1
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Kelley M, Holmes CJ, Herbert C, Rayhan A, Joves J, Uhran M, Klaus L, Frigard R, Singh K, Limbach PA, Addepalli B, Benoit JB. Tyrosine transfer RNA levels and modifications during blood-feeding and vitellogenesis in the mosquito, Aedes aegypti. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39105593 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Mosquitoes such as Aedes aegypti must consume a blood meal for the nutrients necessary for egg production. Several transcriptome and proteome changes occur post-blood meal that likely corresponds with codon usage alterations. Transfer RNA (tRNA) is the adapter molecule that reads messenger RNA codons to add the appropriate amino acid during protein synthesis. Chemical modifications to tRNA enhance codon decoding, improving the accuracy and efficiency of protein synthesis. Here, we examined tRNA modifications and transcripts associated with the blood meal and subsequent periods of vitellogenesis in A. aegypti. More specifically, we assessed tRNA transcript abundance and modification levels in the fat body at critical times post blood-feeding. Based on a combination of alternative codon usage and identification of particular modifications, we discovered that increased transcription of tyrosine tRNAs is likely critical during the synthesis of egg yolk proteins in the fat body following a blood meal. Altogether, changes in both the abundance and modification of tRNA are essential factors in the process of vitellogenin production after blood-feeding in mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Kelley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Christopher J Holmes
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Cassandra Herbert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Asif Rayhan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Judd Joves
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Melissa Uhran
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Lucas Klaus
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Ronja Frigard
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Khwahish Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Patrick A Limbach
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Joshua B Benoit
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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2
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Karpagavalli M, Sivagurunathan S, Panda TS, Srikakulam N, Arora R, Dohadwala L, Tiwary BK, Sadras SR, Arunachalam JP, Pandi G, Chidambaram S. piRNAs in the human retina and retinal pigment epithelium reveal a potential role in intracellular trafficking and oxidative stress. Mol Omics 2024; 20:248-264. [PMID: 38314503 DOI: 10.1039/d3mo00122a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Long considered active only in the germline, the PIWI/piRNA pathway is now known to play a significant role in somatic cells, especially neurons. In this study, piRNAs were profiled in the human retina and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Furthermore, RNA immunoprecipitation with HIWI2 (PIWIL4) in ARPE19 cells yielded 261 piRNAs, and the expression of selective piRNAs in donor eyes was assessed by qRT-PCR. Intriguingly, computational analysis revealed complete and partial seed sequence similarity between piR-hsa-26131 and the sensory organ specific miR-183/96/182 cluster. Furthermore, the expression of retina-enriched piR-hsa-26131 was positively correlated with miR-182 in HIWI2-silenced Y79 cells. In addition, the lnc-ZNF169 sequence matched with two miRNAs of the let-7 family, and piRNAs, piR-hsa-11361 and piR-hsa-11360, which could modulate the regulatory network of retinal differentiation. Interestingly, we annotated four enriched motifs among the piRNAs and found that the piRNAs containing CACAATG and CTCATCAKYG motifs were snoRNA-derived piRNAs, which are significantly associated with developmental functions. However, piRNAs consisting of ACCACTANACCAC and AKCACGYTCSC motifs were mainly tRNA-derived fragments linked to stress response and sensory perception. Additionally, co-expression network analysis revealed cell cycle control, intracellular transport and stress response as the important biological functions regulated by piRNAs in the retina. Moreover, loss of piRNAs in HIWI2 knockdown ARPE19 confirmed altered expression of targets implicated in intracellular transport, circadian clock, and retinal degeneration. Moreover, piRNAs were dysregulated under oxidative stress conditions, indicating their potential role in retinal pathology. Therefore, we postulate that piRNAs, miRNAs, and lncRNAs might have a functional interplay during retinal development and functions to regulate retinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suganya Sivagurunathan
- RS Mehta Jain Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai, India
| | - T Sayamsmruti Panda
- Department of Bioinformatics, Pondicherry University, Puducherry-605014, India
| | - Nagesh Srikakulam
- Laboratory of RNA Biology and Epigenomics, Department of Plant Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India
| | - Reety Arora
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, TIFR, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Basant K Tiwary
- Department of Bioinformatics, Pondicherry University, Puducherry-605014, India
| | - Sudha Rani Sadras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry-605014, India.
| | - Jayamuruga Pandian Arunachalam
- Central Inter-Disciplinary Research Facility, Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pondicherry-607402, India
| | - Gopal Pandi
- Laboratory of RNA Biology and Epigenomics, Department of Plant Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai, India
| | - Subbulakshmi Chidambaram
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry-605014, India.
