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Traore KA, Aboubacar-Paraiso AR, Bouda SC, Ouoba JB, Kagambèga A, Roques P, Barro N. Characteristics of Nontyphoid Salmonella Isolated from Human, Environmental, Animal, and Food Samples in Burkina Faso: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:556. [PMID: 38927222 PMCID: PMC11200751 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13060556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is one of the world's leading causes of zoonotic and foodborne illnesses. Recently, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become one of the most critical challenges to public health and food safety. Herein, we employed a meta-analysis to determine the pooled prevalence and spatiotemporal distribution of serovars and antimicrobial resistance in NTS in Burkina Faso. To find eligible articles, a comprehensive literature search of PubMed, African Journals Online, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and the gray literature (university libraries) in Burkina was conducted for the period from 2008 to 2020. Studies meeting the inclusion criteria were selected and assessed for risk of bias. To assess the temporal and spatial relationships between serotypes and resistant strains from humans, animals, food, and the environment, a random-effects statistical model meta-analysis was carried out using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Version 3.0 program. The NTS prevalence rates were 4.6% (95% CI: 3-7) and 20.1% (95% CI: 6.6-47.4) in humans and animals, respectively, and 16.8% (95% CI: 10.5-25.8) and 15.6% (95% CI: 8.2-27.5) in food and the environment, respectively. Most NTS serovars were S. Derby, reported both in food and animals, and S. Typhimurium, reported in humans, while S. Croft II, S. Jodpur II, and S. Kentucky were the most prevalent in the environment. NTS isolates were highly resistant to erythromycin, amoxicillin, cefixime, and cephalothin, with a pooled prevalence of multidrug resistance of 29% (95% CI: 14.5-49.5). The results of this review show a high diversity of Salmonella serotypes, as well as high antibiotic resistance in Salmonella isolates from animal, human, food, and environmental samples in Burkina, calling for a consolidated "One Health" approach to better understand the drivers of pathogen emergence, spread, and antimicrobial resistance, as well as the formulation of intervention measures needed to limit the risk associated with the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Abdoulaye Traore
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, d’Epidémiologie et de Surveillance des Bactéries et Virus Transmissibles par les Aliments (LaBESTA), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO (UJKZ), Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso; (A.R.A.-P.)
- Laboratoire Sciences de la Vie et de la Terre (LaSVT), Université Norbert ZONGO (UNZ), Koudougou BP 376, Burkina Faso
| | - Abdoul Rachid Aboubacar-Paraiso
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, d’Epidémiologie et de Surveillance des Bactéries et Virus Transmissibles par les Aliments (LaBESTA), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO (UJKZ), Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso; (A.R.A.-P.)
| | - Soutongnooma Caroline Bouda
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, d’Epidémiologie et de Surveillance des Bactéries et Virus Transmissibles par les Aliments (LaBESTA), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO (UJKZ), Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso; (A.R.A.-P.)
| | - Jean Bienvenue Ouoba
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, d’Epidémiologie et de Surveillance des Bactéries et Virus Transmissibles par les Aliments (LaBESTA), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO (UJKZ), Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso; (A.R.A.-P.)
- Centre Universitaire de Manga (CUM), Université Norbert ZONGO (UNZ), Koudougou BP 376, Burkina Faso
| | - Assèta Kagambèga
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, d’Epidémiologie et de Surveillance des Bactéries et Virus Transmissibles par les Aliments (LaBESTA), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO (UJKZ), Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso; (A.R.A.-P.)
- Department of Biology, Institute of Sciences (IDS), Ouagadougou 1757, Burkina Faso
| | - Pierre Roques
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur de Guinée (IPGui), Conakry 4416, Guinea;
| | - Nicolas Barro
- Laboratoire de Biologie Moléculaire, d’Epidémiologie et de Surveillance des Bactéries et Virus Transmissibles par les Aliments (LaBESTA), Université Joseph KI-ZERBO (UJKZ), Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso; (A.R.A.-P.)
