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Kapalamula TF, Chizimu JY, Akapelwa ML, Barnes DA, Toyting J, Bwalya P, Basikolo L, Squarre D, Chambaro HM, Gordon SV, Thapa J, Nakajima C, Suzuki Y. Insight into the genetic diversity of Mycobacterium bovis isolated from cattle in Malawi. Res Vet Sci 2023; 164:105030. [PMID: 37788548 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.105030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
We describe the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships of Mycobacterium bovis, isolated from cattle in Malawi. Deletion analysis, spoligotyping, and MIRU-VNTR typing were used to genotype the isolates. Combined with a larger dataset from neighboring countries, the overall M. bovis diversity in Southern Africa was contextualized. From the southern and northern regions of Malawi, 24 isolates were confirmed as M. bovis. We pooled data for the central region (60 isolates) from our recent publication to conceptualize the genetic and phylogenetic relationships of M. bovis in Malawi. European 1 was the dominant M. bovis clonal complex, with 10 unique spoligotype patterns, and SB0131 was ubiquitous. High genetic diversity, a low clustering rate, and many singletons, coupled with a low mutation transmission index, infer a low level of recent transmission, and suggest an endemic status of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in Malawi. M. bovis isolates from Zambia, Mozambique, and South Africa were genetically related to Malawian isolates, whereas Tanzanian isolates were distantly related. The diversity and phylogenetic analysis suggest earlier introductions and maintenance of M. bovis by constant reinfection from reservoir animals. These findings are fundamental to understanding the source and route of infection in order to establish alternative management strategies for bTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thoko Flav Kapalamula
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lilongwe, Malawi; Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Joseph Yamweka Chizimu
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan; Zambia National Public Health Institute, Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Mwangala Lonah Akapelwa
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - David Atomanyi Barnes
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Jirachaya Toyting
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Precious Bwalya
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan; University Teaching Hospital, Ministry of Health, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Linda Basikolo
- Department of Animal Health and Livestock Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - David Squarre
- Department of National Parks and Wildlife, Wildlife Veterinary Unit, Chilanga, Zambia
| | - Herman M Chambaro
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan; Department of National Parks and Wildlife, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Stephen V Gordon
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Jeewan Thapa
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Chie Nakajima
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan; International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan; Hokkaido University Institute for Vaccine Research and Development, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan; International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan; Hokkaido University Institute for Vaccine Research and Development, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.
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Ghazvini K, Khoshbakht R, Tadayon K, Mosavari N, BahramiTaghanaki HR, Mohammadi GR, Rashti Baf M, Nourian K, Samiei A, Ghavidel M. Genotyping of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolated from humans and animals in northeastern Iran. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6746. [PMID: 37185604 PMCID: PMC10127167 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33740-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to genotype Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolated from humans and cattle in northern Iran. Over the course of one year, a total of 120 human and 21 cattle isolates were tested using region of difference (RD)-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unites-variable number tandem repeats (MIRU-VNTR). In M. tuberculosis, out of 120 isolates investigated, the most common genotype detected was NEW-1 (53.3%), followed by CAS/ Delhi (24.1%), Haarlem (5%), Beijing (4.16%), Uganda I (4.16%), S (3.3%), Ural (0.83%), TUR (0.83%), Uganda II (0.83%), Lam (0.83%) and Cameroon (0.83%). The HGDI rate was 0.9981 and the clustering rate was 10.83. Of the isolates, QUB26 had the highest allele diversity (h: 0.76), while the loci Mtub29 and MIRU24 had the lowest (h: 0). In M. Bovis, out of 123 collected tissue samples, 21 (17%) grew on culture media. The HGDI rate was 0.71 and clustering rate was 85.7%. The locus ETRC had the highest allele diversity (h: 0.45). The findings of this study suggest that there is high genetic diversity among M. tuberculosis isolates in Khorasan Razavi Province, which is consistent with similar results from other studies in other provinces in Iran and neighboring countries. This indicates that the prevalent genotypes in this study are spreading in the Middle East region. Furthermore, considering that M. Bovis isolates were identified in two clusters, it seems that all of them have a common origin and are circulating among the livestock farms in the province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiarash Ghazvini
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Khoshbakht
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Keyvan Tadayon
- Department of Microbiology, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute (RVSRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Nader Mosavari
- PPD Tuberculin Department, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, (RVSRI), Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | | | - Gholam Reza Mohammadi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rashti Baf
