1
|
Avishek K, Beg MA, Vats K, Singh AK, Dey R, Singh KP, Singh RK, Gannavaram S, Ramesh V, Mulla MSA, Bhatnagar U, Singh S, Nakhasi HL, Salotra P, Selvapandiyan A. Manufacturing and preclinical toxicity of GLP grade gene deleted attenuated Leishmania donovani parasite vaccine. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14636. [PMID: 38918456 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64592-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Centrin1 gene deleted Leishmania donovani parasite (LdCen1-/-) was developed and extensively tested experimentally as an intracellular stage-specific attenuated and immunoprotective live parasite vaccine candidate ex vivo using human PBMCs and in vivo in animals. Here we report manufacturing and pre-clinical evaluation of current Good-Laboratory Practice (cGLP) grade LdCen1-/- parasites, as a prerequisite before proceeding with clinical trials. We screened three batches of LdCen1-/- parasites manufactured in bioreactors under cGLP conditions, for their consistency in genetic stability, attenuation, and safety. One such batch was preclinically tested using human PBMCs and animals (hamsters and dogs) for its safety and protective immunogenicity. The immunogenicity of the CGLP grade LdCen1-/- parasites was similar to one grown under laboratory conditions. The cGLP grade LdCen1-/- parasites were found to be safe and non-toxic in hamsters and dogs even at 3 times the anticipated vaccine dose. When PBMCs from healed visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases were infected with cGLP LdCen1-/-, there was a significant increase in the stimulation of cytokines that contribute to protective responses against VL. This effect, measured by multiplex ELISA, was greater than that observed in PBMCs from healthy individuals. These results suggest that cGLP grade LdCen1-/- manufactured under cGMP complaint conditions can be suitable for future clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kumar Avishek
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Mirza A Beg
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Kavita Vats
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Avinash Kumar Singh
- Gennova Biopharmaceuticals, Hinjewadi Phase II, Pune, Maharashtra, 411057, India
| | - Ranadhir Dey
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, CBER, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Kamaleshwar P Singh
- Gennova Biopharmaceuticals, Hinjewadi Phase II, Pune, Maharashtra, 411057, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Singh
- Gennova Biopharmaceuticals, Hinjewadi Phase II, Pune, Maharashtra, 411057, India
| | - Sreenivas Gannavaram
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, CBER, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - V Ramesh
- Department of Dermatology and STD, ESIC Medical College, Faridabad, Haryana, 121001, India
| | | | - Upendra Bhatnagar
- Vimta Laboratories, Cherlapally, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500051, India
| | - Sanjay Singh
- Gennova Biopharmaceuticals, Hinjewadi Phase II, Pune, Maharashtra, 411057, India
| | - Hira L Nakhasi
- Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, CBER, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Poonam Salotra
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Reyaz E, Puri N, Selvapandiyan A. Global Remodeling of Host Proteome in Response to Leishmania Infection. ACS Infect Dis 2024; 10:5-19. [PMID: 38084821 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The protozoan parasite Leishmania possesses an intrinsic ability to modulate a multitude of pathways in the host, toward aiding its own proliferation. In response, the host reprograms its cellular, immunological, and metabolic machinery to evade the parasite's lethal impact. Besides inducing various antioxidant signaling pathways to counter the elevated stress response proteins like heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), Leishmania also attempts to delay host cell apoptosis by promoting anti-apoptotic proteins like Bcl-2. The downstream modulation of apoptotic proteins is regulated by effector pathways, including the PI3K/Akt survival pathway, the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signaling pathway, and STAT phosphorylation. In addition, Leishmania assists in its infection in a time-dependent manner by modulating the level of various proteins of autophagic machinery. Immune effector cells, such as mast cells and neutrophils, entrap and kill the pathogen by secreting various granular proteins. In contrast, the host macrophages exert their leishmanicidal effect by secreting various cytokines, such as IL-2, IL-12, etc. An interplay of various signaling pathways occurs in an organized network that is highly specific to both pathogen and host species. This Review analyzes the modulation of expression of proteins, including the cytokines, providing a realistic approach toward understanding the pathophysiology of disease and predicting some prominent markers for disease intervention and vaccine support strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enam Reyaz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Niti Puri
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ghosh P, Chowdhury R, Faisal K, Khan MAA, Hossain F, Rahat MA, Chowdhury MAA, Mithila NT, Kamal M, Maruf S, Nath R, Kobialka RM, Ceruti A, Cameron M, Duthie MS, Wahed AAE, Mondal D. Evaluation of a Point-of-Need Molecular Diagnostic Tool Coupled with Rapid DNA Extraction Methods for Visceral Leishmaniasis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3639. [PMID: 38132223 PMCID: PMC10742398 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13243639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A rapid, cost-effective, and simple nucleic acid isolation technique coupled with a point-of-need DNA amplification assay is a desirable goal for programmatic use. For diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL), Recombinase Polymerase Amplification (RPA) rapid tests for the detection of Leishmania DNA are versatile and have operational advantages over qPCR. To facilitate the delivery of the RPA test at point-of-need for VL diagnosis, we compared two rapid DNA extraction methods, SwiftDx (SX) and an in-house Boil and Spin (BS) method, coupled with RPA amplification, versus more widely used methods for DNA extraction and amplification, namely Qiagen (Q) kits and qPCR, respectively. A total of 50 confirmed VL patients and 50 controls, matched for age and gender, were recruited from Mymensingh, Bangladesh, a region highly endemic for VL. Blood samples were collected from each participant and DNA was extracted using Q, SX and BS methods. Following DNA extraction, qPCR and RPA assays were performed to detect L. donovani in downstream analysis. No significant differences in sensitivity of the RPA assay were observed between DNA extraction methods, 94.00% (95% CI: 83.45-98.75%), 90% (95% CI: 78.19-96.67%), and 88% (95% CI: 75.69-95.47%) when using Q, SX, and BS, respectively. Similarly, using qPCR, no significant differences in sensitivity were obtained when using Q or SX for DNA extraction, 94.00% (95% CI: 83.45-98.75%) and 92.00% (80.77-97.78%), respectively. It is encouraging that RPA and qPCR showed excellent agreement (k: 0.919-0.980) when different extraction methods were used and that the DNA impurities using BS had no inhibitory effect on the RPA assay. Furthermore, significantly higher DNA yields were obtained using SX and BS versus Q; however, a significantly higher parasite load was detected using qPCR when DNA was extracted using Q versus SX. Considering the cost, execution time, feasibility, and performance of RPA assay, rapid extraction methods such as the Boil and Spin technique appear to have the potential for implementation in resource-limited endemic settings. Further clinical research is warranted prior to broader application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Ghosh
- Nutrition Research Division (NRD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (R.C.); (K.F.); (F.H.); (M.A.R.); (M.A.A.C.).; (N.T.M.); (M.K.); (S.M.); (R.N.); (D.M.)
