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Frank MG, Weaver G, Raabe V. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus for Clinicians-Epidemiology, Clinical Manifestations, and Prevention. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:854-863. [PMID: 38666548 PMCID: PMC11060446 DOI: 10.3201/eid3005.231647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tickborne infection that can range from asymptomatic to fatal and has been described in >30 countries. Early identification and isolation of patients with suspected or confirmed CCHF and the use of appropriate prevention and control measures are essential for preventing human-to-human transmission. Here, we provide an overview of the epidemiology, clinical features, and prevention and control of CCHF. CCHF poses a continued public health threat given its wide geographic distribution, potential to spread to new regions, propensity for genetic variability, and potential for severe and fatal illness, in addition to the limited medical countermeasures for prophylaxis and treatment. A high index of suspicion, comprehensive travel and epidemiologic history, and clinical evaluation are essential for prompt diagnosis. Infection control measures can be effective in reducing the risk for transmission but require correct and consistent application.
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Roper BWR, Tiede C, Abdul-Zani I, Cuthbert GA, Jade D, Al-Aufi A, Critchley WR, Saikia Q, Homer-Vanniasinkam S, Sawamura T, McPherson MJ, Harrison MA, Tomlinson DC, Ponnambalam S. "Affimer" synthetic protein scaffolds block oxidized LDL binding to the LOX-1 scavenger receptor and inhibit ERK1/2 activation. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105325. [PMID: 37805141 PMCID: PMC10641530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In multicellular organisms, a variety of lipid-protein particles control the systemic flow of triacylglycerides, cholesterol, and fatty acids between cells in different tissues. The chemical modification by oxidation of these particles can trigger pathological responses, mediated by a group of membrane proteins termed scavenger receptors. The lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LOX-1) scavenger receptor binds to oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) and mediates both signaling and trafficking outcomes. Here, we identified five synthetic proteins termed Affimers from a phage display library, each capable of binding recombinant LOX-1 extracellular (oxLDL-binding) domain with high specificity. These Affimers, based on a phytocystatin scaffold with loop regions of variable sequence, were able to bind to the plasma membrane of HEK293T cells exclusively when human LOX-1 was expressed. Binding and uptake of fluorescently labeled oxLDL by the LOX-1-expressing cell model was inhibited with subnanomolar potency by all 5 Affimers. ERK1/2 activation, stimulated by oxLDL binding to LOX-1, was also significantly inhibited (p < 0.01) by preincubation with LOX-1-specific Affimers, but these Affimers had no direct agonistic effect. Molecular modeling indicated that the LOX-1-specific Affimers bound predominantly via their variable loop regions to the surface of the LOX-1 lectin-like domain that contains a distinctive arrangement of arginine residues previously implicated in oxLDL binding, involving interactions with both subunits of the native, stable scavenger receptor homodimer. These data provide a new class of synthetic tools to probe and potentially modulate the oxLDL/LOX-1 interaction that plays an important role in vascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barnaby W R Roper
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Christian Tiede
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Izma Abdul-Zani
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Gary A Cuthbert
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK; Leeds Vascular Institute, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK
| | - Dhananjay Jade
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Ahmed Al-Aufi
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK; Leeds Vascular Institute, Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK
| | | | - Queen Saikia
- School of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Goyal G, Sharma A, Tok AIY, Palaniappan A, Liedberg B. Affimer sandwich probes for stable and robust lateral flow assaying. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:4245-4254. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04078-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Gülce-İz S, Elaldı N, Can H, Şahar EA, Karakavuk M, Gül A, Kumoğlu GÖ, Döşkaya AD, Gürüz AY, Özdarendeli A, Felgner PL, Davies H, Döşkaya M. Development of a novel recombinant ELISA for the detection of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus IgG antibodies. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5936. [PMID: 33723328 PMCID: PMC7961021 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-85323-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a tick-borne viral infection caused by Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV). Serological screening of CCHF is important and current ELISA use antigens prepared from virus which is expensive due to requirement of high bio-containment facilities. In this study, we aimed to develop a new recombinant ELISA. For this purpose, CCHFV genome were expressed as 13 proteins in E. coli and among them abundantly purified recombinant Nucleocapsid protein (rNP) and Mucin-like variable domain (rMLD) were used as antigen in ELISA (Rec-ELISA). Rec-ELISA using rNP, rMLD and a combination of both (rNP/rMLD) were probed with acute (n = 64; collected between days 1 and 7 after onset of symptoms), convalescent (n = 35; collected 8 days after onset of symptoms), consecutive sera (n = 25) of confirmed CCHF cases and control sera (n = 43). The sensitivity and specificity of Rec-ELISA using rNP/rMLD were 73% and 98% in acute cases and 97% and 98% in convalescent cases. The median interquartile absorbance value to discriminate the acute and convalescent phases of CCHF was significantly higher with ELISA using rNP/rMLD (P < 0.0001) compared to rNP (P > 0.05) and rMLD (P = 0.001). These results indicate that the Rec-ELISA using rNP/rMLD may be very useful to diagnose convalescent CCHF cases especially in field studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Gülce-İz
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Vaccine Research and Development Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Nazif Elaldı
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Medicine, Sivas, Turkey.
| | - Hüseyin Can
- Department of Biology, Section of Molecular Biology, Ege University, Faculty of Science, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Esra Atalay Şahar
- Department of Biotechnology, Ege University, Faculty of Engineering, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Muhammet Karakavuk
- Department of Parasitology, Ege University, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Aytül Gül
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Gizem Örs Kumoğlu
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Aysu Değirmenci Döşkaya
- Department of Parasitology, Ege University, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey.,Blood Bank of Ege University, Ege University, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Adnan Yüksel Gürüz
- Department of Parasitology, Ege University, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Aykut Özdarendeli
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Erciyes University, Faculty of Medicine, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Philip Louis Felgner
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Vaccine Research and Development Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Huw Davies
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Vaccine Research and Development Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Mert Döşkaya
- Department of Parasitology, Ege University, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
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