- Deputy of Veterinary Administration of Khorasan Razavi Province, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Kimiya Nourian
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amin Samiei
- Tuberculosis and Leprosy Coordinator at Health Chancellor, Health Center of Khorasan State, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahdis Ghavidel
- Shahid Hasheminejad Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Marianelli C, Verrubbi V, Pruiti Ciarello F, Ippolito D, Pacciarini ML, Di Marco Lo Presti V. Geo-epidemiology of animal tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis genotypes in livestock in a small, high-incidence area in Sicily, Italy. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1107396. [PMID: 37007490 PMCID: PMC10063800 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1107396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionThe persistence of animal tuberculosis (TB) in livestock is a major concern in Sicily, Italy. The objective of this study was to elucidate the transmission dynamics of M. bovis infection in a highly circumscribed, and at the same time geographically diverse, high-risk area of the island through an in-depth geo-epidemiological investigation of TB in cattle and black pigs raised in small-scale extensive farms across the district of Caronia.MethodsWe used genotype analysis coupled with geographic information system (GIS) technology and phylogenetic inference to characterize the spatial distribution of TB and M. bovis genotypes in livestock and the genetic relationships between M. bovis isolates. A total of 589 M. bovis isolates collected from slaughtered cattle (n = 527) and Sicilian black pigs (n = 62) over a 5-year period (2014–2018) were included in the study.ResultsTB was widespread throughout the district and was most frequent in the north-central area of the district, especially along one of the district’s streams. We identified a total of 62 M. bovis genotypes. Identical genetic profiles were isolated from both neighboring and non-neighburing herds. The 10 most frequent genotypes, accounting for 82% of M. bovis isolates, showed geographic specificities in that they tended to cluster in specific spatial niches. The landscape structure of these niches—i.e. steep slopes, rocky ridges, meadows and streams—is likely to have had a significant influence on the distribution of TB among livestock in Caronia. Higher concentrations of TB were observed along streams and in open meadows, while rocky ridges and slopes appeared to have hampered the spread of TB.DiscussionThe geographical distribution of TB cases among livestock in Caronia is consistent with several epidemiological scenarios (e.g., high density of infected herds along the streams or in hilly plateau where livestock share pastures). Landscape structure is likely to play an important role in the transmission and persistence of M. bovis infection across the district. Additional potential risk factors, such as livestock trading and extensive breeding methods, are also discussed. Our results will contribute to the improvement of surveillance, control and eradication activities of TB in Sicily by the implementation of ad hoc TB control measures, especially in farms located along streams, sharing common pastures or with mixed animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Marianelli
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
- *Correspondence: Cinzia Marianelli,
| | - Vladimiro Verrubbi
- Agenzia nazionale per le nuove tecnologie, l’energia e lo sviluppo economico sostenibile, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Pruiti Ciarello
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Sezione Diagnostica Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto, Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto, Italy
| | - Dorotea Ippolito
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Sezione Diagnostica Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto, Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto, Italy
| | - Maria Lodovica Pacciarini
- National Reference Centre for Bovine Tuberculosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marco Lo Presti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Sezione Diagnostica Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto, Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto, Italy
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First Insight into Diversity of Minisatellite Loci in Mycobacterium bovis/ M. caprae in Bulgaria. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13040771. [PMID: 36832259 PMCID: PMC9955489 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13040771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the diversity of minisatellite VNTR loci in Mycobacterium bovis/M. caprae isolates in Bulgaria and view their position within global M. bovis diversity. Forty-three M. bovis/M. caprae isolates from cattle in different farms in Bulgaria were collected in 2015-2021 and typed in 13 VNTR loci. The M. bovis and M. caprae branches were clearly separated on the VNTR phylogenetic tree. The larger and more geographically dispersed M. caprae group was more diverse than M. bovis group was (HGI 0.67 vs. 0.60). Overall, six clusters were identified (from 2 to 19 isolates) and nine orphans (all loci-based HGI 0.79). Locus QUB3232 was the most discriminatory one (HGI 0.64). MIRU4 and MIRU40 were monomorphic, and MIRU26 was almost monomorphic. Four loci (ETRA, ETRB, Mtub21, and MIRU16) discriminated only between M. bovis and M. caprae. The comparison with published VNTR datasets from 11 countries showed both overall heterogeneity between the settings and predominantly local evolution of the clonal complexes. To conclude, six loci may be recommended for primary genotyping of M. bovis/M. caprae isolates in Bulgaria: ETRC, QUB11b, QUB11a, QUB26, QUB3232, and MIRU10 (HGI 0.77). VNTR typing based on a limited number of loci appears to be useful for primary bTB surveillance.