| | - Rajashree Chowdhury
- Nutrition Research Division (NRD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (R.C.); (K.F.); (F.H.); (M.A.R.); (M.A.A.C.).; (N.T.M.); (M.K.); (S.M.); (R.N.); (D.M.)
| | - Khaledul Faisal
- Nutrition Research Division (NRD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (R.C.); (K.F.); (F.H.); (M.A.R.); (M.A.A.C.).; (N.T.M.); (M.K.); (S.M.); (R.N.); (D.M.)
| | - Md. Anik Ashfaq Khan
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Leipzig University, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.A.A.K.); (R.M.K.); (A.C.)
| | - Faria Hossain
- Nutrition Research Division (NRD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (R.C.); (K.F.); (F.H.); (M.A.R.); (M.A.A.C.).; (N.T.M.); (M.K.); (S.M.); (R.N.); (D.M.)
| | - Md. Abu Rahat
- Nutrition Research Division (NRD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (R.C.); (K.F.); (F.H.); (M.A.R.); (M.A.A.C.).; (N.T.M.); (M.K.); (S.M.); (R.N.); (D.M.)
| | - Md. Arko Ayon Chowdhury
- Nutrition Research Division (NRD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (R.C.); (K.F.); (F.H.); (M.A.R.); (M.A.A.C.).; (N.T.M.); (M.K.); (S.M.); (R.N.); (D.M.)
| | - Nishad Tasnim Mithila
- Nutrition Research Division (NRD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (R.C.); (K.F.); (F.H.); (M.A.R.); (M.A.A.C.).; (N.T.M.); (M.K.); (S.M.); (R.N.); (D.M.)
| | - Mostafa Kamal
- Nutrition Research Division (NRD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (R.C.); (K.F.); (F.H.); (M.A.R.); (M.A.A.C.).; (N.T.M.); (M.K.); (S.M.); (R.N.); (D.M.)
| | - Shomik Maruf
- Nutrition Research Division (NRD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (R.C.); (K.F.); (F.H.); (M.A.R.); (M.A.A.C.).; (N.T.M.); (M.K.); (S.M.); (R.N.); (D.M.)
| | - Rupen Nath
- Nutrition Research Division (NRD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (R.C.); (K.F.); (F.H.); (M.A.R.); (M.A.A.C.).; (N.T.M.); (M.K.); (S.M.); (R.N.); (D.M.)
| | - Rea Maja Kobialka
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Leipzig University, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.A.A.K.); (R.M.K.); (A.C.)
| | - Arianna Ceruti
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Leipzig University, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.A.A.K.); (R.M.K.); (A.C.)
| | - Mary Cameron
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, University of London, London WC1E 7HT, UK;
| | | | - Ahmed Abd El Wahed
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, Leipzig University, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany; (M.A.A.K.); (R.M.K.); (A.C.)
