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Chen J, Wu Y, Chen J, Lu H, Cheng G, Tu ZJ, Liao C, Han Q. Roles of a newly lethal cuticular structural protein, AaCPR100A, and its upstream interaction protein, G12-like, in Aedes aegypti. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 268:131704. [PMID: 38670198 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Mosquitoes form a vital group of vector insects, which can transmit various diseases and filarial worms. The cuticle is a critical structure that protects mosquitoes from adverse environmental conditions and penetration resistance. Thus, cuticle proteins can be used as potential targets for controlling the mosquito population. In the present study, we found that AaCPR100A is a structural protein in the soft cuticle, which has flexibility and elasticity allowing insects to move or fly freely, of Aedes aegypti. RNA interference (RNAi) of AaCPR100A caused high mortality in Aedes aegypti larvae and adults and significantly decreased the egg hatching rate. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed that the larval microstructure had no recognizable endocuticle in AaCPR100A-deficient mosquitoes. A yeast two-hybrid assay was performed to screen proteins interacting with AaCPR100A. We verified that the G12-like protein had the strongest interaction with AaCPR100A using yeast two-hybrid and GST pull-down assays. Knockdown of G12-like transcription resulted in high mortality in Ae. aegypti larvae, but not in adults. Interestingly, RNAi of G12-like rescued the high mortality of adults caused by decreased AaCPR100A expression. Additionally, adults treated with G12-like dsRNA were found to be sensitive to low temperature, and their eggshell formation and hatching were decreased. Overall, our results demonstrated that G12-like may interacts with AaCPR100A, and both G12-like and AaCPR100A are involved in Ae. aegypti cuticle development and eggshell formation. AaCPR100A and G12-like can thus be considered newly potential targets for controlling the Ae. aegypti mosquito.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of One Health, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Yuchen Wu
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of One Health, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Jiukai Chen
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of One Health, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Haoran Lu
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gong Cheng
- Tsinghua-Peking Center for Life Sciences, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhijian Jake Tu
- Department of Biochemistry and the Fralin Life Science Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Chenghong Liao
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of One Health, Hainan University, Haikou, China.
| | - Qian Han
- Laboratory of Tropical Veterinary Medicine and Vector Biology, School of Life and Health Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of One Health, Hainan University, Haikou, China.
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Xie Y, Tan Y, Wen X, Deng W, Yu J, Li M, Meng F, Wang X, Zhu D. The Expression and Function of Notch Involved in Ovarian Development and Fecundity in Basilepta melanopus. INSECTS 2024; 15:292. [PMID: 38667422 PMCID: PMC11050577 DOI: 10.3390/insects15040292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Basilepta melanopus is a pest that severely affects oil tea plants, and the Notch signaling pathway plays a significant role in the early development of insect ovaries. In this study, we explored the function of the notch gene within the Notch signaling pathway in the reproductive system of B. melanopus. The functional domains and expression patterns of Bmnotch were analyzed. Bmnotch contains 45 epidermal growth factor-like (EGF-like) domains, one negative regulatory region, one NODP domain and one repeat-containing domain superfamily. The qPCR reveals heightened expression in early developmental stages and specific tissues like the head and ovaries. The RNA interference (RNAi)-based suppression of notch decreased its expression by 52.1%, exhibiting heightened sensitivity to dsNotch at lower concentrations. Phenotypic and mating experiments have demonstrated that dsNotch significantly impairs ovarian development, leading to reduced mating frequencies and egg production. This decline underscores the Notch pathway's crucial role in fecundity. The findings advocate for RNAi-based, Notch-targeted pest control as an effective and sustainable strategy for managing B. melanopus populations, signifying a significant advancement in forest pest control endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Xie
- Laboratory of Insect Behavior and Evolutionary Ecology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; (Y.X.); (Y.T.); (F.M.)