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3
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Kelley M, Holmes CJ, Herbert C, Rayhan A, Joves J, Uhran M, Frigard R, Singh K, Limbach PA, Addepalli B, Benoit JB. Tyrosine transfer RNA levels and modifications during blood-feeding and vitellogenesis in the mosquito, Aedes aegypti. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.29.569187. [PMID: 38076852 PMCID: PMC10705485 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.29.569187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes such as Aedes aegypti must consume a blood meal for the nutrients necessary for egg production. Several transcriptome and proteome changes occur post blood meal that likely corresponds with codon usage alterations. Transfer RNA (tRNA) is the adapter molecule that reads messenger RNA (mRNA) codons to add the appropriate amino acid during protein synthesis. Chemical modifications to tRNA enhance codons' decoding, improving the accuracy and efficiency of protein synthesis. Here, we examined tRNA modifications and transcripts associated with the blood meal and subsequent periods of vitellogenesis in A. aegypti. More specifically, we assessed tRNA transcript abundance and modification levels in the fat body at critical times post blood-feeding. Based on a combination of alternative codon usage and identification of particular modifications, we identified that increased transcription of tyrosine tRNAs is likely critical during the synthesis of egg yolk proteins in the fat body following a blood meal. Altogether, changes in both the abundance and modification of tRNA are essential factors in the process of vitellogenin production after blood-feeding in mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Kelley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45211
| | | | - Cassandra Herbert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45211
| | - Asif Rayhan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45211
| | - Judd Joves
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45211
| | - Melissa Uhran
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45211
| | - Ronja Frigard
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45211
| | - Khwahish Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45211
| | | | | | - Joshua B. Benoit
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45211
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4
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González-Flores AM, Salas-Benito M, Rosales-García VH, Zárate-Segura PB, Del Ángel RM, De Nova-Ocampo MA, Salas-Benito JS. Characterization of Viral Interference in Aedes albopictus C6/36 Cells Persistently Infected with Dengue Virus 2. Pathogens 2023; 12:1135. [PMID: 37764943 PMCID: PMC10536104 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12091135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Arboviruses are an important group of pathogens that cause diseases of medical and veterinary concern worldwide. The interactions of these viruses with their host cells are complex, and frequently, the coexistence of two different viruses in the same cell results in the inhibition of replication in one of the viruses, which is a phenomenon called viral interference. This phenomenon can be exploited to develop antiviral strategies. Insect cell lines persistently infected with arboviruses are useful models with which to study viral interference. In this work, a model of C6/36-HT cells (from Aedes albopictus mosquitoes) persistently infected with Dengue virus, serotype 2, was used. Viral interference was evaluated via plaque and flow cytometry assays. The presence of heterotypic interference against the other serotypes of the same virus and homologous interference against yellow fever virus was determined; however, this cell line did not display heterologous viral interference against Sindbis virus. The mechanisms responsible for viral interference have not been fully elucidated, but small RNAs could be involved. However, the silencing of Ago3, a key protein in the genome-derived P-element-induced wimpy testis pathway, did not alter the viral interference process, suggesting that viral interference occurs independent of this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariana Salas-Benito
- Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07320, Mexico; (M.S.-B.); (M.A.D.N.-O.)
| | - Victor Hugo Rosales-García
- Laboratorios Centrales, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico City 07360, Mexico;
| | | | - Rosa María Del Ángel
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Mexico City 07360, Mexico;
| | - Mónica Ascención De Nova-Ocampo
- Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07320, Mexico; (M.S.-B.); (M.A.D.N.-O.)
| | - Juan Santiago Salas-Benito
- Escuela Nacional de Medicina y Homeopatía, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City 07320, Mexico; (M.S.-B.); (M.A.D.N.-O.)