| | - Dinesh Mondal
- Nutrition Research Division (NRD), International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (R.C.); (K.F.); (F.H.); (M.A.R.); (M.A.A.C.).; (N.T.M.); (M.K.); (S.M.); (R.N.); (D.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Camargo Júnior RNC, Sarmento Gomes JS, Corrêa Carvalho MC, Chalkidis HDM, da Silva WC, Sousa da Silva J, Silva de Castro SR, Lima Neto RC, Moutinho VHP. Visceral Leishmaniasis Associated with HIV Coinfection in Pará, Brazil. HIV AIDS (Auckl) 2023; 15:247-255. [PMID: 37255531 PMCID: PMC10226483 DOI: 10.2147/hiv.s400189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Human visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a zoonosis of great importance to public health due to its epidemiological diversity, with emphasis on the possibility of aggravation by coinfection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Objective The aim was to study the epidemiological characteristics of VL cases associated with HIV coinfection in Pará. Methods. Reported cases of VL from January 2006 to December 2016 were investigated. A descriptive epidemiological method related to age, gender, area of residence and coinfection with HIV was used. To calculate variance and test equity, the F-test (Fisher) was performed. To observe the influence of one aspect on another, the chi-square was used to verify if there was dependence or independence between the variables. Results A total of 1171 cases of VL were reported during the study period. There was an annual mean of LV of 94.9, with a statistical difference (p<0.05) between age groups, with the highest number of cases being observed in children aged 1 to 4 years (27.16%). Males and the urban area had a higher number of cases. There were 57 cases of VL/HIV coinfection, with emphasis on the year 2013 and the municipality of Santarém, which had the highest number of cases. During the ten years studied, there was a correlation between coinfection VL/ HIV, with significant differences between patients with and without HIV who contracted VL (p<0.001). Conclusion The data reveal the endemic nature of VL in the region, with a high percentage of infection in children living in urban areas. Although the studied region is not identified as a predominant area of HIV cases, this study showed a high annual average (10.3) of cases of VL/HIV coinfection being the first time that cases of VL/HIV coinfection were reported in the Mesoregion of the Lower Amazon and Southwest Pará.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Juliana Sousa da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Natural Resources of the Amazon, Federal University of Western Pará, Santarém, Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Raul Cunha Lima Neto
- Institute of Biodiversity and Forests, Federal University of Western Pará, Santarém, Pará, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kumar P, Kumar P, Singh N, Khajuria S, Patel R, Rajana VK, Mandal D, Velayutham R. Limitations of current chemotherapy and future of nanoformulation-based AmB delivery for visceral leishmaniasis-An updated review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:1016925. [PMID: 36588956 PMCID: PMC9794769 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.1016925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is the most lethal of all leishmaniasis diseasesand the second most common parasiticdisease after malaria and,still, categorized as a neglected tropical disease (NTD). According to the latest WHO study, >20 Leishmania species spread 0.7-1.0 million new cases of leishmaniasis each year. VL is caused by the genus, Leishmania donovani (LD), which affects between 50,000 and 90,000 people worldwide each year. Lack of new drug development, increasing drug resistance, toxicity and high cost even with the first line of treatmentof Amphotericin B (AmB), demands new formulation for treatment of VLFurther the lack of a vaccine, allowedthe researchers to develop nanofomulation-based AmB for improved delivery. The limitation of AmB is its kidney and liver toxicity which forced the development of costly liposomal AmB (AmBisome) nanoformulation. Success of AmBisome have inspired and attracted a wide range of AmB nanoformulations ranging from polymeric, solid lipid, liposomal/micellar, metallic, macrophage receptor-targetednanoparticles (NP) and even with sophisticated carbon/quantum dot-based AmBnano delivery systems. Notably, NP-based AmB delivery has shown increased efficacy due to increased uptake, on-target delivery and synergistic impact of NP and AmB. In this review, we have discussed the different forms of leishmaniasis disease and their current treatment options with limitations. The discovery, mechanism of action of AmB, clinical status of AmB and improvement with AmBisome over fungizone (AmB-deoxycholate)for VL treatment was further discussed. At last, the development of various AmB nanoformulation was discussed along with its adavantages over traditional chemotherapy-based delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, India
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, India
| | - Nidhi Singh
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Salil Khajuria
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, India
| | - Rahul Patel
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, India
| | - Vinod Kumar Rajana
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, India
| | - Debabrata Mandal
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, India,*Correspondence: Ravichandiran Velayutham, ; Debabrata Mandal,
| | - Ravichandiran Velayutham
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Hajipur, India,National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, India,*Correspondence: Ravichandiran Velayutham, ; Debabrata Mandal,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ghosh S, Kumar V, Verma A, Sharma T, Pradhan D, Selvapandiyan A, Salotra P, Singh R. Genome-wide analysis reveals allelic variation and chromosome copy number variation in paromomycin-resistant Leishmania donovani. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:3121-3132. [PMID: 36056959 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07645-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the absence of adequate diagnosis and treatment, leishmaniasis remains a major public health concern on a global scale. Drug resistance remains a key obstacle in controlling and eliminating visceral leishmaniasis. The therapeutic gap due to lack of target-specific medicine and vaccine can be minimized by obtaining parasite's genomic information. This study compared whole-genome sequence of paromomycin-resistant parasite (K133PMM) developed through in vitro adaptation and selection with sensitive Leishmania clinical isolate (K133WT). We found a large number of upstream and intergenic gene variations in K133PMM. There were 259 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), 187 insertion-deletion (InDels), and 546 copy number variations (CNVs) identified. Most of the genomic variations were found in the gene's upstream and non-coding regions. Ploidy estimation revealed chromosome 5 in tetrasomy and 6, 9, and 12 in trisomy, uniquely in K133PMM. These contain the genes for protein degradation, parasite motility, autophagy, cell cycle maintenance, and drug efflux membrane transporters. Furthermore, we also observed reduction in ploidy of chromosomes 15, 20, and 23, in the resistant parasite containing mostly the genes for hypothetical proteins and membrane transporters. We chronicled correlated genomic conversion and aneuploidy in parasites and hypothesize that this led to rapid evolutionary changes in response to drug induced pressure, which causes them to become resistant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sushmita Ghosh
