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Cruz JS, Nery N, Sacramento GA, Victoriano R, Montenegro ALS, Santana JO, Costa F, Ko AI, Reis MG, Wunder EA. Biannual and Quarterly Comparison Analysis of Agglutinating Antibody Kinetics on a Subcohort of Individuals Exposed to Leptospira interrogans in Salvador, Brazil. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:862378. [PMID: 35492362 PMCID: PMC9048256 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.862378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionLeptospirosis is a zoonosis with a worldwide spread that leads to clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic infection to a life-threatening disease. The immune response is predominantly humoral mediated limited to the infecting serovar. Individuals living in an area endemic for leptospirosis are often exposed to an environment contaminated with leptospires and there is a paucity of information on naturally acquired immunity. In the present study, we evaluated the kinetics of agglutinating antibodies in individuals from an endemic area for leptospirosis in Salvador, Brazil comparing two different intersample collection times.MethodsBetween 2017–2018, we carried out a biannual prospective cohort with 2,086 individuals living in an endemic area for leptospirosis in Salvador, Brazil. To compare agglutinating antibody kinetics using microscopic agglutination test (MAT) with different collection times, a subcohort of 72 individuals with quarterly follow-up was carried out in parallel.ResultsThe results revealed that using a shorter time for intersample collection led to the detection of a higher number of infections and reinfection events. Furthermore, we observed a higher rate of titer decay indicating partial and short protection. However, there was no indication of major changes in risk factors for the disease.ConclusionsWe evaluated antibody kinetics among residents of an endemic area for leptospirosis comparing two sample collection times. The constant exposure to the contaminated environment increases the risk for leptospirosis infection with reinfection events being more common than expected. This indicates that the burden of leptospirosis might be underestimated by serological surveys, and further studies are necessary to better characterize the humoral response after infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline S. Cruz
- Laboratório de Patologia e Biologia Molecular, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Nivison Nery
- Laboratório de Patologia e Biologia Molecular, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Renato Victoriano
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Albino L. S. Montenegro
- Laboratório de Patologia e Biologia Molecular, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Juliet O. Santana
- Laboratório de Patologia e Biologia Molecular, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Brazil
- Departamento de Geografia, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Federico Costa
- Laboratório de Patologia e Biologia Molecular, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Brazil
- Instituto de Saúde Coletiva, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Albert I. Ko
- Laboratório de Patologia e Biologia Molecular, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Brazil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Mitermayer G. Reis
- Laboratório de Patologia e Biologia Molecular, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Brazil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States
- Departamento de Medicina e Patologia Legal, Faculdade de Medicina da Bahia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Elsio A. Wunder
- Laboratório de Patologia e Biologia Molecular, Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Ministério da Saúde, Salvador, Brazil
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States
- *Correspondence: Elsio A. Wunder Jr.
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Agampodi SB, Vinetz JM. Next-Generation Sequencing Analysis of Pathogenic Leptospira: A Way Forward for Understanding Infectious Disease Dynamics in Low/Middle-Income, Disease-Endemic Settings. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2021; 104:1625-1627. [PMID: 33755589 PMCID: PMC8103479 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-1518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current genomic era, knowledge of diversity of Leptospira, the spirochetal agents of leptospirosis, is changing rapidly. Next-generation sequencing has decreased in price and increased in scale, with the potential to democratize large-scale analysis of pathogens in resource-limited, low/middle-income (LMIC) regions. Consequently, the molecular classification of Leptospira, a pathogen disproportionately affecting LMIC countries, has changed dramatically over the last decade. Leptospira classification and molecular understandings of pathogen diversity have rapidly evolved, now most precisely based on core genome analysis supplemented by new insights provided by culture-independent methods directly using body fluids such as blood and urine. In places where leptospirosis disease burden is highest, genomic technologies have not been available, and serology-based methods remain the mainstay of leptospiral classification. Understanding the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and ultimately new approaches to treating and preventing leptospirosis requires detailed knowledge of regionally circulating Leptospira in highly endemic settings. Next-generation sequencing-based, culture-independent typing overcomes the limitation of culture isolation of Leptospira from clinical samples, with promise of providing public health-actionable information applicable to leptospirosis-endemic LMIC settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suneth B. Agampodi
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut;,Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka,Address correspondence to Suneth B. Agampodi, Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, Yale University, Winchester Bldg., 25 York St., Rm. 428, New Haven, CT 06510. E-mails: or
| | - Joseph M. Vinetz
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Galarde-López M, Bobadilla-Del Valle M, Sánchez-Zamorano LM, Ordaz-Vázquez A, Velazquez-Meza ME, Soberanis-Ramos O. High exposure to pathogenic leptospires by the population residing in dairy farms in Hidalgo, Mexico. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:1013-1019. [PMID: 33580866 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00453-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a neglected zoonotic disease of unknown magnitude that has been overlooked and underreported, influenced by complex interactions established among humans, animals, and the environment; certain occupations, such as working with livestock, have an increased risk of exposure. We conducted a cross trans-sectional study in 374 serum samples obtained from workers and residents of dairy farms in the Tizayuca Basin, Hidalgo, Mexico, to determine the prevalence of anti-Leptospira antibody and the risk factors associated to this type of environment. The determination of anti-Leptospira antibodies was obtained by microscopic agglutination test. Seropositivity was defined from titles > 1:100. Seropositivity of anti-Leptospira antibodies among the population was 46.8% (176/374) (95% Cl 41.9-52.1). Thirty-nine percent (146/74) of the analyzed serum reacted to the Hardjo serovar (Sejröe serogroup). Eighty-eight percent (8/9) slaughterhouse workers tested were seropositive. Those who belonged to an ethnic group had OR 1.78 (IC 1.02-3.11, P = 0.041). Seropositivity was associated with having a secondary school level or lower, with OR 1.79 (IC 0.97-3.29, P = 0.058). Exposure to Leptospira in a dairy production farm is a risk factor for humans. Our findings can contribute to strengthening the intervention of the Public Health System to prevent this zoonosis that prevails in dairy farm environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Galarde-López
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Miriam Bobadilla-Del Valle
- Laboratorio Nacional de Máxima Seguridad para el Estudio de Tuberculosis y Enfermedades Emergentes, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Tlalpan, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luisa María Sánchez-Zamorano
- Centro de Investigación en Salud Poblacional, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Anabel Ordaz-Vázquez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Máxima Seguridad para el Estudio de Tuberculosis y Enfermedades Emergentes, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán", Tlalpan, 14080, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Maria Elena Velazquez-Meza
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, 62100, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Orbelín Soberanis-Ramos
- Departamento de Salud Pública y Medicina Preventiva, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacan, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
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