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Kapalamula TF, Kawonga F, Shawa M, Chizimu J, Thapa J, Nyenje ME, Mkakosya RS, Hayashida K, Gordon S, Nakajima C, Munyeme M, Hang'ombe BM, Suzuki Y. Prevalence and risk factors of bovine tuberculosis in slaughtered cattle, Malawi. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13647. [PMID: 36865451 PMCID: PMC9970890 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is an infectious disease with significant socioeconomic, animal, and public health impacts. However, the prevalence of bTB remains largely unclear in Malawi due to a paucity of information. Additionally, the existence of multiple risk factors is postulated to enhance bTB transmission in animals. A cross-sectional survey to estimate the prevalence of bTB, animal characteristics and identify associated risk factors was conducted from slaughtered cattle at three major regional abattoirs (southern, central and northern regions) in Malawi. Out of a total of 1547 cattle examined, 154 (9.95%) had bTB-like lesions in various visceral organs and lymph nodes; one sample per animal was collected, processed, and cultured in the in the BACTEC Mycobacterial growth indicator tube (MGIT) 960 system. From the 154 cattle that showed tuberculous like lesions, only 112 were positive on MGIT and 87 were confirmed to have M. bovis based on multiplex PCR. Cattle from the southern region (odds ratio (OR) = 1.96, 95% CI: 1.03-3.85) and central region (OR = 2.00, 95% CI: 1.16-3.56) were more likely presented with bTB-like lesions at slaughter than from the northern region. The risk of having bTB-like lesions was higher in females (OR = 1.51, CI: 1.00-2.29), older cattle (OR = 2.17, CI: 1.34-3.37), and crossbreeds (OR = 1.67, 95% CI: 1.12-2.47) than in males, younger animals, and Malawi Zebu breed, respectively. The high prevalence of bTB is of critical concern and necessitates active surveillance and strengthening of the current control strategies under a One Health (OH) approach at the animal-human interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thoko Flav Kapalamula
- Division of Bioresources, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Francis Kawonga
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Lilongwe University of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Misheck Shawa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Joseph Chizimu
- Division of Bioresources, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jeewan Thapa
- Division of Bioresources, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mirriam Ethel Nyenje
- Community Health Sciences Unit, National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | | | - Kyoko Hayashida
- Division of Collaboration and Education, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan,International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Stephen Gordon
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Chie Nakajima
- Division of Bioresources, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan,International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan,Hokkaido University Institute for Vaccine Research and Development, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Musso Munyeme
- School of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Division of Bioresources, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan,International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan,Hokkaido University Institute for Vaccine Research and Development, Sapporo, Japan,Corresponding author. Division of Bioresources, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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Almaw G, Mihret A, Abebe T, Ameni G, Gumi B, Olani A, Tamiru M, Koran T, Aliy A, Sombo M, Ayalew S, Yesuf A, Taye H, Wood JLN, Berg S. Spoligotype analysis of Mycobacterium bovis isolates from cattle and assessment of zoonotic TB transmission among individuals working in bovine TB-infected dairy farms in Ethiopia. Zoonoses Public Health 2022; 69:663-672. [PMID: 37379451 PMCID: PMC9544066 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a disease with impact on dairy productivity, as well as having the potential for zoonotic transmission. Understanding the genetic diversity of the disease agent Mycobacterium bovis is important for identifying its routes of transmission. Here we investigated the level of genetic diversity of M. bovis isolates and assessed the zoonotic potential in risk groups of people working in bTB-infected dairy farms in central Ethiopia. M. bovis was isolated and spoligotyped from tissue lesions collected from slaughtered cattle as well as from raw milk collected from bTB positive cows in dairy farms from six urban areas of central Ethiopia. From consented dairy farm workers, knowledge and practices related to zoonotic TB transmission, together with demographic and clinical information, was collected through interviews. Sputum or Fine Needle Aspirate (FNA) samples were collected from suspected TB cases. Spoligotyping of 55 M. bovis isolates that originated either from cattle tissues with tuberculous lesion or from raw milk revealed seven spoligotype patterns where SB1176 was the most prevalent type (47.3%). Most isolates (89.1%) were of the M. bovis African 2 clonal complex. All sputum and FNA samples from 41 dairy farm workers with symptoms of TB were culture negative for any mycobacteria. Among the 41 TB suspected farm workers, 61% did not know about bTB in cattle and its zoonotic potential, and over two-third of these workers practiced raw milk consumption. Our spoligotype analysis suggests a wider transmission of a single spoligotype in the study area. The results reported here may be useful in guiding future work to identify the source and direction of bTB transmission and hence design of a control strategy. Isolation of M. bovis from milk, knowledge gap on zoonotic TB and practice of consumption of raw milk in the study population showed potential risk for zoonotic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizat Almaw
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation CenterSebetaEthiopia
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Health SciencesAddis Ababa UniversityAddis AbabaEthiopia
| | - Adane Mihret
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Health SciencesAddis Ababa UniversityAddis AbabaEthiopia
- Armauer Hansen Research InstituteAddis AbabaEthiopia
| | - Tamrat Abebe
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Health SciencesAddis Ababa UniversityAddis AbabaEthiopia
| | - Gobena Ameni
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of PathobiologyAddis Ababa UniversityAddis AbabaEthiopia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food and AgricultureUnited Arab Emirates UniversityAl AinUnited Arab Emirates
| | - Balako Gumi
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of PathobiologyAddis Ababa UniversityAddis AbabaEthiopia
| | - Abebe Olani
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation CenterSebetaEthiopia
| | - Mekdes Tamiru
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation CenterSebetaEthiopia
| | - Tafesse Koran
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation CenterSebetaEthiopia
