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Bobba V, Li Y, Afrin M, Dano R, Zhang W, Li B, Su B. Synthesis and biological evaluation of imidamide analogs as selective anti-trypanosomal agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2022; 61:116740. [PMID: 35396128 PMCID: PMC9074797 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.116740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Human African trypanosomiasis is caused by a protozoan parasite Trypanosoma brucei majorly infecting people living in sub-Saharan Africa. Current limited available treatments suffer from drug resistance, severe adverse effects, low efficacy, and costly administrative procedures in African countries with limited medical resources. Therefore, there is always a perpetual demand for advanced drug development and invention of new strategies to combat the disease. Previous work in our lab generated a library of sulfonamide analogs as selective tubulin inhibitors, based on the structural difference between mammalian and trypanosome tubulin proteins. Further lead derivatization was performed in the current study and generated 25 potential drug candidates to improve the drug efficacy and uptake by selectively targeting the parasite's P2 membrane transporter protein with imidamide moiety. One of the newly synthesized analogs, compound 25 with a di-imidamide moiety, has shown greater potency with an IC50 of 1 nM to selectively inhibit the growth of trypanosome cells without affecting the viability of mammalian cells. Western blot analyses reveal that the compound suppressed tubulin polymerization in T. brucei cells. A detailed structure-activity relationship (SAR) was summarized that will be used to guide future lead optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viharika Bobba
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, College of Sciences and Health Professions, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA
| | - Yaxin Li
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, College of Sciences and Health Professions, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA
| | - Marjia Afrin
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, College of Sciences and Health Professions, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA
| | - Raina Dano
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, College of Sciences and Health Professions, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, College of Sciences and Health Professions, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA
| | - Bibo Li
- Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, College of Sciences and Health Professions, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA.
| | - Bin Su
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, College of Sciences and Health Professions, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44115, USA.
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2
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Lascano F, García Bournissen F, Altcheh J. Review of pharmacological options for the treatment of Chagas disease. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2022; 88:383-402. [PMID: 33314266 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease (CD) is a worldwide problem, with over 8 million people infected in both rural and urban areas. CD was first described over a century ago, but only two drugs are currently available for CD treatment: benznidazole (BZN) and nifurtimox (NF). Treating CD-infected patients, especially children and women of reproductive age, is vital in order to prevent long-term sequelae, such as heart and gastrointestinal dysfunction, but this aim is still far from being accomplished. Currently, the strongest data to support benefit-risk considerations come from trials in children. Treatment response biomarkers need further development as serology is being questioned as the best method to assess treatment response. This article is a narrative review on the pharmacology of drugs for CD, particularly BZN and NF. Data on drug biopharmaceutical characteristics, safety and efficacy of both drugs are summarized from a clinical perspective. Current data on alternative compounds under evaluation for CD treatment, and new possible treatment response biomarkers are also discussed. Early diagnosis and treatment of CD, especially in paediatric patients, is vital for an effective and safe use of the available drugs (i.e. BZN and NF). New biomarkers for CD are urgently needed for the diagnosis and evaluation of treatment efficacy, and to guide efforts from academia and pharmaceutical companies to accelerate the process of new drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Lascano
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones en Patologías Pediátricas (IMIPP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Gobierno de la Ciudad de la Nación Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Servicio de Parasitología y Chagas, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Facundo García Bournissen
- Division of Pediatric Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, Canada
| | - Jaime Altcheh
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones en Patologías Pediátricas (IMIPP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Gobierno de la Ciudad de la Nación Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Servicio de Parasitología y Chagas, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutiérrez, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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3
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Kuemmerle A, Schmid C, Bernhard S, Kande V, Mutombo W, Ilunga M, Lumpungu I, Mutanda S, Nganzobo P, Tete DN, Kisala M, Burri C, Blesson S, Valverde Mordt O. Effectiveness of Nifurtimox Eflornithine Combination Therapy (NECT) in T. b. gambiense second stage sleeping sickness patients in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Report from a field study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009903. [PMID: 34748572 PMCID: PMC8601604 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nifurtimox-eflornithine combination therapy (NECT) for the treatment of second stage gambiense human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) was added to the World Health Organization’s Essential Medicines List in 2009 after demonstration of its non-inferior efficacy compared to eflornithine therapy. A study of NECT use in the field showed acceptable safety and high efficacy until hospital discharge in a wide population, including children, pregnant and breastfeeding women, and patients with a HAT treatment history. We present here the effectiveness results after the 24-month follow-up visit. Methodology/Principal findings In a multicenter, open label, single arm phase