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Gichuyia CM, Mtimet N, Fèvre EM, Thomas LF, Gathura PB, Onono JO, Akaichi F. Consumer preferences and willingness to pay for safe pork products in rural Kenya. Meat Sci 2024; 211:109450. [PMID: 38350245 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2024.109450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Designing interventions to support the safe development of rapidly growing livestock value chains in sub-Saharan Africa requires a clear understanding of consumer demands. This study aimed to determine purchase patterns, consumers' preferences, and willingness to pay for safe pork attributes; specifically, the presence of a veterinary inspection stamp and the cleanliness of the butchery. A discrete choice experiment-based survey was used to investigate the purchasing behavior of 401 pork consumers: 253 buying raw pork for household consumption, and 148 buying cooked pork for out-of-home consumption. The study findings indicate that the average quantity of pork purchased by consumers was approximately 0.4 Kg per transaction, with the majority of consumers making several purchases per week. The average price per Kg of pork was KES 310 (Approx. 2.60 USD) at the time of the study. Data from the choice experiment showed that consumers were willing to pay a price premium of KES 245 (Approx. 2.1 USD) and KES 164 (Approx. 1.4 USD) per Kg for evidence of better veterinary meat inspection and higher butchery hygiene respectively; further, these were the two most important attributes they considered while making a pork purchase decision. These findings highlight the potential to leverage consumers' willingness to pay to improve the food safety within pork value chains in this context. Investing to increase consumer awareness on food safety issues should be considered to generate an effective market demand, especially in rural areas with relatively lower literacy levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cianjo M Gichuyia
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 29053, 00625, Kangemi, Kenya; International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya.
| | - Nadhem Mtimet
- International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), 1191 Nile Corniche, Boulaq, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Eric M Fèvre
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya; Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, L69 3BX Liverpool, UK.
| | - Lian F Thomas
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya; Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, L69 3BX Liverpool, UK.
| | - Peter B Gathura
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 29053, 00625, Kangemi, Kenya.
| | - Joshua O Onono
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 29053, 00625, Kangemi, Kenya.
| | - Faical Akaichi
- Department of Land Economy Environment and Society, Scotland's Rural College (SRUC), Edinburgh, UK.
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Ormsby MJ, White HL, Metcalf R, Oliver DM, Feasey NA, Quilliam RS. Enduring pathogenicity of African strains of Salmonella on plastics and glass in simulated peri-urban environmental waste piles. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 461:132439. [PMID: 37734312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
In low- and middle-income countries, plastic has become a major constituent of landfills and urban dump sites. Environmental plastic pollution can also provide a novel surface for the formation of microbial biofilm, which often includes pathogenic bacteria and viruses. Here, under conditions simulating a peri-urban waste pile typical of an African informal settlement, we aimed to determine if pathogenic Salmonella spp. can retain their virulence following a prolonged period of desiccation on the surfaces of environmental plastic and glass. We show that clinically (and environmentally) relevant strains of Salmonella including S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium and S. Typhi can persist on plastic and glass for at least 28-days and that temperature (which increases with the depth of an urban waste pile) is a key determinant of this survival. All three strains of Salmonella retained their pathogenicity (determined by using a Galleria mellonella model of infection) following their recovery from the plastisphere indicating that plastics in the environment can act as reservoirs for human pathogens and could facilitate their persistence for extended periods of time. Pathogens colonising environmental plastic waste therefore pose a heightened public health risk, particularly in areas where people are frequently exposed to plastic pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Ormsby
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK.