| | - Abde Aliy
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation CenterSebetaEthiopia
| | - Melaku Sombo
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation CenterSebetaEthiopia
| | - Sosina Ayalew
- Armauer Hansen Research InstituteAddis AbabaEthiopia
| | - Adem Yesuf
- Armauer Hansen Research InstituteAddis AbabaEthiopia
| | - Hawult Taye
- Armauer Hansen Research InstituteAddis AbabaEthiopia
| | - James L. N. Wood
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Stefan Berg
- Bacteriology DepartmentAnimal and Plant Health AgencyWeybridgeUK
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Belakehal F, Barth SA, Menge C, Mossadak HT, Malek N, Moser I. Evaluation of the discriminatory power of spoligotyping and 19-locus mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable number of tandem repeat analysis (MIRU-VNTR) of Mycobacterium bovis strains isolated from cattle in Algeria. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262390. [PMID: 35015775 PMCID: PMC8751994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) caused by Mycobacterium (M.) bovis and M. caprae is a transmissible disease of livestock, notifiable to the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). BTB particularly affects cattle and small ruminants and can be transmitted to humans thereby posing a significant threat to veterinary and public health worldwide. M. bovis is the principal cause of bTB in Algeria. In order to better understand the route of spreading and elaborate an eradication program, isolation and characterization of mycobacteria from Algerian cattle was performed. Sixty strains belonging to the M. tuberculosis complex were analyzed by spoligotyping, thereof 42 by 19-locus-MIRU-VNTR-typing. Spoligotyping revealed 16 distinguishable patterns (Hunter-Gaston discriminatory index [HGDI] of 0.8294), with types SB0120 (n = 20) and SB0121 (n = 13) being the most frequent patterns, representing 55% of the strains. Analyses based on 19-locus-MIRU-VNTR yielded 32 different profiles, five clusters and one orphan pattern, showing higher discriminatory power (HGDI = 0.9779) than spoligotyping. Seven VNTR-loci [VNTR 577 (alias ETR C), 2163b (QU11b), 2165 (ETR A), 2461 (ETR B), 3007 (MIRU 27), 2163a (QUB11a) and 3232 (QUB 3232)] were the most discriminative loci (HGDI ˃ 0.50). In conclusion, 19-locus-MIRU-VNTR yielded more information than spoligotyping concerning molecular differentiation of strains and better supports the elucidation of transmission routes of M. bovis between Algerian cattle herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faïza Belakehal
- High National Veterinary School, Laboratory of Food Hygiene and Quality Insurance System, El-Alia, Oued Smar, Algeria
- * E-mail: (FB); (SAB)
| | - Stefanie A. Barth
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut/Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Germany
- National Reference Laboratory for Bovine Tuberculosis, at Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut/Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Germany
- * E-mail: (FB); (SAB)
| | - Christian Menge
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut/Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Germany
| | - Hamdi T. Mossadak
- High National Veterinary School, Laboratory of Food Hygiene and Quality Insurance System, El-Alia, Oued Smar, Algeria
| | - Naïm Malek
- Central Military Hospital, Department of Microbiology, Kouba, Algeria
| | - Irmgard Moser
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut/Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Germany
- National Reference Laboratory for Bovine Tuberculosis, at Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut/Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Germany
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Güven Gökmen T, Yakici G, Kalayci Y, Turut N, Meral Ocal M, Haligür M, Günaydin E, Köksal F. Molecular characterization of Mycobacterium bovis strains isolated from cattle and humans by spoligotyping and 24-locus MIRU-VNTR, and prevalence of positive IGRA in slaughterhouse workers in Southern Turkey. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH 2022; 23:210-218. [PMID: 36425601 PMCID: PMC9681978 DOI: 10.22099/ijvr.2022.42580.6186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium bovis is a zoonotic member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex with a wide range of hosts, mainly cattle. Molecular epidemiological studies should be conducted to determine the transmission route, zoonotic risk factors, and phylogenetic relationships of M. bovis strains. Aims: This study aimed to characterize bovine and human M. bovis isolates by molecular methods. METHODS Molecular characterization and clonal relationship of strains isolated from tissue and organ samples of 76 cattle with positive tuberculin tests were collected from a slaughterhouse, and four M. bovis strains isolated from clinical materials of patients with suspected pulmonary TB isolates were analyzed using 24-locus MIRU-VNTR and spoligotyping methods. QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus (QFT-Plus; Qiagen) was used to determine the prevalence of latent TB infection among 21 slaughterhouse personnel including 7 veterinarians, 12 butchers, 1 caretaker, and 1 veterinary technician. RESULTS SB0288/SIT685 type was detected in both cattle and humans by the spoligotyping method. When evaluating MIRU-VNTR, the presence of a 100% compatible pattern between human and bovine isolates was not detected, but some human samples were found to be 91.6% similar to a bovine sample. In addition, 21 slaughterhouse workers were screened with the interferon gamma-released assay (IGRA) and a 23.8% positivity was detected. CONCLUSION Clonal similarity was determined between the bovine and human isolates using the MIRU-VNTR and spoligotyping methods and IGRA positivity in the occupational group suggested that M. bovis might be associated with pulmonary tuberculosis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Güven Gökmen
- Department of Microbiology, Ceyhan Veterinary Faculty, Cukurova University, 01330, Adana, Turkey
| | - G. Yakici
- Tuberculosis Region Laboratory, Tropical Disease and Research Center, Cukurova University, 01330, Adana, Turkey
| | - Y. Kalayci
- Microbiology Laboratory, Adana City Hospital, 01230, Adana, Turkey
| | - N. Turut
- MSc, Microbiology Laboratory, Adana Veterinary Control Institute, 01250, Adana, Turkey
| | - M. Meral Ocal
- Department of Microbiology, Medicine Faculty, Cukurova University, 01330, Adana, Turkey
| | - M. Haligür
- Department of Pathology, Ceyhan Veterinary Faculty, Cukurova University, 01330, Adana, Turkey
| | - E. Günaydin
- Department of Microbiology, Veterinary Faculty, Kastamonu University, 37150, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - F. Köksal
- Department of Microbiology, Medicine Faculty, Cukurova University, 01330, Adana, Turkey