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, 110029, India.,Department of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India
| | - Vinay Kumar
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Aditya Verma
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Tanya Sharma
- ICMR-AIIMS Computational Genomics Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Dibyabhaba Pradhan
- ICMR-AIIMS Computational Genomics Centre, Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | | | - Poonam Salotra
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Ruchi Singh
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, Safdarjung Hospital Campus, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dirkx L, Hendrickx S, Merlot M, Bulté D, Starick M, Elst J, Bafica A, Ebo DG, Maes L, Van Weyenbergh J, Caljon G. Long-term hematopoietic stem cells as a parasite niche during treatment failure in visceral leishmaniasis. Commun Biol 2022; 5:626. [PMID: 35752645 PMCID: PMC9233693 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03591-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the discontinuation of various first-line drugs for visceral leishmaniasis (VL), large-scale in vivo drug screening, establishment of a relapse model in rodents, immunophenotyping, and transcriptomics were combined to study persistent infections and therapeutic failure. Double bioluminescent/fluorescent Leishmania infantum and L. donovani reporter lines enabled the identification of long-term hematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSC) as a niche in the bone marrow with remarkably high parasite burdens, a feature confirmed for human hematopoietic stem cells (hHSPC). LT-HSC are more tolerant to antileishmanial drug action and serve as source of relapse. A unique transcriptional ’StemLeish’ signature in these cells was defined by upregulated TNF/NF-κB and RGS1/TGF-β/SMAD/SKIL signaling, and a downregulated oxidative burst. Cross-species analyses demonstrated significant overlap with human VL and HIV co-infected blood transcriptomes. In summary, the identification of LT-HSC as a drug- and oxidative stress-resistant niche, undergoing a conserved transcriptional reprogramming underlying Leishmania persistence and treatment failure, may open therapeutic avenues for leishmaniasis. Long-term hematopoietic stem cells may act as protective niches for the Leishmania parasite, potentially contributing to treatment failure in cases of visceral leishmaniasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Dirkx
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology, and Hygiene (LMPH), Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sarah Hendrickx
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology, and Hygiene (LMPH), Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Margot Merlot
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology, and Hygiene (LMPH), Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dimitri Bulté
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology, and Hygiene (LMPH), Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marick Starick
- Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Transplantation, Rega Institute of Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Jessy Elst
- Department of Immunology-Allergology-Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science and the Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - André Bafica
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, Brazil
| | - Didier G Ebo
- Department of Immunology-Allergology-Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science and the Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Louis Maes
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology, and Hygiene (LMPH), Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Johan Van Weyenbergh
- Clinical and Epidemiological Virology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Transplantation, Rega Institute of Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Guy Caljon
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology, and Hygiene (LMPH), Infla-Med Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Silva H, Liyanage A, Deerasinghe T, Chandrasekara V, Chellappan K, Karunaweera ND. Treatment failure to sodium stibogluconate in cutaneous leishmaniasis: A challenge to infection control and disease elimination. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259009. [PMID: 34679130 PMCID: PMC8535432 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The first-line treatment for Leishmania donovani-induced cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Sri Lanka is intra-lesional sodium stibogluconate (IL-SSG). Antimony failures in leishmaniasis is a challenge both at regional and global level, threatening the ongoing disease control efforts. There is a dearth of information on treatment failures to routine therapy in Sri Lanka, which hinders policy changes in therapeutics. Laboratory-confirmed CL patients (n = 201) who attended the District General Hospital Hambantota and Base Hospital Tangalle in southern Sri Lanka between 2016 and 2018 were included in a descriptive cohort study and followed up for three months to assess the treatment response of their lesions to IL-SSG. Treatment failure (TF) of total study population was 75.1% and the majority of them were >20 years (127/151,84%). Highest TF was seen in lesions on the trunk (16/18, 89%) while those on head and neck showed the least (31/44, 70%). Nodules were least responsive to therapy (27/31, 87.1%) unlike papules (28/44, 63.6%). Susceptibility to antimony therapy seemed age-dependant with treatment failure associated with factors such as time elapsed since onset to seeking treatment, number and site of the lesions. This is the first detailed study on characteristics of CL treatment failures in Sri Lanka. The findings highlight the need for in depth investigations on pathogenesis of TF and importance of reviewing existing treatment protocols to introduce more effective strategies. Such interventions would enable containment of the rapid spread of L.donovani infections in Sri Lanka that threatens the ongoing regional elimination drive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hermali Silva
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | | | | | - Vasana Chandrasekara
- Department of Statistics & Computer Science, Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Kalaivani Chellappan
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and System Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nadira D Karunaweera
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
New phosphoramidates containing selenium as leishmanicidal agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:e0059021. [PMID: 34339279 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00590-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This work reports the synthesis, characterization by FTIR, 1H, 13C and 79Se NMR, mass spectrometry and elemental analysis techniques as well as the in vitro evaluation of the leishmanicidal activity of thirteen new selenophosphoramidate derivatives. Among the new compounds, four of them (compounds 1f, 1g, 2f and 2g), which exhibited the best profile, were tested against infected macrophages and were selected for further studies related their leishmanicidal mechanism. In this regard, trypanothione redox-system alteration was determined. Compound 1g, under similar conditions, was more effective than the corresponding references. In addition, theoretical calculations showed that this compound also presents most physico-chemical and pharmacokinetic properties within the ranges expected for orally available drugs. It is believed that selenophophoramidate functionalities may represent a scaffold to be explored toward the development of new agents for leishmania treatment.