| | - Hannah L White
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Rebecca Metcalf
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| | - David M Oliver
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Nicholas A Feasey
- Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi; Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi; Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Richard S Quilliam
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
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Gichuyia CM, Thomas LF, Makena C, Ochieng L, Gathura PB, Onono JO, Fèvre EM. Non-typhoidal salmonella contamination along the pork value chain in a rural East African setting: a cross-sectional study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2023; 117:811-813. [PMID: 37490020 PMCID: PMC10629947 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trad046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) is a serious foodborne pathogen that has previously been isolated from pigs presented for slaughter in a rural pork value chain in western Kenya. METHODS To understand varying NTS contamination along the value chain we assessed prevalence at slaughter, transport and retail. Suspect isolates from culture were confirmed using matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time of flight mass spectrometry. RESULTS Prevalence on pig carcasses, meat transportation containers, retailed raw and cooked pork and accompanying side salads was 18.1%, 23.9%, 28.0%, 1.9% and 8.6%, respectively. CONCLUSION NTS contamination is propagated along the pork value chain in rural western Kenya, demonstrating the need for improved hygiene measures to prevent human exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cianjo M Gichuyia
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 29053-00625, Kangemi, Kenya
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Lian F Thomas
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
| | - Christine Makena
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 29053-00625, Kangemi, Kenya
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Linnet Ochieng
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Peter B Gathura
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 29053-00625, Kangemi, Kenya
| | - Joshua O Onono
- Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Nairobi, P. O. Box 29053-00625, Kangemi, Kenya
| | - Eric M Fèvre
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), P.O. Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, UK
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Soliani L, Rugna G, Prosperi A, Chiapponi C, Luppi A. Salmonella Infection in Pigs: Disease, Prevalence, and a Link between Swine and Human Health. Pathogens 2023; 12:1267. [PMID: 37887782 PMCID: PMC10610219 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12101267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is one of the most spread foodborne pathogens worldwide, and Salmonella infections in humans still represent a global health burden. The main source of Salmonella infections in humans is represented by contaminated animal-derived foodstuffs, with pork products being one of the most important players. Salmonella infection in swine is critical not only because it is one of the main causes of economic losses in the pork industry, but also because pigs can be infected by several Salmonella serovars, potentially contaminating the pig meat production chain and thus posing a significant threat to public health globally. As of now, in Europe and in the United States, swine-related Salmonella serovars, e.g., Salmonella Typhimurium and its monophasic variant Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica 1,4,[5],12:i:-, are also frequently associated with human salmonellosis cases. Moreover, multiple outbreaks have been reported in the last few decades which were triggered by the consumption of Salmonella-contaminated pig meat. Throughout the years, changes and evolution across the pork industry may have acted as triggers for new issues and obstacles hindering Salmonella control along the food chain. Gathered evidence reinforces the importance of coordinating control measures and harmonizing monitoring programs for the efficient control of Salmonella in swine. This is necessary in order to manage outbreaks of clinical disease in pigs and also to protect pork consumers by controlling Salmonella subclinical carriage and shedding. This review provides an update on Salmonella infection in pigs, with insights on Salmonella ecology, focusing mainly on Salmonella Choleraesuis, S. Typhimurium, and S. 1,4,[5],12:i:-, and their correlation to human salmonellosis cases. An update on surveillance methods for epidemiological purposes of Salmonella infection in pigs and humans, in a "One Health" approach, will also be reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Soliani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia-Romagna (IZSLER), 25124 Brescia, Italy; (G.R.); (A.P.); (C.C.); (A.L.)
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Mohamad-Fauzi N, Shaw C, Foutouhi SH, Hess M, Kong N, Kol A, Storey DB, Desai PT, Shah J, Borjesson D, Murray JD, Weimer BC. Salmonella enhances osteogenic differentiation in adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1077350. [PMID: 37009487 PMCID: PMC10055666 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1077350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for tissue repair and regeneration has garnered great attention. While MSCs are likely to interact with microbes at sites of tissue damage and inflammation, like in the gastrointestinal system, the consequences of pathogenic association on MSC activities have yet to be elucidated. This study investigated the effects of pathogenic interaction on MSC trilineage differentiation paths and mechanisms using model intracellular pathogen Salmonella enterica ssp enterica serotype Typhimurium. The examination of key markers of differentiation, apoptosis, and immunomodulation demonstrated that Salmonella altered osteogenic and chondrogenic differentiation pathways in human and goat adipose-derived MSCs. Anti-apoptotic and pro-proliferative responses were also significantly upregulated (p < 0.05) in MSCs during Salmonella challenge. These results together indicate that Salmonella, and potentially other pathogenic bacteria, can induce pathways that influence both apoptotic response and functional differentiation trajectories in MSCs, highlighting that microbes have a potentially significant role as influencers of MSC physiology and immune activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuradilla Mohamad-Fauzi