IIIb study, second stage gambiense HAT patients were treated with NECT in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Clinical cure was defined 24 months after treatment as survival without clinical and/or parasitological signs of HAT. Of the 629 included patients, 619 (98.4%) were discharged alive after treatment and were examined for the presence of trypanosomes, white blood cell count in cerebro-spinal fluid, and disease symptoms. The clinical cure rate of 94.1% was comparable for all subpopulations analyzed at the 24-month follow-up visit. Self-reported adverse events during follow-up were few and concerned mainly nervous system disorders, infections, and gastro-intestinal disorders. Overall, 28 patients (4.3%) died during the course of the trial. The death of 16 of the 18 patients who died during the follow-up period was assessed as unlikely or not related to NECT. Within 24 months, eight patients (1.3%) relapsed and received rescue treatment. Sixteen patients were completely lost to follow-up. Conclusions/Significance NECT treatment administered under field conditions was effective and sufficiently well tolerated, no major concern arose for children or pregnant or breastfeeding women. Patients with a previous HAT treatment history had the same response as those who were naïve. In conclusion, NECT was confirmed as effective and appropriate for use in a broad population, including vulnerable subpopulations. Trial registration The trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00906880. The advanced stage of the neglected tropical disease human African trypanosomiasis was, until relatively recently, treated with an old toxic arsenical drug and there was little investment in an improved treatment option. Eflornithine alone was efficacious, but difficult to administer as it required four two-hour infusions a day for 14 days. Nifurtimox-eflornithine combination therapy (NECT) was developed as a simplified and easier to use treatment and was shown to be effective and sufficiently well tolerated in a randomized clinical trial. The present study was conducted to assess the overall effectiveness, including the feasibility of implementation of NECT under field conditions in a wider population than in the randomized clinical trial. We found that NECT can be implemented under field conditions and in remote areas, with the necessary logistical support and staff training for treatment administration. Adverse events, although very frequent, were considered acceptable given the severity of the disease. Less than 10% of patients showed severe adverse events. Over 24 months, the case fatality rate was 4.5% and relapses were rare (1.3%). The effectiveness of NECT was confirmed in a broad spectrum of second stage gambiense HAT patients, including children, pregnant and breastfeeding women, and patients who had been previously treated for HAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kuemmerle
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Caecilia Schmid
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sonja Bernhard
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Victor Kande
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine (PNLTHA), Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Wilfried Mutombo
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine (PNLTHA), Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Medard Ilunga
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine (PNLTHA), Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Ismael Lumpungu
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine (PNLTHA), Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Sylvain Mutanda
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine (PNLTHA), Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Pathou Nganzobo
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine (PNLTHA), Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Digas Ngolo Tete
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine (PNLTHA), Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mays Kisala
- Bureau Diocesain d’Oeuvres Médicales (BDOM), Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Christian Burri
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Lin C, Hulpia F, Karalic I, De Schepper L, Maes L, Caljon G, Van Calenbergh S. 6-Methyl-7-deazapurine nucleoside analogues as broad-spectrum antikinetoplastid agents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2021; 17:57-66. [PMID: 34375904 PMCID: PMC8358123 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Kinetoplastid parasites are the causative agents of Chagas disease (CD), leishmaniasis and human African trypanosomiasis (HAT). Despite a sustained decrease in the number of HAT cases, more efforts are needed to discover safe and effective therapies against CD and leishmaniasis. Kinetoplastid parasites lack the capability to biosynthesize purines de novo and thus critically depend on uptake and processing of purines from host cells. As such, modified purine nucleoside analogues may act as broad-spectrum antikinetoplastid agents. This study assessed the in vitro activity profile of 7-modified 6-methyl tubercidin derivatives against Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania infantum, Trypanosoma brucei brucei and T. b. rhodesiense, and led to the identification of analogues that display activity against all these species, such as 7-ethyl (13) and 7-chloro (7) analogues. These selected analogues also proved sufficiently stable in liver microsomes to warrant in vivo follow-up evaluation. New safe and effective therapies are needed for Chagas disease and leishmaniasis. The causative agents rely on the acquisition of purine nucleobases and nucleosides from host cells to grow and multiply. New 7-substituted 6-methyl-7-deazapurine ribonucleosides were synthesized. A 7-ethyl and 7-chloro analogue display low to submicromolar activity against T. brucei, T. cruzi and L. infantum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Lin
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry (Campus Heymans), Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Fabian Hulpia
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry (Campus Heymans), Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Izet Karalic
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry (Campus Heymans), Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Laurens De Schepper
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry (Campus Heymans), Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Louis Maes
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Guy Caljon
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Serge Van Calenbergh
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry (Campus Heymans), Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, B-9000, Gent, Belgium.