- Institute of Forestry and Grassland Protection, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha 410018, China; (W.D.); (J.Y.); (M.L.)
| | - Yifan Tan
- Laboratory of Insect Behavior and Evolutionary Ecology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; (Y.X.); (Y.T.); (F.M.)
| | - Xuanye Wen
- Center for Biological Disaster Prevention and Control, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shenyang 110031, China;
| | - Wan Deng
- Institute of Forestry and Grassland Protection, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha 410018, China; (W.D.); (J.Y.); (M.L.)
| | - Jinxiu Yu
- Institute of Forestry and Grassland Protection, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha 410018, China; (W.D.); (J.Y.); (M.L.)
| | - Mi Li
- Institute of Forestry and Grassland Protection, Hunan Academy of Forestry, Changsha 410018, China; (W.D.); (J.Y.); (M.L.)
| | - Fanhui Meng
- Laboratory of Insect Behavior and Evolutionary Ecology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; (Y.X.); (Y.T.); (F.M.)
| | - Xiudan Wang
- Laboratory of Insect Behavior and Evolutionary Ecology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; (Y.X.); (Y.T.); (F.M.)
| | - Daohong Zhu
- Laboratory of Insect Behavior and Evolutionary Ecology, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; (Y.X.); (Y.T.); (F.M.)
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Lin DCD, Weng SC, Tsao PN, Chu JJH, Shiao SH. Co-infection of dengue and Zika viruses mutually enhances viral replication in the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:160. [PMID: 37165438 PMCID: PMC10172068 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05778-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mosquito Aedes aegypti transmits two of the most serious mosquito-borne viruses, dengue virus (DENV) and Zika virus (ZIKV), which results in significant human morbidity and mortality worldwide. The quickly shifting landscapes of DENV and ZIKV endemicity worldwide raise concerns that their co-circulation through the Ae. aegypti mosquito vector could greatly exacerbate the disease burden in humans. Recent reports have indicated an increase in the number of co-infection cases in expanding co-endemic regions; however, the impact of co-infection on viral infection and the detailed molecular mechanisms remain to be defined. METHODS C6/36 (Aedes albopictus) cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium/Mitsuhashi and Maramorosch Insect Medium (DMEM/MM) (1:1) containing 2% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum and 1× penicillin/streptomycin solution. For virus propagation, the cells were infected with either DENV serotype 2 (DENV2) strain 16681 or ZIKV isolate Thailand/1610acTw (MF692778.1). Mosquitoes (Ae. aegypti UGAL [University of Georgia Laboratory]/Rockefeller strain) were orally infected with DENV2 and ZIKV through infectious blood-feeding. RESULTS We first examined viral replication activity in cells infected simultaneously, or sequentially, with DENV and ZIKV, and found interspecies binding of viral genomic transcripts to the non-structural protein 5 (NS5). When we challenged Ae. aegypti mosquitos with both DENV2 and ZIKV sequentially to probe similar interactions, virus production and vector susceptibility to infection were significantly enhanced. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that DENV2 and ZIKV simultaneously establishing infection in the Ae. aegypti mosquito vector may augment one another during replication. The data also implicate the homologous NS5 protein as a key intersection between the flaviviruses in co-infection, highlighting it as a potential target for vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Chieh-Ding Lin
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Che Weng
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Nien Tsao
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Research Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Justin Jang Hann Chu
- Laboratory of Molecular RNA Virology and Antiviral Strategies, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shin-Hong Shiao
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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4
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Yeh CT, Weng SC, Tsao PN, Shiao SH. The chaperone BiP promotes dengue virus replication and mosquito vitellogenesis in Aedes aegypti. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 155:103930. [PMID: 36921733 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2023.103930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP, also known as GRP78), a chaperone and master regulator of the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway, plays an essential role in several flavivirus infections, but its functional role in regulating dengue virus replication in the mosquito remains largely unknown. We here demonstrated the interaction between a dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV2) and BiP in Aedes aegypti and report the discovery of a novel functional role of BiP in mosquito vitellogenesis. Silencing Ae. aegypti BiP (AaBiP) expression resulted in the significant inhibition of DENV2 viral genome replication, viral protein production, and infectious