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Claire Shaw
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Soraya H. Foutouhi
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, 100K Pathogen Genome Project, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Matthias Hess
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Nguyet Kong
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, 100K Pathogen Genome Project, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Amir Kol
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Dylan Bobby Storey
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, 100K Pathogen Genome Project, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Prerak T. Desai
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, 100K Pathogen Genome Project, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Jigna Shah
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, 100K Pathogen Genome Project, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Dori Borjesson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - James D. Murray
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, 100K Pathogen Genome Project, Davis, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: James D. Murray, ; Bart C. Weimer,
| | - Bart C. Weimer
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, 100K Pathogen Genome Project, Davis, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: James D. Murray, ; Bart C. Weimer,
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Chirwa EB, Dale H, Gordon MA, Ashton PM. What is the Source of Infections Causing Invasive Nontyphoidal Salmonella Disease? Open Forum Infect Dis 2023; 10:ofad086. [PMID: 36910696 PMCID: PMC10004642 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella (iNTS) disease is a clinical condition distinct from Salmonella gastroenteritis. With an overall case-fatality rate of 14.5%, iNTS remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. However, the sources of infections that lead to cases of iNTS remain unclear. Broadly, there are 2 hypotheses as to the source of infections: (i) transmission from a zoonotic reservoir, similar to other nontyphoidal salmonelloses; or (ii) person-to-person transmission. Here we review several recent studies that have asked, "What is the source of infections causing invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella disease?" Two studies reported isolates in the stool of household members of iNTS cases that were very closely related (<3 single-nucleotide polymorphisms) to the iNTS case isolates; this is consistent with the hypothesis of person-to-person transmission, but infection from a common source (eg, a foodstuff) cannot be excluded. On the other hand, thorough investigations of the domestic environment of iNTS cases and the food pathway found only a single iNTS-associated Salmonella Enteritidis isolate. Therefore, we recommend that future studies test the hypothesis that iNTS is transmitted between people within the domestic environment. Further studies of food and water pathways are also warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmeda B Chirwa
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Salmonella group, Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Helen Dale
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Salmonella group, Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Melita A Gordon
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Salmonella group, Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Philip M Ashton
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Salmonella group, Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
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Koolman L, Prakash R, Diness Y, Msefula C, Nyirenda TS, Olgemoeller F, Wigley P, Perez-Sepulveda B, Hinton JCD, Owen SV, Feasey NA, Ashton PM, Gordon MA. Case-control investigation of invasive Salmonella disease in Malawi reveals no evidence of environmental or animal transmission of invasive strains, and supports human to human transmission. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010982. [PMID: 36508466 PMCID: PMC9779717 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasive Salmonella infections cause significant morbidity and mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, the routes of transmission are uncertain. We conducted a case-control study of index-case and geographically-matched control households in Blantyre, Malawi, sampling Salmonella isolates from index cases, healthy people, animals, and the household environment. METHODOLOGY Sixty index cases of human invasive Salmonella infection were recruited (March 2015-Oct 2016). Twenty-eight invasive Non-Typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) disease and 32 typhoid patients consented to household sampling. Each index-case household was geographically matched to a control household. Extensive microbiological sampling included stool sampling from healthy household members, stool or rectal swabs from household-associated animals and boot-sock sampling of the household environment. FINDINGS 1203 samples from 120 households, yielded 43 non-Typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) isolates from 25 households (overall sample positivity 3.6%). In the 28 iNTS patients, disease was caused by 3 STs of Salmonella Typhimurium, mainly ST313. In contrast, the isolates from households spanned 15 sequence types (STs). Two S. Typhimurium isolates from index cases