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Almaw G, Mekonnen GA, Mihret A, Aseffa A, Taye H, Conlan AJK, Gumi B, Zewude A, Aliy A, Tamiru M, Olani A, Lakew M, Sombo M, Gebre S, Diguimbaye C, Hilty M, Fané A, Müller B, Hewinson RG, Ellis RJ, Nunez-Garcia J, Palkopoulou E, Abebe T, Ameni G, Parkhill J, Wood JLN, Berg S, van Tonder AJ. Population structure and transmission of Mycobacterium bovis in Ethiopia. Microb Genom 2021; 7:000539. [PMID: 33945462 PMCID: PMC8209724 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is endemic in cattle in Ethiopia, a country that hosts the largest national cattle herd in Africa. The intensive dairy sector, most of which is peri-urban, has the highest prevalence of disease. Previous studies in Ethiopia have demonstrated that the main cause is Mycobacterium bovis, which has been investigated using conventional molecular tools including deletion typing, spoligotyping and Mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable number tandem repeat (MIRU-VNTR). Here we use whole-genome sequencing to examine the population structure of M. bovis in Ethiopia. A total of 134 M. bovis isolates were sequenced including 128 genomes from 85 mainly dairy cattle and six genomes isolated from humans, originating from 12 study sites across Ethiopia. These genomes provided a good representation of the previously described population structure of M. bovis, based on spoligotyping and demonstrated that the population is dominated by the clonal complexes African 2 (Af2) and European 3 (Eu3). A range of within-host diversity was observed amongst the isolates and evidence was found for both short- and long-distance transmission. Detailed analysis of available genomes from the Eu3 clonal complex combined with previously published genomes revealed two distinct introductions of this clonal complex into Ethiopia between 1950 and 1987, likely from Europe. This work is important to help better understand bTB transmission in cattle in Ethiopia and can potentially inform national strategies for bTB control in Ethiopia and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizat Almaw
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Getnet Abie Mekonnen
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Adane Mihret
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abraham Aseffa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Hawult Taye
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Balako Gumi
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Aboma Zewude
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Abde Aliy
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Mekdes Tamiru
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Olani
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Matios Lakew
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Melaku Sombo
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Solomon Gebre
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Colette Diguimbaye
- Institut de Recherches en Elevage pour le Développement & Clinique Médico-Chirurgicale PROVIDENCE, N'Djaména, Chad
| | - Markus Hilty
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Adama Fané
- Laboratoire Centrale Vétérinaire, Bamako, Mali
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tamrat Abebe
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gobena Ameni
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, UAE
| | - Julian Parkhill
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - James L. N. Wood
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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10
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Kapalamula TF, Chizimu J, Belotindos L, Akapelwa M, Shrestha D, Nyenje ME, Munyeme M, Hang'ombe BM, Mkakosya RS, Gordon SV, Nakajima C, Suzuki Y. Molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis in central parts of Malawi. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:1577-1588. [PMID: 33900039 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a neglected disease that affects cattle and humans. The burden of bTB is higher in developing countries as compared to industrialized countries. The reasons behind this discrepancy include the fact that bTB control measures, such as testing and slaughter of infected cattle and pasteurization of milk, are not usually practised in developing countries largely because of their high cost. To improve our understanding of bTB in developing countries, molecular typing studies are essential, in particular in terms of transmission dynamics, infection sources and knowledge of circulating strains of the principal causative agent, Mycobacterium bovis. In this study, we applied a suite of molecular typing techniques encompassing deletion analysis, spoligotyping and MIRU-VNTR to isolates recovered from samples collected during the routine post-mortem of cattle at the cold storage abattoir in Lilongwe, Malawi. Out of 63 isolates, 51 (81%) belonged to the European 1. M. bovis clonal complex. Spoligotyping identified 8 profiles, with SB0131 being the predominant type (56% of isolates). Spoligotypes SB0273 and SB0425 were identified in 14% and 13%, respectively, of the isolates. MIRU-VNTR showed a high discriminatory power of 0.959 and differentiated the 8 spoligotypes to 31 genotypes. The high diversity of M. bovis within the study area suggests the infection has been circulating in the area for a considerable period of time, likely facilitated by the lack of effective control measures. We also observed genetic similarities between isolates from Malawi (this study) to isolates described in previous studies in Zambia and Mozambique, suggesting transmission links in this region. The information provided by this study provides much needed evidence for the formulation of improved bTB control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thoko Flav Kapalamula
- Division of Bioresources, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Joseph Chizimu
- Division of Bioresources, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Lawrence Belotindos
- Division of Bioresources, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mwangala Akapelwa
- Division of Bioresources, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Dipti Shrestha
- Division of Bioresources, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mirriam Ethel Nyenje
- Community Health Sciences Unit, National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Musso Munyeme
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.,Africa Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Bernard Mudenda Hang'ombe
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia.,Africa Center of Excellence for Infectious Diseases of Humans and Animals, University of Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia
| | | | - Stephen V Gordon
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Chie Nakajima
- Division of Bioresources, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,International Collaboration Unit, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Division of Bioresources, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,International Collaboration Unit, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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11