Collapse
|
10
|
Addiss DG, Kienast Y, Lavery JV. Ethical dimensions of neglected tropical disease programming. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 115:190-195. [PMID: 33339025 PMCID: PMC7842092 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/traa155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The global movement to control and eliminate neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) is grounded in an ethic of social justice, solidarity and health equity. NTD programmes deliver significant health benefits in socially complex environments characterized by poverty and economic disparity. We used two ethics frameworks—principlism and Upshur's public health framework—to examine ethical challenges faced by NTD programmes. They include management of serious adverse reactions associated with preventive chemotherapy, centralization of decision-making, ‘opt-out’ policies for school-based deworming, incomplete evidence for ‘pro-poor’ impact and persistent inequities in global partnerships. NTD programmes must actively address ethical challenges while pursuing global health goals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David G Addiss
- Focus Area for Compassion and Ethics, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Yvonne Kienast
- Focus Area for Compassion and Ethics, Task Force for Global Health, Decatur, GA, USA.,Center for Ethics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - James V Lavery
- Hubert Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Grifferty G, Shirley H, McGloin J, Kahn J, Orriols A, Wamai R. Vulnerabilities to and the Socioeconomic and Psychosocial Impacts of the Leishmaniases: A Review. Res Rep Trop Med 2021; 12:135-151. [PMID: 34188584 PMCID: PMC8236266 DOI: 10.2147/rrtm.s278138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The leishmaniases are a group of four vector-borne neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) with 1.6 billion people in some 100 countries at risk. They occur in certain eco-epidemiological foci that reflect manipulation by human activities, such as migration, urbanization and deforestation, of which poverty, conflict and climate change are key drivers. Given their synergistic impacts, risk factors and the vulnerabilities of poor populations and the launch of a new 2030 roadmap for NTDs in the context of the global sustainability agenda, it is warranted to update the state of knowledge of the leishmaniases and their effects. Using existing literature, we review socioeconomic and psychosocial impacts of leishmaniasis within a framework of risk factors and vulnerabilities to help inform policy interventions. Studies show that poverty is an overarching primary risk factor. Low-income status fosters inadequate housing, malnutrition and lack of sanitation, which create and exacerbate complexities in access to care and treatment outcomes as well as education and awareness. The co-occurrence of the leishmaniases with malnutrition and HIV infection further complicate diagnosis and treatment, leading to poor diagnostic outcomes and therapeutic response. Even with free treatment, households may suffer catastrophic health expenditure from direct and indirect medical costs, which compounds existing financial strain in low-income communities for households and healthcare systems. The dermatological presentations of the leishmaniases may result in long-term severe disfigurement, leading to stigmatization, reduced quality of life, discrimination and mental health issues. A substantial amount of recent literature points to the vulnerability pathways and burden of leishmaniasis on women, in particular, who disproportionately suffer from these impacts. These emerging foci demonstrate a need for continued international efforts to address key risk factors and population vulnerabilities if leishmaniasis control, and ultimately elimination, is to be achieved by 2030.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grace Grifferty
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, College of Science, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hugh Shirley
- Department of Biochemistry, Northeastern University, College of Science, Boston, MA, USA.,Program in Medical Education, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jamie McGloin
- Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jorja Kahn
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Northeastern University, College of Science, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adrienne Orriols
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Northeastern University, College of Science, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard Wamai
- Department of Cultures, Societies and Global Studies, Northeastern University, College of Social Sciences and Humanities, Integrated Initiative for Global Health, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ejazi SA, Choudhury ST, Bhattacharyya A, Kamran M, Pandey K, Das VNR, Das P, da Silva FO, Costa DL, Costa CHN, Rahaman M, Goswami RP, Ali N. Development and Clinical Evaluation of Serum and Urine-Based Lateral Flow Tests for Diagnosis of Human Visceral Leishmaniasis. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9071369. [PMID: 34201902 PMCID: PMC8305891 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9071369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL), a fatal parasitic infection, is categorized as being neglected among tropical diseases. The use of conventional tissue aspiration for diagnosis is not possible in every setting. The immunochromatography-based lateral flow assay (LFA) has attracted attention for a long time due to its ability to give results within a few minutes, mainly in resource-poor settings. In the present study, we optimized and developed the LFA to detect anti-Leishmania antibodies for VL diagnosis. The performance of the developed test was evaluated with serum and urine samples of Indian VL patients and Brazilian sera. The new test exploits well-studied and highly-sensitive purified antigens, LAg isolated from Leishmania donovani promastigotes and protein G conjugated colloidal-gold as a signal reporter. The intensity of the bands depicting the antigen-antibody complex was optimized under different experimental conditions and quantitatively analyzed by the ImageJ software. For the diagnosis of human VL in India, LFA was found to be 96.49% sensitive and 95% specific with serum, and 95.12% sensitive and 96.36% specific with urine samples, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of LFA were 88.57% and 94.73%, respectively, for the diagnosis of Brazilian VL using patients' sera infected with Leishmania infantum. LFA is rapid and simple to apply, suitable for field usage where results can be interpreted visually and particularly sensitive and specific in the diagnosis of human VL. Serum and urine LFA may improve diagnostic outcomes and could be an alternative for VL diagnosis in settings where tissue aspiration is difficult to perform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarfaraz Ahmad Ejazi
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India; (S.A.E.); (S.T.C.); (A.B.); (M.K.)
| | | | - Anirban Bhattacharyya
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India; (S.A.E.); (S.T.C.); (A.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Mohd Kamran
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India; (S.A.E.); (S.T.C.); (A.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Krishna Pandey
- Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna 800007, India; (K.P.); (V.N.R.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Vidya Nand Ravi Das
- Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna 800007, India; (K.P.); (V.N.R.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Pradeep Das
- Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna 800007, India; (K.P.); (V.N.R.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Fernando Oliveira da Silva
- Department of Community Medicine, Universidade Federal do Piaui, Teresina 64001-450, Brazil; (F.O.d.S.); (D.L.C.); (C.H.N.C.)