closely matched isolates from their respective asymptomatic household members (2 and 3 SNP differences respectively). Despite the recovery of a diverse range of NTS, there was no overlap between the STs causing iNTS disease with any environmental or animal isolates. CONCLUSIONS The finding of NTS strains from index cases that matched household members, coupled with lack of related animal or environmental isolates, supports a hypothesis of human to human transmission of iNTS infections in the household. The breadth of NTS strains found in animals and the household environment demonstrated the robustness of NTS sampling and culture methodology, and suggests a diverse ecology of Salmonella in this setting. Healthy typhoid (S. Typhi) carrier state was not detected. The lack of S. Typhi isolates from the household environment suggests that further methodological development is needed to culture S. Typhi from the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Koolman
- Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Reenesh Prakash
- Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Yohane Diness
- Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | | | | | - Franziska Olgemoeller
- Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Wigley
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Blanca Perez-Sepulveda
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jay C. D. Hinton
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Siân V. Owen
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas A. Feasey
- Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Philip M. Ashton
- Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Melita A. Gordon
- Malawi-Liverpool Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
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Nkya TE, Fillinger U, Sangoro OP, Marubu R, Chanda E, Mutero CM. Six decades of malaria vector control in southern Africa: a review of the entomological evidence-base. Malar J 2022; 21:279. [PMID: 36184603 PMCID: PMC9526912 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-022-04292-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Countries in the southern Africa region have set targets for malaria elimination between 2020 and 2030. Malaria vector control is among the key strategies being implemented to achieve this goal. This paper critically reviews published entomological research over the past six decades in three frontline malaria elimination countries namely, Botswana Eswatini and Namibia, and three second-line malaria elimination countries including Mozambique, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The objective of the review is to assess the current knowledge and highlight gaps that need further research attention to strengthen evidence-based decision-making toward malaria elimination. METHODS Publications were searched on the PubMed engine using search terms: "(malaria vector control OR vector control OR malaria vector*) AND (Botswana OR Swaziland OR Eswatini OR Zambia OR Zimbabwe OR Mozambique)". Opinions, perspectives, reports, commentaries, retrospective analysis on secondary data protocols, policy briefs, and reviews were excluded. RESULTS The search resulted in 718 publications with 145 eligible and included in this review for the six countries generated over six decades. The majority (139) were from three countries, namely Zambia (59) and Mozambique (48), and Zimbabwe (32) whilst scientific publications were relatively scanty from front-line malaria elimination countries, such as Namibia (2), Botswana (10) and Eswatini (4). Most of the research reported in the publications focused on vector bionomics generated mostly from Mozambique and Zambia, while information on insecticide resistance was mostly available from Mozambique. Extreme gaps were identified in reporting the impact of vector control interventions, both on vectors and disease outcomes. The literature is particularly scanty on important issues such as change of vector ecology over time and space, intervention costs, and uptake of control interventions as well as insecticide resistance. CONCLUSIONS The review reveals a dearth of information about malaria vectors and their control, most noticeable among the frontline elimination countries: Namibia, Eswatini and Botswana. It is of paramount importance that malaria vector research capacity and routine entomological monitoring and evaluation are strengthened to enhance decision-making, considering changing vector bionomics and insecticide resistance, among other determinants of malaria vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresia Estomih Nkya
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- University of Dar es Salaam, Mbeya College of Health and Allied Sciences, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - Ulrike Fillinger
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Rose Marubu
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Emmanuel Chanda
- World Health Organization-Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo
| | - Clifford Maina Mutero
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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10
