bacterium has a wide global distribution infecting many different plant species, resulting in massive agricultural and economic losses. Because the PehR molecular structure has not yet been determined and the structural consequences of PehR on ligand binding have not been thoroughly investigated, we have used an in silico approach combined with in vitro experiments for the first time to characterize the PehR regulator from a local isolate (Tezpur, Assam, India) of the phytopathogenic bacterium R. solanacearum F1C1. In this study, an in silico approach was employed to model the 3D structure of the PehR regulator, followed by the binding analysis of different ligands against this regulatory protein. Molecular docking studies suggest that ATP has the highest binding affinity for the PehR regulator. By using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation analysis, involving root-mean-square deviation, root-mean-square fluctuations, hydrogen bonding, radius of gyration, solvent-accessible surface area, and principal component analysis, it was possible to confirm the sudden conformational changes of the PehR regulator caused by the presence of ATP. We used an in vitro approach to further validate the formation of the PehR-ATP complex. In this approach, recombinant DNA technology was used to clone, express, and purify the gene encoding the PehR regulator from R. solanacearum F1C1. Purified PehR was used in ATP-binding experiments using fluorescence spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, the outcomes of which showed a potent binding to ATP. The putative PehR-ATP-binding analysis revealed the importance of the amino acids Lys190, Glu191, Arg192, Arg375, and Asp378 for the ATP-binding process, but further study is required to confirm this. It will be simpler to comprehend the catalytic mechanisms of a crucial PehR regulator process in R. solanacearum with the aid of the ATP-binding process hints provided by these structural biology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Yadav
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Napaam 784028, Assam, India
| | - Sharmilee Sarkar
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Napaam 784028, Assam, India
| | - Kaushika Olymon
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Napaam 784028, Assam, India
| | - Suvendra Kumar Ray
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Napaam 784028, Assam, India
| | - Aditya Kumar
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Napaam 784028, Assam, India
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2
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Nandi SK, Panda AK, Chakraborty A, Rathee S, Roy I, Barik S, Mohapatra SS, Biswas A. Role of ATP-Small Heat Shock Protein Interaction in Human Diseases. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:844826. [PMID: 35252358 PMCID: PMC8890618 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.844826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is an important fuel of life for humans and Mycobacterium species. Its potential role in modulating cellular functions and implications in systemic, pulmonary, and ocular diseases is well studied. Plasma ATP has been used as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker owing to its close association with disease’s progression. Several stresses induce altered ATP generation, causing disorders and illnesses. Small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) are dynamic oligomers that are dominantly β-sheet in nature. Some important functions that they exhibit include preventing protein aggregation, enabling protein refolding, conferring thermotolerance to cells, and exhibiting anti-apoptotic functions. Expression and functions of sHSPs in humans are closely associated with several diseases like cataracts, cardiovascular diseases, renal diseases, cancer, etc. Additionally, there are some mycobacterial sHSPs like Mycobacterium leprae HSP18 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis HSP16.3, whose molecular chaperone functions are implicated in the growth and survival of pathogens in host species. As both ATP and sHSPs, remain closely associated with several human diseases and survival of bacterial pathogens in the host, therefore substantial research has been conducted to elucidate ATP-sHSP interaction. In this mini review, the impact of ATP on the structure and function of human and mycobacterial sHSPs is discussed. Additionally, how such interactions can influence the onset of several human diseases is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip K. Nandi
- School of Health Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India
- *Correspondence: Sandip K. Nandi, ; Ashis Biswas,
| | - Alok Kumar Panda