| | - Dorcas Lamounier Costa
- Department of Community Medicine, Universidade Federal do Piaui, Teresina 64001-450, Brazil; (F.O.d.S.); (D.L.C.); (C.H.N.C.)
| | - Carlos Henrique Nery Costa
- Department of Community Medicine, Universidade Federal do Piaui, Teresina 64001-450, Brazil; (F.O.d.S.); (D.L.C.); (C.H.N.C.)
| | - Mehebubar Rahaman
- School of Tropical Medicine, Kolkata 700073, India; (M.R.); (R.P.G.)
| | | | - Nahid Ali
- CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India; (S.A.E.); (S.T.C.); (A.B.); (M.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-33-2499-5757
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hossain F, Picado A, Owen SI, Ghosh P, Chowdhury R, Maruf S, Khan MAA, Rashid MU, Nath R, Baker J, Ghosh D, Adams ER, Duthie MS, Hossain MS, Basher A, Nath P, Aktar F, Cruz I, Mondal D. Evaluation of Loopamp™ Leishmania Detection Kit and Leishmania Antigen ELISA for Post-Elimination Detection and Management of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Bangladesh. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:670759. [PMID: 33981632 PMCID: PMC8108992 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.670759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With reduced prevalence of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in the Indian subcontinent (ISC), direct and field deployable diagnostic tests are needed to implement an effective diagnostic and surveillance algorithm for post-elimination VL control. In this regard, here we investigated the diagnostic efficacies of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay (Loopamp™ Leishmania Detection Kit, Eiken Chemical CO., Ltd, Japan), a real-time quantitative PCR assay (qPCR) and the Leishmania antigen ELISA (CLIN-TECH, UK) with different sampling techniques and evaluated their prospect to incorporate into post-elimination VL control strategies. Eighty clinically and rK39 rapid diagnostic test confirmed VL cases and 80 endemic healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Peripheral blood and dried blood spots (DBS) were collected from all the participants at the time of diagnosis. DNA was extracted from whole blood (WB) and DBS via silica columns (QIAGEN) and boil & spin (B&S) methods and tested with qPCR and Loopamp. Urine was collected from all participants at the time of diagnosis and was directly subjected to the Leishmania antigen ELISA. 41 patients were followed up and urine samples were collected at day 30 and day 180 after treatment and ELISA was performed. The sensitivities of the Loopamp-WB(B&S) and Loopamp-WB(QIA) were 96.2% (95% CI 89·43-99·22) and 95% (95% CI 87·69-98·62) respectively. The sensitivity of Loopamp-DBS(QIA) was 85% (95% CI 75·26- 92·00). The sensitivities of the qPCR-WB(QIA) and qPCR-DBS(QIA) were 93.8% (95% CI 86·01-97·94) and 72.5% (95% CI 61·38-81·90) respectively. The specificity of all molecular assays was 100%. The sensitivity and specificity of the Leishmania antigen ELISA were 97.5% (95% CI 91·47-99·70) and 91.95% (95% CI 84·12-96·70) respectively. The Leishmania antigen ELISA depicted clinical cure at day 180 in all the followed-up cases. Efficacy and sustainability identify the Loopamp-WB(B&S) and the Leishmania antigen ELISA as promising and minimally invasive VL diagnostic tools to support VL diagnostic and surveillance activities respectively in the post-elimination era.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Faria Hossain
- Emerging infections and Parasitology laboratory, Nutrition and Clinical Service Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Albert Picado
- Neglected Tropical Diseases, Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sophie I. Owen
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Prakash Ghosh
- Emerging infections and Parasitology laboratory, Nutrition and Clinical Service Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rajashree Chowdhury
- Emerging infections and Parasitology laboratory, Nutrition and Clinical Service Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shomik Maruf
- Emerging infections and Parasitology laboratory, Nutrition and Clinical Service Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md. Utba Rashid
- Emerging infections and Parasitology laboratory, Nutrition and Clinical Service Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rupen Nath
- Emerging infections and Parasitology laboratory, Nutrition and Clinical Service Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - James Baker
- Emerging infections and Parasitology laboratory, Nutrition and Clinical Service Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Debashis Ghosh
- Emerging infections and Parasitology laboratory, Nutrition and Clinical Service Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Emily R. Adams
- Department of Tropical Disease Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Ariful Basher
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Disease Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Proggananda Nath
- Infectious diseases and Tropical Medicine, Mymensingh Medical College and Hospital, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Fatima Aktar
- Research, HDT Bio-Corp., Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Israel Cruz
- Neglected Tropical Diseases, Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics, Geneva, Switzerland
- International Health Department, National School of Public Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dinesh Mondal
- Laboratory Sciences and Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
de Freitas E Silva R, von Stebut E. Unraveling the Role of Immune Checkpoints in Leishmaniasis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:620144. [PMID: 33776999 PMCID: PMC7990902 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.620144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis are Neglected Tropical Diseases affecting millions of people every year in at least 98 countries and is one of the major unsolved world health issues. Leishmania is a parasitic protozoa which are transmitted by infected sandflies and in the host they mainly infect macrophages. Immunity elicited against those parasites is complex and immune checkpoints play a key role regulating its function. T cell receptors and their respective ligands, such as PD-1, CTLA-4, CD200, CD40, OX40, HVEM, LIGHT, 2B4 and TIM-3 have been characterized for their role in regulating adaptive immunity against different pathogens. However, the exact role those receptors perform during Leishmania infections remains to be better determined. This article addresses the key role immune checkpoints play during Leishmania infections, the limiting factors and translational implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Esther von Stebut