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Falay D, Hardy L, Tanzito J, Lunguya O, Bonebe E, Peeters M, Mattheus W, Van Geet C, Verheyen E, Akaibe D, Katuala P, Ngbonda D, Weill FX, Pardos de la Gandara M, Jacobs J. Urban rats as carriers of invasive Salmonella Typhimurium sequence type 313, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of Congo. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010740. [PMID: 36067238 PMCID: PMC9481155 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS–mainly serotypes Enteritidis and Typhimurium) are major causes of bloodstream infections in children in sub-Saharan Africa, but their reservoir remains unknown. We assessed iNTS carriage in rats in an urban setting endemic for iNTS carriage and compared genetic profiles of iNTS from rats with those isolated from humans. Methodology/Principal findings From April 2016 to December 2018, rats were trapped in five marketplaces and a slaughterhouse in Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo. After euthanasia, blood, liver, spleen, and rectal content were cultured for Salmonella. Genetic relatedness between iNTS from rats and humans—obtained from blood cultures at Kisangani University Hospital—was assessed with multilocus variable-number tandem repeat (VNTR) analysis (MLVA), multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and core-genome MLST (cgMLST). 1650 live-capture traps yielded 566 (34.3%) rats (95.6% Rattus norvegicus, 4.4% Rattus rattus); 46 (8.1%) of them carried Salmonella, of which 13 had more than one serotype. The most common serotypes were II.42:r:- (n = 18 rats), Kapemba (n = 12), Weltevreden and Typhimurium (n = 10, each), and Dublin (n = 8). Salmonella Typhimurium belonged to MLST ST19 (n = 7 rats) and the invasive ST313 (n = 3, isolated from deep organs but not from rectal content). Sixteen human S. Typhimurium isolates (all ST313) were available for comparison: MLVA and cgMLST revealed two distinct rat-human clusters involving both six human isolates, respectively, i.e. in total 12/16 human ST313 isolates. All ST313 Typhimurium isolates from rats and humans clustered with the ST313 Lineage 2 isolates and most were multidrug resistant; the remaining isolates from rats including S. Typhimurium ST19 were pan-susceptible. Conclusion The present study provides evidence of urban rats as potential reservoirs of S. Typhimurium ST313 in an iNTS endemic area in sub-Saharan Africa. Dadi (°1974, DR Congo) is a Medical Doctor (Kisangani University 2005) with a master in pediatrics (Kisangani University 2015) with special interest in infectious diseases and tropical medicine. He has 11 years of field research experience. He was team member of scientific expedition “Boyekoli Ebale Congo” in 2010 as medical support for the researchers. He conducted work field in a multidisciplinary framework with biologists from faculty of sciences (university of Kisangani) exploring zoonotic diseases in several places in the Congo. Currently, he is doing his PhD research at KU Leuven and Institute of Tropical Medicine Antwerp (ITM), Belgium. Passionate about transmissible diseases, Dadi is exploring the potential reservoirs of non-typhoidal Salmonella in Kisangani, DR Congo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dadi Falay
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Kisangani, Kisangani, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Liselotte Hardy
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Jacques Tanzito
- Biodiversity Monitoring Center (Centre de Surveillance de la Biodiversité, CSB), Faculty of Science, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Octavie Lunguya
- Department of Medical Biology, National Institute for Biomedical Research, Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Department of Microbiology, University Teaching Hospital of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Edmonde Bonebe
- Department of Medical Biology, National Institute for Biomedical Research, Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Marjan Peeters
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wesley Mattheus
- Sciensano, Infectious Diseases in Humans, Bacterial Diseases, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Chris Van Geet
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences and Pediatrics, KU Leuven and University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erik Verheyen
- OD Taxonomy & Phylogeny, Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Brussels, Belgium
- Evolutionary Ecology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dudu Akaibe
- Biodiversity Monitoring Center (Centre de Surveillance de la Biodiversité, CSB), Faculty of Science, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Pionus Katuala
- Biodiversity Monitoring Center (Centre de Surveillance de la Biodiversité, CSB), Faculty of Science, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Dauly Ngbonda
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Kisangani, Kisangani, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - François-Xavier Weill
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Unité des bactéries pathogènes entériques, Paris, France
| | | | - Jan Jacobs
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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11
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Darboe S, Bradbury RS, Phelan J, Kanteh A, Muhammad AK, Worwui A, Yang S, Nwakanma D, Perez-Sepulveda B, Kariuki S, Kwambana-Adams B, Antonio M. Genomic diversity and antimicrobial resistance among non-typhoidal Salmonella associated with human disease in The Gambia. Microb Genom 2022; 8:000785. [PMID: 35302932 PMCID: PMC9176284 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-typhoidal Salmonella associated with multidrug resistance cause invasive disease in sub-Saharan Africa. Specific lineages of serovars Typhimurium and Enteritidis have been implicated. Here we characterized the genomic diversity of 100 clinical non-typhoidal Salmonella collected from 93 patients in 2001 from the eastern, and in 2006-2018 from the western regions of The Gambia respectively. A total of 93 isolates (64 invasive, 23 gastroenteritis and six other sites) representing a single infection episode were phenotypically tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique. Whole genome sequencing of 100 isolates was performed using Illumina, and the reads were assembled and analysed using SPAdes. The Salmonella in Silico Typing Resource (SISTR) was used for serotyping. SNP differences among the 93 isolates were determined using Roary, and phylogenetic analysis was performed in the context of 495 African strains from the European Nucleotide Archive. Salmonella serovars Typhimurium (26/64; 30.6 %) and Enteritidis (13/64; 20.3 %) were associated with invasive disease, whilst other serovars were mainly responsible for gastroenteritis (17/23; 73.9 %). The presence of three major serovar Enteritidis clades was confirmed, including the invasive West African clade, which made up more than half (11/16; 68.8 %) of the genomes. Multidrug resistance was confined among the serovar Enteritidis West African clade. The presence of this epidemic virulent clade has potential for spread of resistance and thus important implications for systematic patient management. Surveillance and epidemiological investigations to inform control are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saffiatou Darboe
- Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, The Gambia
| | | | - Jody Phelan
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Abdoulie Kanteh
- Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, The Gambia
| | - Abdul-Khalie Muhammad
- Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, The Gambia
| | - Archibald Worwui
- Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, The Gambia
| | - Shangxin Yang
- University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Davis Nwakanma
- Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, The Gambia
| | | | | | - Brenda Kwambana-Adams
- Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, The Gambia
- University College London, London, UK
| | - Martin Antonio
- Medical Research Council Unit, The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, The Gambia
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12
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Shyaka A, Quinnell RJ, Rujeni N, Fèvre EM. Using a Value Chain Approach to Map the Pig Production System in Rwanda, Its Governance, and Sanitary Risks. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:720553. [PMID: 35118148 PMCID: PMC8803899 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.720553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Rwanda has a fast growing pig production sector projected to continue expansion, due to rising local and regional demand. We undertook a value chain analysis to establish the flows of pigs and pork in Rwanda and the roles of various actors involved, and to understand governance and sanitary risks in the value chain. Cross-sectional qualitative data were collected through focus group discussions and key informant interviews with farmers, brokers, butchers, abattoir managers, and veterinarians. Data were collected on pig production methods and inputs, the source and destination of live and slaughtered pigs, value-adding infrastructures (abattoirs and processing factories), the people involved and interactions between them, governance, and challenges. Pig production in Rwanda is dominated by smallholders, mainly as a source of supplementary income and secondarily for manure. Emerging medium-sized and large pig farms were also identified, located mainly around urban areas. Live pig markets are the main mechanism allowing various actors to buy/sell pigs. Brokers have an important role in pig transactions: they are key in setting prices at markets, examining pigs for disease, organising the supply of pigs for abattoirs and for export. Only a few formal pig abattoirs were identified, which mainly supply to pork processing factories based in Kigali and/or export to customers. Local consumers rely on informal slaughtering at farm or bar/restaurant backyards, with irregular veterinary inspection. Formal abattoirs were attended by a veterinary inspector, however a lack of record keeping was noted. Sanitary risks identified were a lack of biosecurity throughout the chain and poor hygiene at slaughter places. Lingual palpation was practised in pig markets to identify cysticercosis infection, however cyst-positive pigs were not destroyed, but were sold for reduced prices in the same market or later informally sold by the owner. There are few veterinarians attending farms, with most services provided by less qualified technicians or self-treatment of pigs by farmers. Overall, this production system is characterised by a high degree of informality at all nodes, combined with the rapid growth trajectory in the sector. These findings provide a basis to plan interventions tailored to vulnerabilities identified in the Rwanda pig value chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anselme Shyaka
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Rwanda, Nyagatare, Rwanda
- Center for One Health, University of Global Health Equity, Kigali, Rwanda
- *Correspondence: Anselme Shyaka
| | - Rupert J. Quinnell
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Rupert J. Quinnell
| | - Nadine Rujeni
- School of Health Sciences, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Eric M. Fèvre
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leeds, United Kingdom
- International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
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13
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Perez-Sepulveda BM, Heavens D, Pulford CV, Predeus AV, Low R, Webster H, Dykes GF, Schudoma C, Rowe W, Lipscombe J, Watkins C, Kumwenda B, Shearer N, Costigan K, Baker KS, Feasey NA, Hinton JCD, Hall N. An accessible, efficient and global approach for the large-scale sequencing of bacterial genomes. Genome Biol 2021; 22:349. [PMID: 34930397 PMCID: PMC8690886 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-021-02536-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have developed an efficient and inexpensive pipeline for streamlining large-scale collection and genome sequencing of bacterial isolates. Evaluation of this method involved a worldwide research collaboration focused on the model organism Salmonella enterica, the 10KSG consortium. Following the optimization of a logistics pipeline that involved shipping isolates as thermolysates in ambient conditions, the project assembled a diverse collection of 10,419 isolates from low- and middle-income countries. The genomes were sequenced using the LITE pipeline for library construction, with a total reagent cost of less than USD$10 per genome. Our method can be applied to other large bacterial collections to underpin global collaborations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Caisey V. Pulford