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Pfister J, Petrik M, Bendova K, Matuszczak B, Binder U, Misslinger M, Kühbacher A, Gsaller F, Haas H, Decristoforo C. Antifungal Siderophore Conjugates for Theranostic Applications in Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis Using Low-Molecular TAFC Scaffolds. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:558. [PMID: 34356941 PMCID: PMC8304796 DOI: 10.3390/jof7070558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a life-threatening form of fungal infection, primarily in immunocompromised patients and associated with significant mortality. Diagnostic procedures are often invasive and/or time consuming and existing antifungals can be constrained by dose-limiting toxicity and drug interaction. In this study, we modified triacetylfusarinine C (TAFC), the main siderophore produced by the opportunistic pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus (A. fumigatus), with antifungal molecules to perform antifungal susceptibility tests and molecular imaging. A variation of small organic molecules (eflornithine, fludioxonil, thiomersal, fluoroorotic acid (FOA), cyanine 5 (Cy5) with antifungal activity were coupled to diacetylfusarinine C (DAFC), resulting in a "Trojan horse" to deliver antifungal compounds specifically into A. fumigatus hyphae by the major facilitator transporter MirB. Radioactive labeling with gallium-68 allowed us to perform in vitro characterization (distribution coefficient, stability, uptake assay) as well as biodistribution experiments and PET/CT imaging in an IPA rat infection model. Compounds chelated with stable gallium were used for antifungal susceptibility tests. [Ga]DAFC-fludioxonil, -FOA, and -Cy5 revealed a MirB-dependent active uptake with fungal growth inhibition at 16 µg/mL after 24 h. Visualization of an A. fumigatus infection in lungs of a rat was possible with gallium-68-labeled compounds using PET/CT. Heterogeneous biodistribution patterns revealed the immense influence of the antifungal moiety conjugated to DAFC. Overall, novel antifungal siderophore conjugates with promising fungal growth inhibition and the possibility to perform PET imaging combine both therapeutic and diagnostic potential in a theranostic compound for IPA caused by A. fumigatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Pfister
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Milos Petrik
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, 77200 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (M.P.); (K.B.)
| | - Katerina Bendova
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, 77200 Olomouc, Czech Republic; (M.P.); (K.B.)
| | - Barbara Matuszczak
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Ulrike Binder
- Institute of Hygiene & Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Matthias Misslinger
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.M.); (A.K.); (F.G.); (H.H.)
| | - Alexander Kühbacher
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.M.); (A.K.); (F.G.); (H.H.)
| | - Fabio Gsaller
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.M.); (A.K.); (F.G.); (H.H.)
| | - Hubertus Haas
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Medical University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (M.M.); (A.K.); (F.G.); (H.H.)
| | - Clemens Decristoforo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
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Adeyemi OS, Molefe-Nyembe NI, Eseola AO, Plass W, Shittu OK, Yunusa IO, Atolani O, Evbuomwan IO, Awakan OJ, Suganuma K, Kato K. New Series of Imidazoles Showed Promising Growth Inhibitory and Curative Potential Against Trypanosoma Infection. THE YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2021; 94:199-207. [PMID: 34211341 PMCID: PMC8223535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The Trypanosoma spp. cause animal and human trypanosomiasis characterized with appreciable health and economic burden mostly in developing nations. There is currently no effective therapy for this parasitic disease, due to poor drug efficacy, drug resistance, and unwanted toxicity, etc. Therefore, new anti-Trypanosoma agents are urgently needed. This study explored new series of imidazoles for anti-Trypanosoma properties in vitro and in vivo. The imidazoles showed moderate to strong and specific action against growth of T. congolense. For example, the efficacy of the imidazole compounds to restrict Trypanosoma growth in vitro was ≥ 12-fold specific towards T. congolense relative to the mammalian cells. Additionally, the in vivo study revealed that the imidazoles exhibited promising anti-Trypanosoma efficacy corroborating the in vitro anti-parasite capacity. In particular, three imidazole compounds (C1, C6, and C8) not only cleared the systemic parasite burden but cured infected rats after no death was recorded. On the other hand, the remaining five imidazole compounds (C2, C3, C4, C5, and C7) drastically reduced the systemic parasite load while extending survival time of the infected rats by 14 days as compared with control. Untreated control died 3 days post-infection, while the rats treated with diminazene aceturate were cured comparable to the results obtained for C1, C6, and C8. In conclusion, this is the first study demonstrating the potential of these new series of imidazoles to clear the systemic parasite burden in infected rats. Furthermore, a high selectivity index of imidazoles towards T. congolensein vitro and the oral LD50 in rats support anti-parasite specific action. Together, findings support the anti-parasitic prospects of the new series of imidazole derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluyomi Stephen Adeyemi
- SDG 03 Group – Good Health & Well-being, Landmark
University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria,Department of Biochemistry, Medicinal Biochemistry and
Toxicology Laboratory, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Nigeria,To whom all correspondence should be addressed:
Oluyomi Stephen Adeyemi, Department of Biochemistry, Medicinal Biochemistry and
Toxicology Laboratory, Landmark University, PMB 1001, Ipetu Road,
Omu-Aran-251101, Nigeria; ; ORCID iD:
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9342-8505