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Lin DCD, Weng SC, Tsao PN, Chu JJH, Shiao SH. Co-infection of dengue and Zika viruses mutually enhances viral replication in the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:160. [PMID: 37165438 PMCID: PMC10172068 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05778-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mosquito Aedes aegypti transmits two of the most serious mosquito-borne viruses, dengue virus (DENV) and Zika virus (ZIKV), which results in significant human morbidity and mortality worldwide. The quickly shifting landscapes of DENV and ZIKV endemicity worldwide raise concerns that their co-circulation through the Ae. aegypti mosquito vector could greatly exacerbate the disease burden in humans. Recent reports have indicated an increase in the number of co-infection cases in expanding co-endemic regions; however, the impact of co-infection on viral infection and the detailed molecular mechanisms remain to be defined. METHODS C6/36 (Aedes albopictus) cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium/Mitsuhashi and Maramorosch Insect Medium (DMEM/MM) (1:1) containing 2% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum and 1× penicillin/streptomycin solution. For virus propagation, the cells were infected with either DENV serotype 2 (DENV2) strain 16681 or ZIKV isolate Thailand/1610acTw (MF692778.1). Mosquitoes (Ae. aegypti UGAL [University of Georgia Laboratory]/Rockefeller strain) were orally infected with DENV2 and ZIKV through infectious blood-feeding. RESULTS We first examined viral replication activity in cells infected simultaneously, or sequentially, with DENV and ZIKV, and found interspecies binding of viral genomic transcripts to the non-structural protein 5 (NS5). When we challenged Ae. aegypti mosquitos with both DENV2 and ZIKV sequentially to probe similar interactions, virus production and vector susceptibility to infection were significantly enhanced. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that DENV2 and ZIKV simultaneously establishing infection in the Ae. aegypti mosquito vector may augment one another during replication. The data also implicate the homologous NS5 protein as a key intersection between the flaviviruses in co-infection, highlighting it as a potential target for vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Chieh-Ding Lin
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Che Weng
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Nien Tsao
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Justin Jang Hann Chu
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shin-Hong Shiao
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Choi EJ, Wu W, Zhang K, Yuan X, Deng J, Ismail D, Buck DL, Thomason KS, Garofalo RP, Zhang S, Bao X. Parent tRNA Modification Status Determines the Induction of Functional tRNA-Derived RNA by Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. Viruses 2022; 15:57. [PMID: 36680097 PMCID: PMC9860972 DOI: 10.3390/v15010057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
tRNA-derived RNA fragments (tRFs) are a recently discovered family of small noncoding RNAs (sncRNAs). We previously reported that respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection induces functional tRFs, which are derived from a limited subset of parent tRNAs, in airway epithelial cells. Such induction is also observed in nasopharyngeal wash samples from RSV patients and correlates to RSV genome copies, suggesting a clinical significance of tRFs in RSV infection. This work also investigates whether the modification of parent tRNAs is changed by RSV to induce tRFs, using one of the most inducible tRFs as a model. We discovered that RSV infection changed the methylation modification of adenine at position 57 in tRNA glutamic acid, with a codon of CTC (tRNA-GluCTC), and the change is essential for its cleavage. AlkB homolog 1, a previously reported tRNA demethylase, appears to remove methyladenine from tRNA-GluCTC, prompting the subsequent production of tRFs from the 5'-end of tRNA-GluCTC, a regulator of RSV replication. This study demonstrates for the first time the importance of post-transcriptional modification of tRNAs in tRF biogenesis following RSV infection, providing critical insights for antiviral strategy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jin Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Wenzhe Wu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Xiaohong Yuan
- Department of Biological and Chemical Science, New York Institute of Technology, New York, NY 10023, USA
| | - Junfang Deng
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Deena Ismail
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Darby L. Buck
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Kerrie S. Thomason
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Roberto P. Garofalo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Institute of Translational Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Institute for Human Infections Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Shenglong Zhang
- Department of Biological and Chemical Science, New York Institute of Technology, New York, NY 10023, USA
| | - Xiaoyong Bao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Institute of Translational Science, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
- Institute for Human Infections Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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7
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Fiorillo C, Yen PS, Colantoni A, Mariconti M, Azevedo N, Lombardo F, Failloux AB, Arcà B. MicroRNAs and other small RNAs in Aedes aegypti saliva and salivary glands following chikungunya virus infection. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9536. [PMID: 35681077 PMCID: PMC9184468 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13780-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquito saliva facilitates blood feeding through the anti-haemostatic, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties of its proteins. However, the potential contribution of non-coding RNAs to host manipulation is still poorly understood. We analysed small RNAs from Aedes aegypti saliva and salivary glands and show here that chikungunya virus-infection triggers both the siRNA and piRNA antiviral pathways with limited effects on miRNA expression profiles. Saliva appears enriched in specific miRNA subsets and its miRNA content is well conserved among mosquitoes and ticks, clearly pointing to a non-random sorting and occurrence. Finally, we provide evidence that miRNAs from Ae. aegypti saliva may target human immune and inflammatory pathways, as indicated by prediction analysis and searching for experimentally validated targets of identical human miRNAs. Overall, we believe these observations convincingly support a scenario where both proteins and miRNAs from mosquito saliva are injected into vertebrates during blood feeding and contribute to the complex vector-host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Fiorillo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases - Division of Parasitology, "Sapienza" University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Pei-Shi Yen