- Department of Dermatology, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Al Nasr IS, Jentzsch J, Shaikh A, Singh Shuveksh P, Koko WS, Khan TA, Ahmed K, Schobert R, Ersfeld K, Biersack B. New Pyrano-4H-benzo[g]chromene-5,10-diones with Antiparasitic and Antioxidant Activities. Chem Biodivers 2020; 18:e2000839. [PMID: 33231345 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202000839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
New pyranonaphthoquinone derivatives were synthesized and investigated for their activity against Trypanosoma brucei, Leishmania major, and Toxoplasma gondii parasites. The pentafluorophenyl derivative was efficacious against T. brucei with single digit micromolar EC50 values and against T. gondii with even sub-micromolar values. The 3-chloro-4,5-dimethoxyphenyl derivative showed an activity against amastigotes of Leishmania major parasites comparable to that of amphotericin B. In addition, antioxidant activities were observed for the bromophenyl derivatives, and their redox behavior was studied by cyclovoltammetry. Anti-parasitic and antioxidative activities of the new naphthoquinone derivatives appear uncorrelated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim S Al Nasr
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, Unaizah, 51911, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Science Laboratories, College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, Ar, Rass, 51921, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jana Jentzsch
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Amin Shaikh
- Department of Chemistry, Abeda Inamdar Senior College, 2390-B, K.B. Hidayatullah Road, Pune, 411001, India
| | - Priti Singh Shuveksh
- Department of Chemistry, Abeda Inamdar Senior College, 2390-B, K.B. Hidayatullah Road, Pune, 411001, India
| | - Waleed S Koko
- Department of Science Laboratories, College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, Ar, Rass, 51921, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tariq A Khan
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, Qassim University, Ar, Rass, 51921, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khursheed Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Abeda Inamdar Senior College, 2390-B, K.B. Hidayatullah Road, Pune, 411001, India
| | - Rainer Schobert
- Organic Chemistry 1, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Klaus Ersfeld
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Bernhard Biersack
- Organic Chemistry 1, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstrasse 30, 95440, Bayreuth, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Falcão de Oliveira E, de Oliveira AG, de Arruda CCP, Fernandes WDS, de Medeiros MJ. Spatio-temporal modeling of visceral leishmaniasis in Midwest Brazil: An ecological study of 18-years data (2001-2018). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240218. [PMID: 33007033 PMCID: PMC7531797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected vector-borne disease associated with socioeconomic and environmental issues. In Brazil, epidemics of VL have occurred in major cities since 1980. Applied models for medical and epidemiological research have been used to assess the distribution and characteristics of disease endpoints and identify and characterize potential risk factors. This study described the demographic features of VL and modeled the spatio-temporal distribution of human VL cases and their relationship with underlying predicitve factors using generalized additive models. We conducted an ecological study covering an 18-year period from the first report of an autochthonous case of VL in Campo Grande, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, in 2001 to 2018. The urban area of the city has 74 neighborhoods, and they were the units of analysis of our work. Socioeconomic and demographic data available from Brazilian public databases were considered as covariables. A total of 1,855 VL cases were reported during the study period, with an annual mean incidence rate of 13.23 cases per 100,000 population and a cumulative crude incidence of 235.77 per 100,000 population. The results showed the rapid transition from epidemic to endemic and the centrifugal dispersal pattern of the disease. Moreover, the model highlighted that the urban quality of life index, which is calculated based on income, education, housing conditions, and environmental sanitation data, plays a role in VL occurrence. Our findings highlighted the potential for improving spatio-temporal segmentation of control measures and the cost-effectiveness of integrated disease management programs as soon as VL is difficult to control and prevent and has rapid geographical dispersion and increased incidence rates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Everton Falcão de Oliveira
- Instituto Integrado de Saúde, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
- * E-mail: (EFO); (MJM)
| | - Alessandra Gutierrez de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | | | - Wagner de Souza Fernandes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brasil
| | - Márcio José de Medeiros
- Campus Macaé, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
- * E-mail: (EFO); (MJM)
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Cordeiro TAR, Martins HR, Franco DL, Santos FLN, Celedon PAF, Cantuária VL, de Lana M, Reis AB, Ferreira LF. Impedimetric immunosensor for rapid and simultaneous detection of chagas and visceral leishmaniasis for point of care diagnosis. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 169:112573. [PMID: 32905944 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a dual detection system based on an impedimetric immunosensor was developed for the first time for the simultaneous detection of anti-Trypanosoma cruzi and anti-Leishmania infantum antibodies in human and dog serum samples. The IBMP 8.1 and rLci1A/rLci2B recombinant antigens were immobilized over the surface of dual screen-printed carbon electrodes (W1 and W2) modified with poly (4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid). Under optimized conditions, the immunosensor recognized specific interactions for anti-T. cruzi antibodies up to a dilution of 1:10,240 and for anti-L. infantum up to 1:5120 in canine serum samples. Relative standard deviation (RSD) values of 2.8% for W1 and 3.6% for W2 were obtained for T. cruzi (W1) and L. infantum antigen (W2) samples in three different electrodes for 3 days (n = 9). The immunosensor was stored at 4 °C for 8 weeks, with activity retention of 70.2% in W1 and 78.2% in W2. The results using the recombinant proteins revealed that all antigens discriminated between negative and positive samples (p < 0.0001) in both dog and human groups, as well as no cross-reactivity could be detected among sera with other infections. With this approach, immunosensor-based diagnostic tests achieved 100% accuracy, suggesting that the antigens are eligible to enter Phase-II studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taís Aparecida Reis Cordeiro