| | | | - Abiodun Omokehinde Eseola
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Redeemer’s University,
Ede, Nigeria,Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry,
Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Winfried Plass
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry,
Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Oluwatosin Kudirat Shittu
- Tropical Disease Research Unit, Department of
Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria
| | - Ibrahim Olatunji Yunusa
- Tropical Disease Research Unit, Department of
Biochemistry, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria
| | | | - Ikponmwosa Owen Evbuomwan
- Cellular Parasitology Laboratory, Department of
Microbiology, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Nigeria
| | - Oluwakemi J. Awakan
- SDG 03 Group – Good Health & Well-being, Landmark
University, Omu-Aran, Kwara State, Nigeria,Department of Biochemistry, Medicinal Biochemistry and
Toxicology Laboratory, Landmark University, Omu-Aran, Nigeria
| | - Keisuke Suganuma
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases,
Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro,
Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kato
- Laboratory of Sustainable Animal Environment, Graduate
School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Naruko-onsen, Osaki, Miyagi,
Japan
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Lascano F, Altcheh J. An evaluation of nifurtimox for Chagas disease in children. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2021.1933431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Lascano
- Servicio de Parasitologia-Chagas, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutierrez, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigacion en Patologias Pediatricas (IMIPP) CONICET-GCBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jaime Altcheh
- Servicio de Parasitologia-Chagas, Hospital de Niños Ricardo Gutierrez, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigacion en Patologias Pediatricas (IMIPP) CONICET-GCBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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8
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Muraca G, Berti IR, Sbaraglini ML, Fávaro WJ, Durán N, Castro GR, Talevi A. Trypanosomatid-Caused Conditions: State of the Art of Therapeutics and Potential Applications of Lipid-Based Nanocarriers. Front Chem 2020; 8:601151. [PMID: 33324615 PMCID: PMC7726426 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.601151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomatid-caused conditions (African trypanosomiasis, Chagas disease, and leishmaniasis) are neglected tropical infectious diseases that mainly affect socioeconomically vulnerable populations. The available therapeutics display substantial limitations, among them limited efficacy, safety issues, drug resistance, and, in some cases, inconvenient routes of administration, which made the scenarios with insufficient health infrastructure settings inconvenient. Pharmaceutical nanocarriers may provide solutions to some of these obstacles, improving the efficacy-safety balance and tolerability to therapeutic interventions. Here, we overview the state of the art of therapeutics for trypanosomatid-caused diseases (including approved drugs and drugs undergoing clinical trials) and the literature on nanolipid pharmaceutical carriers encapsulating approved and non-approved drugs for these diseases. Numerous studies have focused on the obtention and preclinical assessment of lipid nanocarriers, particularly those addressing the two currently most challenging trypanosomatid-caused diseases, Chagas disease, and leishmaniasis. In general, in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that delivering the drugs using such type of nanocarriers could improve the efficacy-safety balance, diminishing cytotoxicity and organ toxicity, especially in leishmaniasis. This constitutes a very relevant outcome, as it opens the possibility to extended treatment regimens and improved compliance. Despite these advances, last-generation nanosystems, such as targeted nanocarriers and hybrid systems, have still not been extensively explored in the field of trypanosomatid-caused conditions and represent promising opportunities for future developments. The potential use of nanotechnology in extended, well-tolerated drug regimens is particularly interesting in the light of recent descriptions of quiescent/dormant stages of Leishmania and Trypanosoma cruzi, which have been linked to therapeutic failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Muraca
- Laboratory of Bioactive Research and Development (LIDeB), Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences, University of La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
- Administración Nacional de Medicamentos, Alimentos y Tecnología Médica (ANMAT), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ignacio Rivero Berti
- Laboratorio de Nanobiomateriales, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales (CINDEFI), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) -CONICET (CCT La Plata), La Plata, Argentina
| | - María L. Sbaraglini
- Laboratory of Bioactive Research and Development (LIDeB), Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences, University of La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Wagner J. Fávaro
- Laboratory of Urogenital Carcinogenesis and Immunotherapy, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Nelson Durán
- Laboratory of Urogenital Carcinogenesis and Immunotherapy, Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
- Nanomedicine Research Unit (Nanomed), Federal University of ABC (UFABC), Santo André, Brazil
| | - Guillermo R. Castro
- Laboratorio de Nanobiomateriales, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriales (CINDEFI), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP) -CONICET (CCT La Plata), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Alan Talevi
- Laboratory of Bioactive Research and Development (LIDeB), Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Exact Sciences, University of La Plata (UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
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