viral particle biogenesis. Co-immunoprecipitation assays showed that the DENV2 non-structural protein 1 (NS1) interacts with the AaBiP protein, and silencing AaBiP expression led to enhanced DENV2 NS1 aggregation, indicating that AaBiP plays a role in viral protein stability. A kinetic study focusing on pulse treatment of MG132, a proteasome inhibitor, in AaBiP-silenced mosquitoes showed that DENV2 NS1 was drastically elevated, which further suggests that AaBiP-mediated viral protein degradation is mediated by proteasomal machinery. Silencing of AaBiP also resulted in a reduction in mosquito fertility and fecundity. Depletion of AaBiP inhibited mosquito vitellogenesis due to the reduction of vitellogenin mRNA and elevated aggregation of vitellogenin protein post blood meal, further suppressing ovary development and fecundity. Overall, our results suggest that AaBiP is a dual-function protein with roles in both the regulation of dengue virus replication and mosquito reproduction. Our findings will be useful in the establishment of more efficient strategies for vector-borne disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ting Yeh
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Che Weng
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Nien Tsao
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Hong Shiao
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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5
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Sri-In C, Thontiravong A, Bartholomay LC, Tiawsirisup S. Effects of Aedes aegypti salivary protein on duck Tembusu virus replication and transmission in salivary glands. Acta Trop 2022; 228:106310. [PMID: 35032469 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) infection is an arthropod-borne viral disease that affects many poultry species, including ducks, chickens, and geese. Aedes aegypti mosquito is an important vector of DTMUV. This study sought to determine whether any individual Ae. aegypti salivary protein modulated DTMUV replication in the mosquito salivary gland. Ae. aegypti salivary gland protein of 34 kDa (AaSG34) was found to be expressed explicitly in mosquito salivary glands and was upregulated following DTMUV infection. Thus, AaSG34 was silenced in mosquitoes via RNA interference using double strand RNA (dsRNA), and the mosquitoes were then infected with DTMUV to elucidate their effects on DTMUV replication and transmission. Transcripts of the DTMUV genome in salivary glands and virus titer in saliva were significantly diminished when AaSG34 was silenced, indicating that its presence enhances DTMUV replication in the salivary glands and DTMUV dissemination to saliva. Furthermore, the expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) was upregulated upon AaSG34 silenced. Our results demonstrate that AaSG34 may play a vital role in the suppression of antiviral immune responses to enhance DTMUV replication and transmission. We thus provide new information on the effect of the AaSG34 salivary protein on DTMUV replication in Ae. aegypti as the mechanism of blocking virus transmission to the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chalida Sri-In
- Animal Vector-Borne Disease Research Unit, Veterinary Parasitology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Aunyaratana Thontiravong
- Animal Vector-Borne Disease Research Unit, Veterinary Parasitology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Lyric C Bartholomay
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Sonthaya Tiawsirisup
- Animal Vector-Borne Disease Research Unit, Veterinary Parasitology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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Karuthadurai T, Das DN, Kumaresan A, Sinha MK, Kamaraj E, Nag P, Ebenezer Samuel King JP, Datta TK, Manimaran A, Jeyakumar S, Ramesha K. Sperm Transcripts Associated With Odorant Binding and Olfactory Transduction Pathways Are Altered in Breeding Bulls Producing Poor-Quality Semen. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:799386. [PMID: 35274020 PMCID: PMC8902071 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.799386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Spermatozoa carries a reservoir of mRNAs regulating sperm functions and fertilizing potential. Although it is well recognized that a considerable proportion of high genetic merit breeding bulls produce poor-quality semen, the transcriptomic alterations in spermatozoa from such bulls are not understood. In the present study, comparative high-throughput transcriptomic profiling of spermatozoa from good and poor-quality semen-producing bulls was carried out to identify the transcripts associated with semen quality. Using next-generation sequencing (NGS), we identified 11,632 transcripts in Holstein Friesian bull spermatozoa; after total hit normalization, a total of 544 transcripts were detected, of which 185 transcripts were common to both good and poor-quality semen, while 181 sperm transcripts were unique to good quality semen, and 178 transcripts were unique to poor-quality semen. Among the co-expressed transcripts, 31 were upregulated, while 108 were downregulated, and 46 were neutrally expressed in poor-quality semen. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the dysregulated transcripts were predominantly involved in molecular function, such as olfactory receptor activity and odor binding, and in biological process, such as detection of chemical stimulus involved in sensory perception, sensory perception of smell, signal transduction, and signal synaptic transmission. Since a majority of the dysregulated transcripts were involved in the olfactory pathway (85% of enriched dysregulated genes were involved in this pathway), the expression of selected five transcripts associated with this pathway (OR2T11, OR10S1, ORIL3, OR5M11, and PRRX1) were validated using real-time qPCR, and it was found that their transcriptional abundance followed the same trend as observed in NGS; the sperm transcriptional abundance of OR2T11 and OR10S1 differed significantly (p < 0.05) between good and poor-quality semen. It is concluded that poor-quality semen showed altered expression of transcripts associated with olfactory receptors and pathways indicating the relationship between olfactory pathway and semen quality in bulls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thirumalaisamy Karuthadurai
- Theriogenology Laboratory, Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Southern Regional Station of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| | - Dayal Nitai Das
- Dairy Production Section, Southern Regional Station of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| | - Arumugam Kumaresan
- Theriogenology Laboratory, Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Southern Regional Station of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
- *Correspondence: Arumugam Kumaresan ;
| | - Manish Kumar Sinha
- Theriogenology Laboratory, Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Southern Regional Station of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| | - Elango Kamaraj
- Theriogenology Laboratory, Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Southern Regional Station of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| | - Pradeep Nag
- Theriogenology Laboratory, Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Southern Regional Station of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| | - John Peter Ebenezer Samuel King
- Theriogenology Laboratory, Veterinary Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Southern Regional Station of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| | - Tirtha Kumar Datta
- Animal Genomics Laboratory, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, India
| | - Ayyasamy Manimaran
- Dairy Production Section, Southern Regional Station of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sakthivel Jeyakumar
- Dairy Production Section, Southern Regional Station of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
| | - Kerekoppa Ramesha
- Dairy Production Section, Southern Regional Station of ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Bengaluru, India
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Cheang KW, Chen WY, Wu-Hsieh BA, Shiao SH. Infecting mosquitoes alters DENV-2 characteristics and enhances hemorrhage-induction potential in Stat1-/- mice. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009728. [PMID: 34449772 PMCID: PMC8428656 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue is one of the most prevalent arthropod-borne viral diseases in humans. There is still no effective vaccine or treatment to date. Previous studies showed that mosquito-derived factors present in saliva or salivary gland extract (SGE) contribute to the pathogenesis of dengue. In this study, we aimed to investigate the interplay between mosquito vector and DENV and to address the question of whether the mosquito vector alters the virus that leads to consequential disease manifestations in the mammalian host. DENV2 cultured in C6/36 cell line (culture-DENV2) was injected to Aedes aegypti intrathoracically. Saliva was collected from infected mosquitoes 7 days later. Exploiting the sensitivity of Stat1-/- mice to low dose of DENV2 delivered intradermally, we showed that DENV2 collected in infected mosquito saliva (msq-DENV2) induced more severe hemorrhage in mice than their culture counterpart. Msq-DENV2 was characterized by smaller particle size, larger plaque size and more rapid growth in mosquito as well as mammalian cell lines compared to culture-DENV2. In addition, msq-DENV2 was more efficient than culture-DENV2 in inducing Tnf mRNA production by mouse macrophage. Together, our results point to the possibility that the mosquito vector provides an environment that alters DENV2 by changing its growth characteristics as well as its potential to cause disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ka Wan Cheang
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Betty A. Wu-Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (BAW-H); (S-HS)
| | - Shin-Hong Shiao
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (BAW-H); (S-HS)
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8