- Institute of Science and Technology, Laboratory of Electrochemistry and Applied Nanotechnology, Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Helen Rodrigues Martins
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Diego Leoni Franco
- Institute of Chemistry, Group of Electrochemistry Applied to Polymers and Sensors, Laboratory of Electroanalytical Applied to Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Federal University of Uberlândia, Patos de Minas, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fred Luciano Neves Santos
- Advanced Laboratory of Public Health, Gonçalo Moniz Institute (IGM), FIOCRUZ-BA, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Vinícius Lopes Cantuária
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marta de Lana
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Barbosa Reis
- Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lucas Franco Ferreira
- Institute of Science and Technology, Laboratory of Electrochemistry and Applied Nanotechnology, Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Parvez S, Yadagiri G, Gedda MR, Singh A, Singh OP, Verma A, Sundar S, Mudavath SL. Modified solid lipid nanoparticles encapsulated with Amphotericin B and Paromomycin: an effective oral combination against experimental murine visceral leishmaniasis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12243. [PMID: 32699361 PMCID: PMC7376178 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69276-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of an effective oral therapeutics is an immediate need for the control and elimination of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). We exemplify the preparation and optimization of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD) modified solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) based oral combinational cargo system of Amphotericin B (AmB) and Paromomycin (PM) against murine VL. The emulsion solvent evaporation method was employed to prepare HPCD modified dual drug-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (m-DDSLNs). The optimized formulations have a mean particle size of 141 ± 3.2 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.248 ± 0.11 and entrapment efficiency for AmB and PM was found to be 96% and 90% respectively. The morphology of m-DDSLNs was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The developed formulations revealed a sustained drug release profile upto 57% (AmB) and 21.5% (PM) within 72 h and were stable at both 4 °C and 25 °C during short term stability studies performed for 2 months. Confocal laser scanning microscopy confirmed complete cellular internalization of SLNs within 24 h of incubation. In vitro cytotoxicity study against J774A.1 macrophage cells confirmed the safety and biocompatibility of the developed formulations. Further, m-DDSLNs did not induce any hepatic/renal toxicities in Swiss albino mice. The in vitro simulated study was performed to check the stability in simulated gastric fluids and simulated intestinal fluids and the release was found almost negligible. The in vitro anti-leishmanial activity of m-DDSLNs (1 µg/ml) has shown a maximum percentage of inhibition (96.22%) on intra-cellular amastigote growth of L. donovani. m-DDSLNs (20 mg/kg × 5 days, p.o.) has significantly (P < 0.01) reduced the liver parasite burden as compared to miltefosine (3 mg/kg × 5 days, p.o.) in L. donovani-infected BALB/c mice. This work suggests that the superiority of as-prepared m-DDSLNs as a promising approach towards the oral delivery of anti-leishmanial drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shabi Parvez
- Infectious Disease Biology Laboratory, Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase 10, Sector 64, Mohali, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Ganesh Yadagiri
- Infectious Disease Biology Laboratory, Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase 10, Sector 64, Mohali, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Mallikarjuna Rao Gedda
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Aakriti Singh
- Infectious Disease Biology Laboratory, Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase 10, Sector 64, Mohali, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Om Prakash Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Anurag Verma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, IFTM University, Moradabad, Uttar Pradesh, 244001, India
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, 221005, India
| | - Shyam Lal Mudavath
- Infectious Disease Biology Laboratory, Chemical Biology Unit, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase 10, Sector 64, Mohali, Punjab, 160062, India.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Leishmaniasis immunopathology-impact on design and use of vaccines, diagnostics and drugs. Semin Immunopathol 2020; 42:247-264. [PMID: 32152715 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-020-00788-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a disease complex caused by 20 species of protozoan parasites belonging to the genus Leishmania. In humans, it has two main clinical forms, visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and cutaneous or tegumentary leishmaniasis (CL), as well as several other cutaneous manifestations in a minority of cases. In the mammalian host Leishmania parasites infect different populations of macrophages where they multiply and survive in the phagolysosomal compartment. The progression of both VL and CL depends on the maintenance of a parasite-specific immunosuppressive state based around this host macrophage infection. The complexity and variation of immune responses and immunopathology in humans and the different host interactions of the different Leishmania species has an impact upon the effectiveness of vaccines, diagnostics and drugs.
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
January 30, 2020 is the first-ever World Neglected Tropical Diseases Day (World NTD Day), a day when we celebrate the achievements made towards control of the world's NTDs, yet recognize the daunting challenges we face in the control and elimination of these conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Hotez
- Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Virology & Microbiology, Texas Children’s Hospital Center for Vaccine Development, National School of Tropical Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Hagler Institute for Advanced Study at Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Baylor University, Waco, TX, United States of America
- James A Baker III Institute of Public Policy, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Scowcroft Institute of International Affairs, Bush School of Government and Public Service, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Serap Aksoy
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Paul J. Brindley
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Shaden Kamhawi
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|