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Ordaz-Vázquez A, Soberanis-Ramos O, Cruz-Huerta E, Retis-Sanchez-de-la-Barquera S, Chávez-Mazari B, Gudiño-Enriquez T, Santacruz-Aguilar M, Ponce-De-León-Garduño A, Sifuentes-Osornio J, Bobadilla-Del-Valle M. Genetic diversity of Mycobacterium bovis evaluated by spoligotyping and MIRU-VNTR in an intensive dairy cattle breeding area in Mexico. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:1144-1154. [PMID: 33725428 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is mainly caused by Mycobacterium bovis. In Mexico, dairy cattle play an important role in the persistence and spread of the bacillus. In order to describe M. bovis genetic diversity, we genotyped a total of 132 strains isolated from slaughtered cattle with bTB suggestive lesions between 2009 and 2010 in Hidalgo, Mexico, using a panel of 9-loci mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable number of tandem repeats (MIRU-VNTR) and spoligotyping. We found 21 spoligotypes, and 124 isolates were grouped in 13 clusters. The most frequent spoligotypes were SB0121 (49, 37.1%) and SB0673 (27, 20.5%); three new spoligotypes were reported SB02703, SB02704 and SB02705. We observed 37 MIRU-VNTR patterns, 107 isolates were grouped in 12 clusters and 25 isolates were unique. Spoligotypes SB0121, SB0673, SB0140, SB0145 and SB0120 showed marked subdivision applying MIRU-VNTR method; meanwhile, spoligotypes SB0971 and SB0327 showed single MIRU-VNTR profiles. The Hunter-Gaston discriminatory index (HGDI) was 0.88, 0.78 and 0.90 for 9-loci MIRU-VNTR, spoligotyping and both methods, respectively. Additionally, allelic diversity (h) analysis showed high diversity for QUB3232, QUB26 and QUB11b with h = 0.79, 0.66 and 0.63, respectively. Overall, high genetic variability was observed among M. bovis isolates. Thus, the use of 9-loci MIRU-VNTR panel is enough to describe genetic diversity, evolution and distribution of M. bovis. This study supports the use of these tools for subsequent epidemiological studies in high incidence areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anabel Ordaz-Vázquez
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Orbelin Soberanis-Ramos
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Edith Cruz-Huerta
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Sandra Retis-Sanchez-de-la-Barquera
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Bárbara Chávez-Mazari
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Tomasa Gudiño-Enriquez
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Alfredo Ponce-De-León-Garduño
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Sifuentes-Osornio
- Department of Medicine, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miriam Bobadilla-Del-Valle
- Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Infectious Diseases, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
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12
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Microbial Safety of Milk Production and Fermented Dairy Products in Africa. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8050752. [PMID: 32429521 PMCID: PMC7285323 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8050752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In Africa, milk production, processing and consumption are integral part of traditional food supply, with dairy products being a staple component of recommended healthy diets. This review provides an overview of the microbial safety characteristics of milk production and fermented dairy products in Africa. The object is to highlight the main microbial food safety hazards in the dairy chain and to propose appropriate preventive and control measures. Pathogens of public health concern including Mycobacterium bovis, Brucella abortus and Coxiella burnettii, which have largely been eradicated in many developed nations, still persist in the dairy chain in Africa. Factors such as the natural antimicrobial systems in milk and traditional processing technologies, including fermentation, heating and use of antimicrobial additives, that can potentially contribute to microbial safety of milk and dairy products in Africa will be discussed. Practical approaches to controlling safety hazards in the dairy chain in Africa have been proposed. Governmental regulatory bodies need to set the necessary national and regional safety standards, perform inspections and put measures in place to ensure that the standards are met, including strong enforcement programs within smallholder dairy chains. Dairy chain actors would require upgraded knowledge and training in preventive approaches such as good agricultural practices (GAP), hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP) design and implementation and good hygienic practices (GHPs). Food safety education programs should be incorporated into school curricula, beginning at the basic school levels, to improve food safety cognition among students and promote life-long safe food handling behaviour.
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13
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Sichewo PR, Hlokwe TM, Etter EMC, Michel AL. Tracing cross species transmission of Mycobacterium bovis at the wildlife/livestock interface in South Africa. BMC Microbiol 2020; 20:49. [PMID: 32131736 PMCID: PMC7057561 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-020-01736-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) affects cattle and wildlife in South Africa with the African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) as the principal maintenance host. The presence of a wildlife maintenance host at the wildlife/livestock interface acting as spill-over host makes it much more challenging to control and eradicate bTB in cattle. Spoligotyping and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit-variable number of tandem repeat (MIRU-VNTR) genotyping methods were performed to investigate the genetic diversity of Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) isolates from cattle and wildlife, their distribution and transmission at the wildlife/livestock interface in northern Kwa-Zulu Natal (KZN), South Africa. RESULTS SB0130 was identified as the dominant spoligotype pattern at this wildlife/livestock interface, while VNTR typing revealed a total of 29 VNTR profiles (strains) in the KZN province signifying high genetic variability. The detection of 5 VNTR profiles shared between cattle and buffalo suggests M. bovis transmission between species. MIRU-VNTR confirmed co-infection in one cow with three strains of M. bovis that differed at a single locus, with 2 being shared with buffalo, implying pathogen introduction from most probably unrelated wildlife sources. CONCLUSION Our findings highlight inter and intra species transmission of bTB at the wildlife/livestock interface and the need for the implementation of adequate bTB control measures to mitigate the spread of the pathogen responsible for economic losses and a public health threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petronillah R Sichewo
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Bovine Brucellosis and Tuberculosis Research Programme, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Republic of South Africa. .,Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources Management and Agriculture, Midlands State University, Gweru, Zimbabwe.