- Arboviruses and Insect Vectors Unit, Institute Pasteur, 25 rue Dr. Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Alessio Colantoni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, "Sapienza" University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Marina Mariconti
- Arboviruses and Insect Vectors Unit, Institute Pasteur, 25 rue Dr. Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Nayara Azevedo
- Genomics Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Meyerhofstrasse 1, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Fabrizio Lombardo
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases - Division of Parasitology, "Sapienza" University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna-Bella Failloux
- Arboviruses and Insect Vectors Unit, Institute Pasteur, 25 rue Dr. Roux, 75724, Paris Cedex 15, France
| | - Bruno Arcà
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases - Division of Parasitology, "Sapienza" University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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8
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Kelley M, Uhran M, Herbert C, Yoshida G, Watts ER, Limbach PA, Benoit JB. Abundances of transfer RNA modifications and transcriptional levels of tRNA-modifying enzymes are sex-associated in mosquitoes. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 143:103741. [PMID: 35181477 PMCID: PMC9034435 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2022.103741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
As carriers of multiple human diseases, understanding the mechanisms behind mosquito reproduction may have implications for remediation strategies. Transfer RNA (tRNA) acts as the adapter molecule of amino acids and are key components in protein synthesis. A critical factor in the function of tRNAs is chemical modifications which contribute to codon-anticodon interactions. Here, we provide an assessment of tRNA modifications between sexes for three mosquito species and examine the correlation of transcript levels underlying key proteins involved in tRNA modification. Thirty-three tRNA modifications were detected among mosquito species and most of these modifications are higher in females compared to males for three mosquito species. Analysis of previous male and female RNA-seq datasets indicated a similar increase in transcript levels of tRNA-modifying enzymes in females among six mosquito species, supporting our observed female enrichment of tRNA modifications. Tissues-specific expressional studies revealed higher transcript levels for tRNA-modifying enzymes in the ovaries for Aedes aegypti, but not male reproductive tissues. These studies suggest that tRNA modifications may be critical to reproduction in mosquitoes, representing a potential novel target for control through suppression of fecundity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Kelley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45211, USA.
| | - Melissa Uhran
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45211, USA
| | - Cassandra Herbert
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45211, USA
| | - George Yoshida
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45211, USA
| | - Emmarie R Watts
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45211, USA
| | - Patrick A Limbach
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45211, USA
| | - Joshua B Benoit
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45211, USA.
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9
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Parry R, James ME, Asgari S. Uncovering the Worldwide Diversity and Evolution of the Virome of the Mosquitoes Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1653. [PMID: 34442732 PMCID: PMC8398489 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti, the yellow fever mosquito, and Aedes albopictus, the Asian tiger mosquito, are the most significant vectors of dengue, Zika, and Chikungunya viruses globally. Studies examining host factors that control arbovirus transmission demonstrate that insect-specific viruses (ISVs) can modulate mosquitoes' susceptibility to arbovirus infection in both in vivo and in vitro co-infection models. While research is ongoing to implicate individual ISVs as proviral or antiviral factors, we have a limited understanding of the composition and diversity of the Aedes virome. To address this gap, we used a meta-analysis approach to uncover virome diversity by analysing ~3000 available RNA sequencing libraries representing a worldwide geographic range for both mosquitoes. We identified ten novel viruses and previously characterised viruses, including mononegaviruses, orthomyxoviruses, negeviruses, and a novel bi-segmented negev-like group. Phylogenetic analysis suggests close relatedness to mosquito viruses implying likely insect host range except for one arbovirus, the multi-segmented Jingmen tick virus (Flaviviridae) in an Italian colony of Ae. albopictus. Individual mosquito transcriptomes revealed remarkable inter-host variation of ISVs within individuals from the same colony and heterogeneity between different laboratory strains. Additionally, we identified striking virus diversity in Wolbachia infected Aedes cell lines. This study expands our understanding of the virome of these important vectors. It provides a resource for further assessing the ecology, evolution, and interaction of ISVs with their mosquito hosts and the arboviruses they transmit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys Parry
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Maddie E James
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (M.E.J.); (S.A.)
| | - Sassan Asgari
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia; (M.E.J.); (S.A.)