- School of Applied Sciences, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Ayon Chakraborty
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Shivani Rathee
- School of Health Sciences, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India
| | - Ipsita Roy
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Subhashree Barik
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | - Ashis Biswas
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, India
- *Correspondence: Sandip K. Nandi, ; Ashis Biswas,
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Chakraborty A, Ghosh R, Biswas A. Interaction of constituents of MDT regimen for leprosy with Mycobacterium leprae HSP18: impact on its structure and function. FEBS J 2021; 289:832-853. [PMID: 34555271 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium leprae, the causative organism of leprosy, harbors many antigenic proteins, and one such protein is the 18-kDa antigen. This protein belongs to the small heat shock protein family and is commonly known as HSP18. Its chaperone function plays an important role in the growth and survival of M. leprae inside infected hosts. HSP18/18-kDa antigen is often used as a diagnostic marker for determining the efficacy of multidrug therapy (MDT) in leprosy. However, whether MDT drugs (dapsone, clofazimine, and rifampicin) do interact with HSP18 and how these interactions affect its structure and chaperone function is still unclear. Here, we report evidence of HSP18-dapsone/clofazimine/rifampicin interaction and its impact on the structure and chaperone function of HSP18. These three drugs interact efficiently with HSP18 (having submicromolar binding affinity) with 1 : 1 stoichiometry. Binding of these MDT drugs to the 'α-crystallin domain' of HSP18 alters its secondary structure and tryptophan micro-environment. Furthermore, surface hydrophobicity, oligomeric size, and thermostability of the protein are reduced upon interaction with these three drugs. Eventually, all these structural alterations synergistically decrease the chaperone function of HSP18. Interestingly, the effect of rifampicin on the structure, stability, and chaperone function of this mycobacterial small heat shock protein is more pronounced than the other two MDT drugs. This reduction in the chaperone function of HSP18 may additionally abate M. leprae survivability during multidrug treatment. Altogether, this study provides a possible foundation for rational designing and development of suitable HSP18 inhibitors in the context of effective treatment of leprosy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayon Chakraborty
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Rajesh Ghosh
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Ashis Biswas
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, India
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Chakraborty A, Biswas A. Structure, stability and chaperone function of Mycobacterium leprae Heat Shock Protein 18 are differentially affected upon interaction with gold and silver nanoparticles. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 152:250-260. [PMID: 32084461 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.02.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have several biomedical applications. However, the effective usage of these two nanoparticles is impeded due to limited understanding of their interaction with proteins including small heat shock proteins (sHSPs). Specifically, no evidences of interaction of these two nanoparticles with HSP18 (an antigenic protein) which is an important factor for the growth and survival of M. leprae (the causative organism of leprosy) are available in the literature. Here, we report for the first time evidences of "HSP18-AuNPs/AgNPs interaction" and its impact on the structure and chaperone function of HSP18. Interaction of citrate-capped AuNPs/AgNPs (~20 nm diameter) to HSP18 alters the secondary and tertiary structure of HSP18 in a distinctly opposite manner; while "HSP18-AuNPs interaction" leads to oligomeric association, "HSP18-AgNPs interaction" results in oligomeric dissociation of the protein. Surface hydrophobicity, thermal stability, chaperone function of HSP18 and survival of thermally stressed E. coli harbouring HSP18 are enhanced upon AuNPs interaction, while all of them are reduced upon interaction with AgNPs. Altogether, our study reveals that HSP18 is an important drug target in leprosy and its chaperone function may possibly plays a vital role in the growth and survival of M. leprae pathogen in infected hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayon Chakraborty
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Ashis Biswas
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, India.