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Reyes JIL, Suzuki Y, Carvajal T, Muñoz MNM, Watanabe K. Intracellular Interactions Between Arboviruses and Wolbachia in Aedes aegypti. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:690087. [PMID: 34249780 PMCID: PMC8261290 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.690087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is inherently susceptible to arboviruses. The geographical expansion of this vector host species has led to the persistence of Dengue, Zika, and Chikungunya human infections. These viruses take advantage of the mosquito’s cell to create an environment conducive for their growth. Arboviral infection triggers transcriptomic and protein dysregulation in Ae. aegypti and in effect, host antiviral mechanisms are compromised. Currently, there are no existing vaccines able to protect human hosts from these infections and thus, vector control strategies such as Wolbachia mass release program is regarded as a viable option. Considerable evidence demonstrates how the presence of Wolbachia interferes with arboviruses by decreasing host cytoskeletal proteins and lipids essential for arboviral infection. Also, Wolbachia strengthens host immunity, cellular regeneration and causes the expression of microRNAs which could potentially be involved in virus inhibition. However, variation in the magnitude of Wolbachia’s pathogen blocking effect that is not due to the endosymbiont’s density has been recently reported. Furthermore, the cellular mechanisms involved in this phenotype differs depending on Wolbachia strain and host species. This prompts the need to explore the cellular interactions between Ae. aegypti-arboviruses-Wolbachia and how different Wolbachia strains overall affect the mosquito’s cell. Understanding what happens at the cellular and molecular level will provide evidence on the sustainability of Wolbachia vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerica Isabel L Reyes
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan.,Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Yasutsugu Suzuki
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Thaddeus Carvajal
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan.,Biological Control Research Unit, Center for Natural Sciences and Environmental Research (CENSER), De La Salle University, Metro Manila, Philippines
| | - Maria Nilda M Muñoz
- Biological Control Research Unit, Center for Natural Sciences and Environmental Research (CENSER), De La Salle University, Metro Manila, Philippines.,Research and Development Extension, Cagayan State University, Tuguegarao City, Philippines
| | - Kozo Watanabe
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan.,Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan.,Biological Control Research Unit, Center for Natural Sciences and Environmental Research (CENSER), De La Salle University, Metro Manila, Philippines
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9
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Weng SC, Li HH, Li JC, Liu WL, Chen CH, Shiao SH. A Thioester-Containing Protein Controls Dengue Virus Infection in Aedes aegypti Through Modulating Immune Response. Front Immunol 2021; 12:670122. [PMID: 34054842 PMCID: PMC8155531 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.670122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Complement-like proteins in arthropods defend against invading pathogens in the early phases of infection. Thioester-containing proteins (TEPs), which exhibit high similarity to mammalian complement C3, are thought to play a key role in the innate immunity of arthropods. We identified and characterized anti-dengue virus (DENV) host factors, in particular complement-like proteins, in the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Our results indicate that TEP1 limits DENV infection in Ae. aegypti. We showed that TEP1 transcription is highly induced in mosquitoes following DENV infection. Silencing TEP1 resulted in the up-regulation of viral RNA and proteins. In addition, the production of infectious virus particles increased in the absence of TEP1. We generated a transgenic mosquito line with a TEP1 loss-of-function phenotype under a blood meal-inducible promoter. We showed that viral protein and titers increased in transgenic mosquitoes after an infectious blood meal. Interestingly, expression of transcription factor Rel2 and certain anti-microbial peptides (AMPs) were inhibited in transgenic mosquitoes. Overall, our results suggest that TEP1 regulates the immune response and consequently controls the replication of dengue virus in mosquitoes. This finding provides new insight into the molecular mechanisms of mosquito host factors in the regulation of DENV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Che Weng
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-Han Li
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Jian-Chiuan Li
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Liang Liu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hong Chen
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan.,National Mosquito-Borne Diseases Control Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Hong Shiao
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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10