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10
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Bryant WB, Ray S, Mills MK. Global Analysis of Small Non-Coding RNA Populations across Tissues in the Malaria Vector, Anopheles gambiae. INSECTS 2020; 11:E406. [PMID: 32630036 PMCID: PMC7411766 DOI: 10.3390/insects11070406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a major global health problem, where the anautogenous female mosquito Anopheles gambiae serves as a major vector. In order to combat this devastating disease, understanding mosquito physiology is paramount. Numerous studies in the vector field demonstrate that small non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play essential roles in numerous aspects of mosquito physiology. While our previous miRNA annotation work demonstrated expression dynamics across differing tissues, miRNAs represented less than 20% of all small ncRNAs in our small RNA-Seq libraries. To this end, we systematically classified multiple small ncRNA groups across mosquito tissues. Here we (i) determined a new enriched-midgut miRNA, (ii) updated the piRNA annotation in ovaries with a genomic map of unique-mapping piRNAs, (iii) identified pan-tissue and tissue-enriched mRNA-derived small ncRNAs, and (iv) assessed AGO1- and AGO2- loading of candidate small ncRNAs. Continued research will broaden our view of small ncRNAs and greatly aide in our understanding on how these molecules contribute to mosquito physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mary Katherine Mills
- Department of Biology and Geology, University of South Carolina-Aiken, Aiken, SC 29801, USA;
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11
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Barreñada O, Fernández-Pérez D, Larriba E, Brieño-Enriquez M, Del Mazo J. Diversification of piRNAs expressed in PGCs and somatic cells during embryonic gonadal development. RNA Biol 2020; 17:1309-1323. [PMID: 32375541 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2020.1757908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
piRNAs are small non-coding RNAs known to play a main role in defence against transposable elements in germ cells. However, other potential functions, such as biogenesis and differences in somatic and germline expression of these regulatory elements, are not yet fully unravelled. Here, we analysed a variety of piRNA sequences detected in mouse male and female primordial germ cells (PGCs) and gonadal somatic cells at crucial stages during embryonic differentiation of germ cells (11.5-13.5 days post-coitum). NGS of sncRNA and bioinformatic characterization of piRNAs from PGCs and somatic cells, in addition to piRNAs associated with TEs, indicated functional diversification in both cell types. Differences in the proportion of the diverse types of piRNAs are detected between somatic and germline during development. However, the global diversified patterns of piRNA expression are mainly shared between germ and somatic cells, we identified piRNAs related with molecules involved in ribosome components and translation pathway, including piRNAs derived from rRNA (34%), tRNA (10%) and snoRNA (8%). piRNAs from both tRNA and snoRNA are mainly derived from 3' and 5' end regions. These connections between piRNAs and rRNAs, tRNAs or snoRNAs suggest important functions of specialized piRNAs in translation regulation during this window of gonadal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odei Barreñada
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Centro De Investigaciones Biológicas C.I.B. (CSIC) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Fernández-Pérez
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Centro De Investigaciones Biológicas C.I.B. (CSIC) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Larriba
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Centro De Investigaciones Biológicas C.I.B. (CSIC) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Brieño-Enriquez
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Centro De Investigaciones Biológicas C.I.B. (CSIC) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Del Mazo
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Biology, Centro De Investigaciones Biológicas C.I.B. (CSIC) , Madrid, Spain
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Sigle LT, McGraw EA. Expanding the canon: Non-classical mosquito genes at the interface of arboviral infection. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 109:72-80. [PMID: 30970277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mosquito transmitted viruses cause significant morbidity and mortality in human populations. Despite the use of insecticides and other measures of vector control, arboviral diseases are on the rise. One potential solution for limiting disease transmission to humans is to render mosquitoes refractory to viral infection through genetic modification. Substantial research effort in Drosophila, Aedes and Anopheles has helped to define the major innate immune pathways, including Toll, IMD, Jak/Stat and RNAi, however we still have an incomplete picture of the mosquito antiviral response. Transcriptional profiles of virus-infected insects reveal a much wider range of pathways activated by the process of infection. Within these lists of genes are unexplored mosquito candidates of viral defense. Wolbachia species are endosymbiotic bacteria that naturally limit arboviral infection in mosquitoes. Our understanding of the Wolbachia-mediated viral blocking mechanism is poor, but it does not appear to operate via the classical immune pathways. Herein, we reviewed the transcriptomic response of mosquitoes to multiple viral species and put forth consensus gene types/families outside the immune canon whose expression responds to infection, including cytoskeleton and cellular trafficking, the heat shock response, cytochromes P450, cell proliferation, chitin and small RNAs. We then examine emerging evidence for their functional role in viral resistance in diverse insect and mammalian hosts and their potential role in Wolbachia-mediated viral blocking. These candidate gene families offer novel avenues for research into the nature of insect viral defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah T Sigle
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Entomology, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Elizabeth A McGraw
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Entomology, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.
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