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Panda AK, Chakraborty A, Nandi SK, Biswas A. The impact of different mutations at arginine141 on the structure, subunit exchange dynamics and chaperone activity of Hsp16.3. Proteins 2019; 88:759-774. [PMID: 31860142 DOI: 10.1002/prot.25864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Hsp16.3, a molecular chaperone, plays a vital role in the growth and survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis inside the host. We previously reported that deletion of three amino acid residues (142 STN144 ) from C-terminal extension (CTE) of Hsp16.3 triggers its structural perturbation and increases its chaperone activity, which reaches its apex upon the deletion of its entire CTE (141 RSTN144 ). Thus, we hypothesized that Arg141 (R141) and Ser142 (S142) in the CTE of Hsp16.3 possibly hold the key in maintaining its native-like structure and chaperone activity. To test this hypothesis, we generated two deletion mutants in which R141 and S142 were deleted individually (Hsp16.3ΔR141 and Hsp16.3ΔS142) and three substitution mutants in which R141 was replaced by lysine (Hsp16.3R141K), alanine (Hsp16.3R141A), and glutamic acid (Hsp16.3R141E), respectively. Hsp16.3ΔS142 or Hsp16.3R141K mutant has native-like structure and chaperone activity. Deletion of R141 from the CTE (Hsp16.3ΔR141) perturbs the secondary and tertiary structure, lowers the subunit exchange dynamics and decreases the chaperone activity of Hsp16.3. But, the substitution of R141 with alanine (Hsp16.3R141A) or glutamic acid (Hsp16.3R141E) perturbs its secondary and tertiary structure. Surprisingly, such charge tampering of R141 enhances the subunit exchange dynamics and chaperone activity of Hsp16.3. Interestingly, neither the deletion of R141/S142 nor the substitution of R141 with lysine, alanine and glutamic acid affects the oligomeric mass/size of Hsp16.3. Overall, our study suggests that R141 (especially the positive charge on R141) plays a crucial role in maintaining the native-like structure as well as in regulating subunit exchange dynamics and chaperone activity of Hsp16.3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alok Kumar Panda
- School of Applied Sciences, KIIT Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Ayon Chakraborty
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Argul, Jatni, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Sandip Kumar Nandi
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Argul, Jatni, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Ashis Biswas
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Argul, Jatni, Bhubaneswar, India
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Bhandari S, Biswas S, Chaudhary A, Dutta S, Suguna K. Dodecameric structure of a small heat shock protein from Mycobacterium marinum M. Proteins 2019; 87:365-379. [PMID: 30632633 DOI: 10.1002/prot.25657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Small heat shock proteins (sHSPs) are ATP-independent molecular chaperones present ubiquitously in all kingdoms of life. Their low molecular weight subunits associate to form higher order structures. Under conditions of stress, sHSPs prevent aggregation of substrate proteins by undergoing rapid changes in their conformation or stoichiometry. Polydispersity and dynamic nature of these proteins have made structural investigations through crystallography a daunting task. In pathogens like Mycobacteria, sHSPs are immuno-dominant antigens, enabling survival of the pathogen within the host and contributing to disease persistence. We characterized sHSPs from Mycobacterium marinum M and determined the crystal structure of one of these. The protein crystallized in three different conditions as dodecamers, with dimers arranged in a tetrahedral fashion to form a closed cage-like architecture. Interestingly, we found a pentapeptide bound to the dodecamers revealing one of the modes of sHSP-substrate interaction. Further, we have observed that ATP inhibits the chaperoning activity of the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spraha Bhandari
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Sreeparna Biswas
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Anuradha Chaudhary
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Somnath Dutta
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Kaza Suguna
- Molecular Biophysics Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
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Nandi SK, Chakraborty A, Panda AK, Kar RK, Bhunia A, Biswas A. Evidences for zinc (II) and copper (II) ion interactions with Mycobacterium leprae HSP18: Effect on its structure and chaperone function. J Inorg Biochem 2018; 188:62-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Chakraborty A, Nandi SK, Panda AK, Mahapatra PP, Giri S, Biswas A. Probing the structure-function relationship of Mycobacterium leprae HSP18 under different UV radiations. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 119:604-616. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Panda AK, Chakraborty A, Nandi SK, Kaushik A, Biswas A. The C‐terminal extension of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Hsp16.3 regulates its oligomerization, subunit exchange dynamics and chaperone function. FEBS J 2017; 284:277-300. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.13975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alok Kumar Panda
- School of Basic Sciences Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar India
| | - Ayon Chakraborty
- School of Basic Sciences Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar India
| | - Sandip Kumar Nandi
- School of Basic Sciences Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar India
| | - Abhishek Kaushik
- G. N. Ramachandran Protein Center Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Institute of Microbial Technology Chandigarh India
| | - Ashis Biswas
- School of Basic Sciences Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar India
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Kar RK, Gazova Z, Bednarikova Z, Mroue KH, Ghosh A, Zhang R, Ulicna K, Siebert HC, Nifantiev NE, Bhunia A. Evidence for Inhibition of Lysozyme Amyloid Fibrillization by Peptide Fragments from Human Lysozyme: A Combined Spectroscopy, Microscopy, and Docking Study. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:1998-2009. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv K. Kar
- Department
of Biophysics, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VII (M), Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Zuzana Gazova
- Department
of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia
- Department
of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry Faculty of Medicine, Safarik University, Trieda SNP 1, 040 11 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Bednarikova
- Department
of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia
- Department
of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Safarik University, Srobarova 2, 041 54 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Kamal H. Mroue
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Anirban Ghosh
- Department
of Biophysics, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VII (M), Kolkata 700054, India
| | - Ruiyan Zhang
- RI-B-NT Research
Institute
of Bioinformatics and Nanotechnology, Franziusallee 177, 24148 Kiel, Germany
| | - Katarina Ulicna
- Department
of Biophysics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Watsonova 47, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia
- Institute
of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science, Safarik University, Srobarova 2, 041 54 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Hans-Christian Siebert
- RI-B-NT Research
Institute
of Bioinformatics and Nanotechnology, Franziusallee 177, 24148 Kiel, Germany
| | - Nikolay E. Nifantiev
- N.
D. Zellinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Anirban Bhunia
- Department
of Biophysics, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VII (M), Kolkata 700054, India
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Nandi SK, Chakraborty A, Panda AK, Biswas A. Conformational perturbation, hydrophobic interactions and oligomeric association are responsible for the enhanced chaperone function of Mycobacterium leprae HSP18 under pre-thermal condition. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra00167j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chaperone function of HSP18 is enhanced upon pre-heating at 60 °C and above which may be due to structural alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Kumar Nandi
- School of Basic Sciences
- Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar
- Bhubaneswar-751 013
- India
| | - Ayon Chakraborty
- School of Basic Sciences
- Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar
- Bhubaneswar-751 013
- India
| | - Alok Kumar Panda
- School of Basic Sciences
- Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar
- Bhubaneswar-751 013
- India
| | - Ashis Biswas
- School of Basic Sciences
- Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar
- Bhubaneswar-751 013
- India
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Nandi SK, Panda AK, Chakraborty A, Ray SS, Biswas A. Role of Subunit Exchange and Electrostatic Interactions on the Chaperone Activity of Mycobacterium leprae HSP18. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129734. [PMID: 26098662 PMCID: PMC4476693 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium leprae HSP18, a major immunodominant antigen of M. leprae pathogen, is a small heat shock protein. Previously, we reported that HSP18 is a molecular chaperone that prevents aggregation of different chemically and thermally stressed client proteins and assists refolding of denatured enzyme at normal temperature. We also demonstrated that it can efficiently prevent the thermal killing of E. coli at higher temperature. However, molecular mechanism behind the chaperone function of HSP18 is still unclear. Therefore, we studied the structure and chaperone function of HSP18 at normal temperature (25°C) as well as at higher temperatures (31–43°C). Our study revealed that the chaperone function of HSP18 is enhanced significantly with increasing temperature. Far- and near-UV CD experiments suggested that its secondary and tertiary structure remain intact in this temperature range (25–43°C). Besides, temperature has no effect on the static oligomeric size of this protein. Subunit exchange study demonstrated that subunits of HSP18 exchange at 25°C with a rate constant of 0.018 min-1. Both rate of subunit exchange and chaperone activity of HSP18 is found to increase with rise in temperature. However, the surface hydrophobicity of HSP18 decreases markedly upon heating and has no correlation with its chaperone function in this temperature range. Furthermore, we observed that HSP18 exhibits diminished chaperone function in the presence of NaCl at 25°C. At elevated temperatures, weakening of interactions between HSP18 and stressed client proteins in the presence of NaCl results in greater reduction of its chaperone function. The oligomeric size, rate of subunit exchange and structural stability of HSP18 were also found to decrease when electrostatic interactions were weakened. These results clearly indicated that subunit exchange and electrostatic interactions play a major role in the chaperone function of HSP18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip Kumar Nandi
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Alok Kumar Panda
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Ayon Chakraborty
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | - Ashis Biswas
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, India
- * E-mail:
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