| | - Tiny M Hlokwe
- Diagnostic Services Programme, ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Research, Pretoria, Republic of South Africa
| | - Eric M C Etter
- Department of Animal Production Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Republic of South Africa.,CIRAD, UMR Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risque et Ecosystèmes (ASTRE), Montpellier, France.,ASTRE, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | - Anita L Michel
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Bovine Brucellosis and Tuberculosis Research Programme, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, Republic of South Africa.,Research Associate at the National Zoological Gardens of South Africa, Pretoria, South Africa
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14
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Inlamea OF, Soares P, Ikuta CY, Heinemann MB, Achá SJ, Machado A, Ferreira Neto JS, Correia-Neves M, Rito T. Evolutionary analysis of Mycobacterium bovis genotypes across Africa suggests co-evolution with livestock and humans. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008081. [PMID: 32119671 PMCID: PMC7077849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis is the pathogenic agent responsible for bovine tuberculosis (bTB), a zoonotic disease affecting mostly cattle, but also transmittable to humans and wildlife. Genetic studies on M. bovis allow to detect possible routes of bTB transmission and the identification of genetic reservoirs that may provide an essential framework for public health action. We used a database with 1235 M. bovis genotypes collected from different regions in Africa with 45 new Mozambican samples. Our analyses, based on phylogeographic and population genetics’ approaches, allowed to identify two clear trends. First, the genetic diversity of M. bovis is geographically clustered across the continent, with the only incidences of long-distance sharing of genotypes, between South Africa and Algeria, likely due to recent European introductions. Second, there is a broad gradient of diversity from Northern to Southern Africa with a diversity focus on the proximity to the Near East, where M. bovis likely emerged with animal domestication in the last 10,000 years. Diversity indices are higher in Eastern Africa, followed successively by Northern, Central, Southern and Western Africa, roughly correlating with the regional archaeological records of introduction of animal domesticates. Given this scenario M. bovis in Africa was probably established millennia ago following a concomitant spread with cattle, sheep and goat. Such scenario could translate into long-term locally adapted lineages across Africa. This work describes a novel scenario for the spread of M. bovis in Africa using the available genetic data, opening the field to further studies using higher resolution genomic data. We describe the genetic diversity distribution in Africa of the pathogen Mycobacterium bovis, the responsible for bovine tuberculosis, mostly present in cattle but also transmittable to other animals including humans. This diversity is geographically clustered within the African continent meaning that the genetic diversity was established through independent evolution within different areas. Higher diversity values of M. bovis are found in Eastern and Northern Africa, followed by Central Africa, with Western and Southern Africa displaying the lowest diversity. These levels of diversity correlate well with the introduction of domesticated livestock in the different regions of Africa, following their domestication in the Near East 10,000 ago. We hypothesize that M. bovis emerged in the Near East and it was carried across Africa together with domesticated animals and people that developed herding practices and biological tolerance for digesting milk in adulthood. Such scenario implies a strong evolution and co-evolution of M. bovis across Africa leading to locally adapted strains that could prove a challenge for public health actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osvaldo Frederico Inlamea
- Programa de pós-graduação Ciência Para o desenvolvimento (PGCD)–Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência–Portugal
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (VPS-FMVZ), Universidade de São Paulo, USP–Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde, Ministério de Saúde, Moçambique
- Faculdade de Veterinária (FAVET), Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Moçambique
- * E-mail: (OFI); (TR)
| | - Pedro Soares
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), School of Sciences, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability (IB-S), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Cassia Yumi Ikuta
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (VPS-FMVZ), Universidade de São Paulo, USP–Brasil
| | - Marcos Bryan Heinemann
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (VPS-FMVZ), Universidade de São Paulo, USP–Brasil
| | - Sara Juma Achá
- Direcção de Ciências Animais, Instituto de Investigação Agrária de Moçambique, Ministério de Agricultura e Segurança Alimentar, Maputo, Moçambique
| | - Adelina Machado
- Faculdade de Veterinária (FAVET), Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Maputo, Moçambique
| | | | - Margarida Correia-Neves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Teresa Rito
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B's, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
- * E-mail: (OFI); (TR)
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15
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Marianelli C, Amato B, Boniotti MB, Vitale M, Pruiti Ciarello F, Pacciarini ML, Di Marco Lo Presti V. Genotype diversity and distribution of Mycobacterium bovis from livestock in a small, high-risk area in northeastern Sicily, Italy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007546. [PMID: 31306431 PMCID: PMC6658142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) caused by Mycobacterium bovis is an important re-emerging disease affecting livestock, wildlife and humans. Epidemiological studies are crucial to identifying the source of bTB infection, and its transmission dynamics and host preference, and thus to the implementation of effective strategies to contain it. In this study, we typed M. bovis isolates from livestock, and investigated their genetic diversity and distribution. A total of 204 M. bovis isolates were collected from cattle (n = 164) and Sicilian black pigs (n = 40) reared in a limited area of the province of Messina, northeastern Sicily, an area that had previously been identified as having the highest incidence of bTB in livestock on the island. All M. bovis isolates were typed by both spoligotyping and 12-loci MIRU-VNTR analysis. Results from both methods were then combined in order to improve the discriminatory power of M. bovis typing. We identified 73 combined genetic profiles. Thirty-five point six percent of the profiles were common to at least two animals, whereas 64.4% of