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Li HH, Cai Y, Li JC, Su MP, Liu WL, Cheng L, Chou SJ, Yu GY, Wang HD, Chen CH. C-Type Lectins Link Immunological and Reproductive Processes in Aedes aegypti. iScience 2020; 23:101486. [PMID: 32891883 PMCID: PMC7481239 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiological trade-offs between mosquito immune response and reproductive capability can arise due to insufficient resource availability. C-type lectin family members may be involved in these processes. We established a GCTL-3-/- mutant Aedes aegypti using CRISPR/Cas9 to investigate the role of GCTL-3 in balancing the costs associated with immune responses to arboviral infection and reproduction. GCTL-3-/- mutants showed significantly reduced DENV-2 infection rate and gut commensal microbiota populations, as well as upregulated JAK/STAT, IMD, Toll, and AMPs immunological pathways. Mutants also had significantly shorter lifespans than controls and laid fewer eggs due to defective germ line development. dsRNA knock-down of Attacin and Gambicin, two targets of the AMPs pathway, partially rescued this reduction in reproductive capabilities. Upregulation of immune response following GCTL-3 knock-out therefore comes at a cost to reproductive fitness. Knock-out of other lectins may further improve our knowledge of the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying reproduction-immunity trade-offs in mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsing-Han Li
- Institution of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan; National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 350401, Taiwan
| | - Yu Cai
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, 117604, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117558, Singapore
| | - Jian-Chiuan Li
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 350401, Taiwan
| | - Matthew P Su
- Department of Biological Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Wei-Liang Liu
- National Mosquito-Borne Diseases Control Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 350401, Taiwan
| | - Lie Cheng
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 350401, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Jen Chou
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115201, Taiwan
| | - Guann-Yi Yu
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 350401, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Dar Wang
- Institution of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 300044, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hong Chen
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 350401, Taiwan; National Mosquito-Borne Diseases Control Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 350401, Taiwan.
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11
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Weng SC, Shiao SH. The unfolded protein response modulates the autophagy-mediated egg production in the mosquito Aedes aegypti. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 29:404-416. [PMID: 32338421 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes must feed on vertebrate blood for egg development. As a consequence, some mosquito species are vectors for pathogens that cause devastating diseases in humans. Hence, understanding the mechanisms that control egg developmental cycles is important for developing novel approaches for the control of mosquito-borne diseases. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a cellular stress response related to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The UPR is activated in response to an accumulation of unfolded or misfolded proteins in the ER. Massive proteins have been shown to be produced during egg development, and it is obvious that unfolded or misfolded proteins may arise during vitellogenesis. It has been shown that autophagy in the mosquito fat body plays a central role in the progression of gonadotrophic cycles in the mosquito Aedes aegypti. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the induction of UPR and the correlation between UPR and autophagy remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate that autophagy is activated during vitellogenesis and that the activation of autophagy is correlated with the UPR. We also show that the expressions of UPR and autophagy can be induced in an in vitro fat body culture system through an amino acid treatment. In addition, the expressions of UPR, autophagy-specific markers and vitellogenin were also induced during dithiothreitol treatment. Interestingly, the silencing of UPR-related genes significantly reduced the expression of autophagy-specific markers and inhibited mosquito fecundity. Taken together, we conclude that autophagy-mediated egg production in the mosquito A. aegypti is regulated by UPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-C Weng
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - S-H Shiao
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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12