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Alexander V. Predeus
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ross Low
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Hermione Webster
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Gregory F. Dykes
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Will Rowe
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Chris Watkins
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Neil Shearer
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Karl Costigan
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Kate S. Baker
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Nicholas A. Feasey
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK
- Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Jay C. D. Hinton
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary & Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Neil Hall
- Earlham Institute, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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14
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Wu B, Ed-Dra A, Pan H, Dong C, Jia C, Yue M. Genomic Investigation of Salmonella Isolates Recovered From a Pig Slaughtering Process in Hangzhou, China. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:704636. [PMID: 34305874 PMCID: PMC8298193 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.704636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The pig industry is the principal source of meat products in China, and the presence of pathogens in pig-borne meat is a crucial threat to public health. Salmonella is the major pathogen associated with pig-borne diseases. However, route surveillance by genomic platforms along the food chain is still limited in China. Here, we conducted a study to evaluate the dynamic prevalence of Salmonella in a pig slaughtering process in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China. Fifty-five of 226 (24.37%) samples were positive for Salmonella; from them, 78 different isolates were selected and subjected to whole genome sequencing followed by bioinformatics analyses to determine serovar distribution, MLST patterns, antimicrobial resistance genes, plasmid replicons, and virulence factors. Moreover, phenotypic antimicrobial resistance was performed using the broth dilution method against 14 antimicrobial agents belonging to 10 antimicrobial classes. Our results showed that samples collected from the dehairing area (66.66%) and the splitting area (57.14%) were the most contaminated. Phenotypic antimicrobial resistance classified 67 of 78 isolates (85.90%) as having multidrug resistance (MDR), while the highest resistance was observed in tetracycline (85.90%; 67/78) followed by ampicillin (84.62%; 66/78), chloramphenicol (71.80%; 56/78), and nalidixic acid (61.54%; 48/78). Additionally, serovar prediction showed the dominance of Salmonella Typhimurium ST19 (51.28%; 40/78) among the 78 studied isolates, while plasmid prediction reported the dominance of IncHI2A_1 (20.51%; 16/78), followed by IncX1_1 (17.95%; 14/78) and IncHI2_1 (11.54%; 9/78). Virulence factor prediction showed the detection of cdtB gene encoding typhoid toxins in two Salmonella Goldcoast ST358 and one Salmonella Typhimurium ST19, while one isolate of Salmonella London ST155 was positive for genes encoding for the siderophore “yersiniabactin” and the gene senB encoding for enterotoxin production. From this study, we conclude that pig slaughterhouses are critical points for the dissemination of virulent and multidrug-resistant Salmonella isolates along the food chain which require the implementation of management systems to control the critical points. Moreover, there is an urgent need for the implementation of the whole genome sequencing platform to monitor the emergence of virulent and multidrug-resistant clones along the food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Hang Pan
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenghang Dong
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenghao Jia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Yue
- Hainan Institute of Zhejiang University, Sanya, China.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou, China.,State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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15
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Salmonella Vaccine Vector System for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus and Evaluation of Its Efficacy with Virus-Like Particles. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9010022. [PMID: 33466461 PMCID: PMC7824887 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) causes a highly contagious and devastating disease in livestock animals and has a great potential to cause severe economic loss worldwide. The major antigen of FMDV capsid protein, VP1, contains the major B-cell epitope responsible for effectively eliciting protective humoral immunity. In this study, irradiated Salmonella Typhimurium (KST0666) were used as transgenic vectors containing stress-inducible plasmid pRECN-VP1 to deliver the VP1 protein from FMDV-type A/WH/CHA/09. Mice were orally inoculated with ATOMASal-L3 harboring pRECN-VP1, and FMDV virus-like particles, where (VLPFMDV)-specific humoral, mucosal, and cellular immune responses were evaluated. Mice vaccinated with attenuated Salmonella (KST0666) expressing VP1 (named KST0669) showed high levels of VLP-specific IgA in feces and IgG in serum, with high FMDV neutralization titer. Moreover, KST0669-vaccinated mice showed increased population of IFN-γ (type 1 T helper cells; Th1 cells)-, IL-5 (Th2 cells)-, and IL-17A (Th17 cells)-expressing CD4+ as well as activated CD8+ T cells (IFN-γ+CD8+ cells), detected by stimulating VLPFMDV. All data indicate that our Salmonella vector system successfully delivered FMDV VP1 to immune cells and that the humoral and cellular efficacy of the vaccine can be easily evaluated using VLPFMDV in a Biosafety Level I (BSL1) laboratory.
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