profiles occurred in only one animal. A number of genetic profiles were predominant in either cattle or black pigs. We identified common genetic patterns in M. bovis isolates originating not only from neighboring districts, but also from non-neighboring districts. Our findings suggest that bTB is widespread in our setting, and is caused by a large number of genetically diverse M. bovis strains. The ecology and farming practices characteristic of the area may explain the substantial M. bovis heterogeneity observed, and could represent obstacles to bTB eradication. Bovine tuberculosis is a widespread infectious disease affecting both domestic and wild animals, as well as humans. In addition to being of public health concern, the disease, caused mainly by Mycobacterium bovis, has a significant economic impact on the farming industry due to the costs of eradication efforts. In Sicily, the largest of the Italian islands, bovine tuberculosis in livestock is of great concern, and targeted control strategies are needed. Molecular epidemiology is an essential tool for determining the distribution of a disease, so as to control it and minimize its threat to the population. We typed M. bovis isolates isolated from cattle and pigs reared in a limited area of Sicily. An in-depth comparison of the genetic makeup of these isolates allowed us a better understanding of the genetic diversity and distribution of the pathogen in our population of animals. We found that the disease is widespread in the area and caused by a large variety of M. bovis strains, which are in several cases common to different species of livestock. The paper concludes with a discussion of the findings in light of the environmental and ecological setting, and of farming practices in the area. The results are expected to contribute to the improvement of surveillance and control programs of bovine tuberculosis in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Marianelli
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Benedetta Amato
- Sezione Diagnostica Barcellona P.G., Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto, Italy
| | - Maria Beatrice Boniotti
- National Reference Centre for Bovine Tuberculosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Maria Vitale
- Sezione Diagnostica Barcellona P.G., Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto, Italy
| | - Flavia Pruiti Ciarello
- Sezione Diagnostica Barcellona P.G., Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto, Italy
| | - Maria Lodovica Pacciarini
- National Reference Centre for Bovine Tuberculosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, Brescia, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marco Lo Presti
- Sezione Diagnostica Barcellona P.G., Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto, Italy
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16
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Perea Razo CA, Rodríguez Hernández E, Ponce SIR, Milián Suazo F, Robbe-Austerman S, Stuber T, Cantó Alarcón GJ. Molecular epidemiology of cattle tuberculosis in Mexico through whole-genome sequencing and spoligotyping. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201981. [PMID: 30138365 PMCID: PMC6107157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle persists in Mexico, posing a threat to human health. Control of bovine tuberculosis, through the National Program Against Bovine Tuberculosis, has led to the decrease of disease prevalence in most of the country, except for high dairy production regions. Genotyping of M. bovis has been performed mainly by spoligotyping and variable number tandem repeats (VNTR), but higher resolution power can be useful for a finer definition of the spread of the disease. Whole genome sequencing and spoligotyping was performed for a set of 322 M. bovis isolates from different sources in Mexico: Baja California, Coahuila, Estado de Mexico, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Jalisco, Queretaro and Veracruz, from dairy and beef cattle, as well as humans. Twelve main genetic clades were obtained through WGS and genetic diversity analysis. A clear differentiation of the Baja California isolates was seen as they clustered together exclusively. However, isolates from the central states showed no specific clustering whatsoever. Although WGS proves to have higher resolving power than spoligotyping, and since there was concordance between WGS and spoligotyping results, we consider that the latter is still an efficient and practical method for monitoring bovine tuberculosis in developing countries, where resources for higher technology are scarce.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elba Rodríguez Hernández
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Fisiología y Mejoramiento Animal, INIFAP, Colón, Qro., México
| | - Sergio Iván Román Ponce
- Centro Nacional de Investigación Disciplinaria en Fisiología y Mejoramiento Animal, INIFAP, Colón, Qro., México
| | - Feliciano Milián Suazo
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Qro., México
| | - Suelee Robbe-Austerman
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, United States Department of Agriculture, University Blvd, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Tod Stuber
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, United States Department of Agriculture, University Blvd, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
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The most common spoligotype of Mycobacterium bovis isolated in the world and the recommended loci for VNTR typing; A systematic review. Microb Pathog 2018; 118:310-315. [PMID: 29578066 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis is a neglected zoonotic organism that epidemiological studies are of crucial importance in identifying its source, control it and prevent it from spreading. The aim of this study was to investigate the most common spoligotypes of Mycobacterium bovis circulating around the world and introduce the most and least strong determine powers of loci for VNTR. We have used different databases such as ISC, science direct, Embase (Elsevier), Web of Science, Scopus and Medline via PubMed. Searches were performed by key words including: Mycobacterium bovis, MIRU -VNTR, spoligotyping and discrimination power. Finally, thirty-one articles were selected after filtering out some titles, abstracts and full texts. Spoligotype SB0120 was the most common circulating type on several continents while SB0121 existed in Europe, Africa and America. SB0140 was also detected in Asia, Europe and America. QUB3232 and QUB11b were more appropriate loci among the loci with high discriminatory power. MIRU 10 and MIRU4 were among the loci with poor discriminatory power. Taking the published data into consideration, SB0120 and SB0121 are predominant spoligotypes of M. bovis circulating among animals around the world. Determining the most common spoligotype of M. bovis is the key to find source of infection, control and prevent the disease.
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