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Ford SA, Albert I, Allen SL, Chenoweth SF, Jones M, Koh C, Sebastian A, Sigle LT, McGraw EA. Artificial Selection Finds New Hypotheses for the Mechanism of Wolbachia-Mediated Dengue Blocking in Mosquitoes. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1456. [PMID: 32733407 PMCID: PMC7358395 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wolbachia is an intracellular bacterium that blocks virus replication in insects and has been introduced into the mosquito, Aedes aegypti for the biocontrol of arboviruses including dengue, Zika, and chikungunya. Despite ongoing research, the mechanism of Wolbachia-mediated virus blocking remains unclear. We recently used experimental evolution to reveal that Wolbachia-mediated dengue blocking could be selected upon in the A. aegypti host and showed evidence that strong levels of blocking could be maintained by natural selection. In this study, we investigate the genetic variation associated with blocking and use these analyses to generate testable hypotheses surrounding the mechanism of Wolbachia-mediated dengue blocking. From our results, we hypothesize that Wolbachia may block virus replication by increasing the regeneration rate of mosquito cells via the Notch signaling pathway. We also propose that Wolbachia modulates the host’s transcriptional pausing pathway either to prime the host’s anti-viral response or to directly inhibit viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne A Ford
- Huck Institute of Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States.,School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Istvan Albert
- Huck Institute of Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Scott L Allen
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Institut für Populationsgenetik, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephen F Chenoweth
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Matthew Jones
- Huck Institute of Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Cassandra Koh
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Virology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Aswathy Sebastian
- Huck Institute of Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Leah T Sigle
- Huck Institute of Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Elizabeth A McGraw
- Huck Institute of Life Sciences, Penn State University, University Park, PA, United States.,School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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13
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Noh MY, Kim SH, Gorman MJ, Kramer KJ, Muthukrishnan S, Arakane Y. Yellow-g and Yellow-g2 proteins are required for egg desiccation resistance and temporal pigmentation in the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 122:103386. [PMID: 32315743 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2020.103386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Eggs from Aedes mosquitoes exhibit desiccation resistance that helps them to survive and spread as human disease vectors throughout the world. Previous studies have suggested that eggshell/chorion melanization and/or serosal cuticle formation are important for desiccation resistance. In this study, using dsRNAs for target genes, we analyzed the functional importance of two ovary-specific yellow genes, AalY-g and AalY-g2, in the resistance to egg desiccation of the Asian tiger mosquito, Aedes albopictus, a species in which neither the timing of the melanization nor temporal development of the serosal cuticle is correlated with desiccation resistance. Injections of dsAalY-g, dsAalY-g2 or dsAalY-g/g2 (co-injection) into adult females have no effect on their fecundity. However, initial melanization is delayed by 1-2 h with the eggshells eventually becoming black similar to that observed in eggs from dsEGFP-injected control females. In addition, the shape of the eggs from dsAalY-g, -g2 and -g/g2-treated females is abnormally crescent-shaped and the outermost exochorion is more fragile and partially peeled off. dsEGFP control eggs, like those from the wild-type strain, acquire resistance to desiccation between 18 and 24 h after oviposition (HAO). In contrast, ~80% of the 24 HAO dsAalY-g and dsAalY-g2 eggs collapse when they are transferred to a low humidity environment. In addition, there is no electron-dense outer endochorion evident in either dsAalY-g or dsAalY-g2 eggs. These results support the hypothesis that AalY-g and AalY-g2 regulate the timing of eggshell darkening and are required for integrity of the exochorion as well as for rigidity, normal morphology and formation of the outer endochorion, a structure that apparently is critical for desiccation resistance of the Ae. albopictus egg.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Young Noh
- Department of Forestry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, South Korea.
| | - Sung Hyun Kim
- Department of Applied Biology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, South Korea
| | - Maureen J Gorman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Chalmers Hall, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Karl J Kramer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Chalmers Hall, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Subbaratnam Muthukrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Kansas State University, Chalmers Hall, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Yasuyuki Arakane
- Department of Applied Biology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 500-757, South Korea.
