1
|
Jasuja JK, Bub F, Veit J, Fofana HKM, Sacko M, Saye R, Chatigre JK, N'Goran EK, Yao JA, Khanal B, Koirala K, Bhattarai NR, Rijal S, von Müller L, Bottieau E, Boelaert M, Chappuis F, Polman K, Utzinger J, Becker SL. Multiplex PCR for bacterial, viral and protozoal pathogens in persistent diarrhoea or persistent abdominal pain in Côte d'Ivoire, Mali and Nepal. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10926. [PMID: 38740833 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-60491-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
In contrast to acute diarrhoea, the aetiology of persistent digestive disorders (≥ 14 days) is poorly understood in low-resource settings and conventional diagnostic approaches lack accuracy. In this multi-country study, we compared multiplex real-time PCR for enteric bacterial, parasitic and viral pathogens in stool samples from symptomatic patients and matched asymptomatic controls in Côte d'Ivoire, Mali and Nepal. Among 1826 stool samples, the prevalence of most pathogens was highest in Mali, being up to threefold higher than in Côte d'Ivoire and up to tenfold higher than in Nepal. In all settings, the most prevalent bacteria were EAEC (13.0-39.9%) and Campylobacter spp. (3.9-35.3%). Giardia intestinalis was the predominant intestinal protozoon (2.9-20.5%), and adenovirus 40/41 was the most frequently observed viral pathogen (6.3-25.1%). Significantly different prevalences between symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals were observed for Campylobacter, EIEC and ETEC in the two African sites, and for norovirus in Nepal. Multiple species pathogen infection was common in Côte d'Ivoire and Mali, but rarely found in Nepal. We observed that molecular testing detected multiple enteric pathogens and showed low discriminatory accuracy to distinguish between symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. Yet, multiplex PCR allowed for direct comparison between different countries and revealed considerable setting-specificity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin K Jasuja
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße, Building 43, 66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany
- Department for Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian Bub
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße, Building 43, 66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Jonas Veit
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße, Building 43, 66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | | | - Moussa Sacko
- Institut National de Recherche en Santé Publique, Bamako, Mali
| | - Rénion Saye
- Institut National de Recherche en Santé Publique, Bamako, Mali
| | | | - Eliézer K N'Goran
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Joel A Yao
- Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biosciences, Université Félix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
- Centre Suisse de Recherches Scientifiques en Côte d'Ivoire, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Basudha Khanal
- Department of Microbiology, B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Kanika Koirala
- Department of Internal Medicine, B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Narayan R Bhattarai
- Department of Microbiology, B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Suman Rijal
- Department of Internal Medicine, B P Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal
| | - Lutz von Müller
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße, Building 43, 66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine, Microbiology and Hygiene, Christophorus Kliniken, Coesfeld, Germany
| | - Emmanuel Bottieau
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marleen Boelaert
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - François Chappuis
- Division of Tropical and Humanitarian Medicine, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Katja Polman
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sören L Becker
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße, Building 43, 66421, Homburg/Saar, Germany.
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mathavan I, Liu LJ, Robinson SW, El-Sakkary N, Elatico AJJ, Gomez D, Nellas R, Owens RJ, Zuercher W, Navratilova I, Caffrey CR, Beis K. Identification of Inhibitors of the Schistosoma mansoni VKR2 Kinase Domain. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:1715-1722. [PMID: 36385939 PMCID: PMC9661718 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by parasitic flatworms. Current treatment relies on just one partially effective drug, praziquantel (PZQ). Schistosoma mansoni Venus Kinase Receptors 1 and 2 (SmVKR1 and SmVKR2) are important for parasite growth and egg production, and are potential targets for combating schistosomiasis. VKRs consist of an extracellular Venus Flytrap Module (VFTM) linked via a transmembrane helix to a kinase domain. Here, we initiated a drug discovery effort to inhibit the activity of the SmVKR2 kinase domain (SmVKR2KD) by screening the GSK published kinase inhibitor set 2 (PKIS2). We identified several inhibitors, of which four were able to inhibit its enzymatic activity and induced phenotypic changes in ex vivo S. mansoni. Our crystal structure of the SmVKR2KD displays an active-like state that sheds light on the activation process of VKRs. Our data provide a basis for the further exploration of SmVKR2 as a possible drug target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Indran Mathavan
- Department
of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, South Kensington SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Rutherford
Appleton Laboratory, Research Complex at
Harwell, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Lawrence J. Liu
- Center
for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Sean W. Robinson
- Kinetic
Discovery Ltd., an Exscientia group company, The Schrödinger Building, Oxford Science
Park, Oxford OX4 4GE, United Kingdom
| | - Nelly El-Sakkary
- Center
for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Adam Jo J. Elatico
- Institute
of Chemistry, College of Science, University
of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines 1101
| | - Darwin Gomez
- Institute
of Chemistry, College of Science, University
of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines 1101
| | - Ricky Nellas
- Institute
of Chemistry, College of Science, University
of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines 1101
| | - Raymond J. Owens
- The Rosalind
Franklin Institute, Harwell Campus, Didcot, OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
- Division
of Structural Biology, The Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, United
Kingdom
| | - William Zuercher
- Structural
Genomics Consortium, Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Iva Navratilova
- Kinetic
Discovery Ltd., an Exscientia group company, The Schrödinger Building, Oxford Science
Park, Oxford OX4 4GE, United Kingdom
| | - Conor R. Caffrey
- Center
for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School
of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Konstantinos Beis
- Department
of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London, South Kensington SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Rutherford
Appleton Laboratory, Research Complex at
Harwell, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0FA, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hassoun N. Enhancing Global Health Impact—Beyond the Basic Minimum, Metrics and Ethical Consumption. Public Health Ethics 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/phe/phac013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
How should we measure medicines’ global health impact to set targets, monitor performance and improve health around the world? Can such a metric provide a philosophically well-grounded basis for an ethical consumption campaign that will create incentives for pharmaceutical companies and other agents to expand (equitable) access to essential medicines? And if such metrics exist, how should we think about our individual obligations to support ethical consumption campaigns on this basis? This paper reflects on these questions in light of Tim Campbell’s, Yukiko Asada’s, and Andreas Albertsen’s worries about the answers I provide in Global Health Impact: Extending Access on Essential Medicines. I explain how reflecting on treatments consequences for individuals’ ability to live minimally well supports the creation of the Global Health Impact (GHI) index (https://global-health-impact.org/). I also consider how the index might be modified to better support efforts to promote everyone’s human rights. Finally, I argue that individuals should often promote positive change through GHI and other ethical consumption campaigns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Hassoun
- Department of Philosophy, Binghamton University , Binghamton, NY , USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Affiliation(s)
- Kala Pham
- Departments of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Houston Premedical Academy, University of Houston and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Peter J Hotez
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology and Microbiology, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
- Hagler Institute of Advanced Study, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
- James A Baker III Institute of Public Policy, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Majid MF, Kang SJ, Hotez PJ. Resolving "worm wars": An extended comparison review of findings from key economics and epidemiological studies. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0006940. [PMID: 30845181 PMCID: PMC6405048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Farhan Majid
- Center for Health and Biosciences, James A Baker III Institute for Public Policy, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Su Jin Kang
- Center for Health and Biosciences, James A Baker III Institute for Public Policy, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Peter J. Hotez
- Center for Health and Biosciences, James A Baker III Institute for Public Policy, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|