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14
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Sri-in C, Weng SC, Shiao SH, Tu WC. A simplified method for blood feeding, oral infection, and saliva collection of the dengue vector mosquitoes. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233618. [PMID: 32469954 PMCID: PMC7259494 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A simple device using folded Parafilm-M as an artificial blood feeder was designed for studying two important dengue vector mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. The efficiency of the artificial blood feeder was investigated by comparing the numbers of engorged mosquitoes that fed on the artificial blood feeder versus mice as a live blood source. Significantly more engorged females Aedes aegypti fed on the artificial blood feeder than on mice. In addition, the artificial feeder could serve as a useful apparatus for oral infection via artificial blood meals, and for saliva collection in mosquitoes. Our method enabled us to collect saliva from multiple mosquitoes at once, providing sufficient infected saliva for determination of the virus titer by plaque assay analysis. Our artificial feeder has the advantage that it is simple, inexpensive, and efficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chalida Sri-in
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Che Weng
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Hong Shiao
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wu-Chun Tu
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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15
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Sri-In C, Weng SC, Chen WY, Wu-Hsieh BA, Tu WC, Shiao SH. A salivary protein of Aedes aegypti promotes dengue-2 virus replication and transmission. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 111:103181. [PMID: 31265906 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.103181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Although dengue is the most prevalent arthropod-borne viral disease in humans, no effective medication or vaccine is presently available. Previous studies suggested that mosquito salivary proteins influence infection by the dengue virus (DENV) in the mammalian host. However, the effects of salivary proteins on DENV replication within the Aedes aegypti mosquito remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the effect of a specific salivary protein (named AaSG34) on DENV serotype 2 (DENV2) replication and transmission. We showed that transcripts of AaSG34 were upregulated in the salivary glands of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes after a meal of blood infected with DENV2. Transcripts of the dengue viral genome and envelop protein in the salivary glands were significantly diminished after an infectious blood meal when AaSG34 was silenced. The effect of AaSG34 on DENV2 transmission was investigated in Stat1-deficient mice. The intradermal inoculation of infectious mosquito saliva induced hemorrhaging in the Stat1-deficient mice; however, saliva from the AaSG34-silenced mosquitoes did not induce hemorrhaging, suggesting that AaSG34 enhances DENV2 transmission. This is the first report to demonstrate that the protein AaSG34 promotes DENV2 replication in mosquito salivary glands and enhances the transmission of the virus to the mammalian host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chalida Sri-In
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Che Weng
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Yu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Betty A Wu-Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wu-Chun Tu
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Shin-Hong Shiao
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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16
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Novel phthalocyanines activated by dim light for mosquito larva- and cell-inactivation with inference for their potential as broad-spectrum photodynamic insecticides. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217355. [PMID: 31141567 PMCID: PMC6541276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mosquitoes are significant vectors, responsible for transmitting serious infectious diseases, including the recent epidemics of global significance caused by, for example, Zika, Dengue and Chikungunya viruses. The chemical insecticides in use for mosquito control are toxic and ineffective due to the development of resistance to them. The new approach to reduce mosquito population by releasing genetically modified males to cause female infertility is still under environmental safety evaluation. Photodynamic insecticides (PDI) have long been known as a safe and effective alternative by using dyes as the photosensitizers (PS) for activation with light to generate insecticidal singlet oxygen and reactive oxygen species. This approach warrants re-examination with advances in the chemical synthesis of novel PS, e.g. phthalocyanines (PC). Nine PC were compared with five porphyrin derivatives and two classic PS of halogenated fluoresceins, i.e. cyanosine and rose bengal experimentally for photodynamic treatment (PDT) of the larvae of laboratory-reared Aedes mosquitoes and their cell lines. Groups of 2nd instar larvae were first exposed overnight to graded concentrations of each PS in the dark followed by their exposure to dim light for up to 7 hours. Larvae of both experimental and control groups were examined hourly for viability based on their motility. Monolayers of mosquito cells were similarly PS-sensitized and exposed briefly to light at the PS-specific excitation wavelengths. Cell viability was assessed by MTT reduction assays. Of the 16 PS examined for photodynamic inactivation of the mosquito larvae, effective are three novel PC, i.e. amino-Si-PC1 and -PC2, anilinium Zn-PC3.4, pyridyloxy Si-PC14 and two porphyrin derivatives, i.e. TPPS2 and TMAP. Their EC50 values were determined, all falling in the nanomolar range lower than those of rose bengal and cyanosine. All PS effective in vivo were also found to dose-dependently inactivate mosquito cells photodynamically in vitro, providing cellular basis for their larvicidal activities. The present findings of novel PC with effective photodynamic larvicidal activities provide fresh impetus to the development of PDI with their established advantages in safety and efficacy. Toward that end, the insect cell lines are of value for rapid screening of new PC. The optimal excitability of PC with insect-invisible red light is inferred to have the potential to broaden the range of targetable insect pests.
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