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Ducker C, Baines C, Guy J, Euzébio Goulart Santana A, Pickett JA, Oldham NJ. A diterpene synthase from the sandfly Lutzomyia longipalpis produces the pheromone sobralene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2322453121. [PMID: 38470919 PMCID: PMC10962984 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2322453121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The phlebotomine sandfly, Lutzomyia longipalpis, a major vector of the Leishmania parasite, uses terpene pheromones to attract conspecifics for mating. Examination of the L. longipalpis genome revealed a putative terpene synthase (TPS), which-upon heterologous expression in, and purification from, Escherichia coli-yielded a functional enzyme. The TPS, termed LlTPS, converted geranyl diphosphate (GPP) into a mixture of monoterpenes with low efficiency, of which β-ocimene was the major product. (E,E)-farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) principally produced small amounts of (E)-β-farnesene, while (Z,E)- and (Z,Z)-FPP yielded a mixture of bisabolene isomers. None of these mono- and sesquiterpenes are known volatiles of L. longipalpis. Notably, however, when provided with (E,E,E)-geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP), LlTPS gave sobralene as its major product. This diterpene pheromone is released by certain chemotypes of L. longipalpis, in particular those found in the Ceará state of Brazil. Minor diterpene components were also seen as products of the enzyme that matched those seen in a sandfly pheromone extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Ducker
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, NottinghamNG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Cameron Baines
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, NottinghamNG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Guy
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, NottinghamNG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | | | - John A. Pickett
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, CardiffCF10 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Neil J. Oldham
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, NottinghamNG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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Carvalho GMDL, Silva DF, Xavier LDA, Soares JVR, Ramos VDV, Madureira AP, Lima MA, Tonelli GB, Paz GF, Rêgo FD, Andrade-Filho JD, Margonari C. Sand fly bioecological aspects and risk mapping of leishmaniasis by geographical information systems approach in a mineral exploration area of Brazil. Acta Trop 2022; 232:106491. [PMID: 35504313 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies of leishmaniasis in areas of great human influence and environmental change serve as important tools for the implementation of effective control plans. Mining is currently a major economic activity in Brazil with the municipality of Pains, in the state of Minas Gerais, being one of the main lime producing municipalities in the country. This study aimed to map areas of potential transmission risks within the municipality of Pains using an epidemiological approach in association with the ecological study of sand flies. Twelve samplings carried out between May 2015 and April 2016 collected a total of 12,728 sandflies, comprising 2,854 females (22.42%) and 9,874 males (77.58%), of 20 species belonging to ten genera. The most abundant species was Lutzomyia longipalpis (80%). Leishmania DNA was detected in seven pools of female sand flies with an infection rate of 0.37%. Geoprocessing and the use of maps revealed that vector sand flies are distributed throughout the urban area, as are cases of canine and human leishmaniasis. However, the greatest abundances of sand flies were at sampling points at the border of the urban area. Higher densities of sand flies and the presence of Leishmania DNA may be correlated with extensive degradation by limestone mining. Integrated and multidisciplinary research approaches are necessary to better understand how the impacts of environmental change influence these insect vectors of leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danyele Franca Silva
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses, Instituto René Rachou (Fiocruz Minas), 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Laura do Amaral Xavier
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses, Instituto René Rachou (Fiocruz Minas), 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Joao Vítor Reis Soares
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses, Instituto René Rachou (Fiocruz Minas), 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Paula Madureira
- DBTEC - Departamento de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, São João del-Rei 36307-352, Brazil
| | - Mariana Alves Lima
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses, Instituto René Rachou (Fiocruz Minas), 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Barbosa Tonelli
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses, Instituto René Rachou (Fiocruz Minas), 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Fontes Paz
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses, Instituto René Rachou (Fiocruz Minas), 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Felipe Dutra Rêgo
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses, Instituto René Rachou (Fiocruz Minas), 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Carina Margonari
- Grupo de Estudos em Leishmanioses, Instituto René Rachou (Fiocruz Minas), 30190-002, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Navarrete-Carballo J, Huerta-Jiménez H, Loría-Cervera EN, Manrique-Saide P, Sosa-Bibiano EI. Phlebotomine sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) from an emergent focus of localized cutaneous leishmaniasis in Yucatan, Southeast Mexico. JOURNAL OF VECTOR ECOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR VECTOR ECOLOGY 2022; 47:9-18. [PMID: 35366675 DOI: 10.52707/1081-1710-47.1.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) is endemic in the Yucatan Peninsula, with historical and contemporary records mainly in the states of Campeche and Quintana Roo. Recently, we reported autochthonous LCL cases and 27.6% of asymptomatic infection in the municipality of Tinum, Yucatan, where no studies of Phlebotominae (Diptera: Psychodidae) sand flies have been carried out. In this work, from November, 2019 to February, 2020, we conducted a field study in three areas of Tinum to document, for the first time, the species of Phlebotominae in areas with records of human leishmaniasis transmission. In order of abundance, the species identified were Pifanomyia serrana, Psathyromyia shannoni, Psathyromyia cratifer, Lutzomyia cruciata, Bichromomyia olmeca olmeca, and Dampfomyia deleoni. Most of the sand flies were captured in a Shannon trap where 77.8% of collected specimens were females. The distribution of sand fly species showed some degree of heterogeneity among sites, and the highest species richness was registered in a site located in Xcalakoop. We also discuss the medical importance of Lu. cruciata, Ps. shannoni, and Pi. serrana as potential vectors of causal agents of LCL in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Navarrete-Carballo
- Unidad Colaborativa para Bioensayos Entomológicos (UCBE), Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, México
| | - Herón Huerta-Jiménez
- Instituto de Diagnóstico y Referencia Epidemiológicos (InDRE), Secretaría de Salud, México
| | - Elsy Nalleli Loría-Cervera
- Laboratorio de Inmunología del Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, México
| | - Pablo Manrique-Saide
- Unidad Colaborativa para Bioensayos Entomológicos (UCBE), Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, México
| | - Erika Ivett Sosa-Bibiano
- Laboratorio de Inmunología del Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, México,
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Retkute R, Dilger E, Hamilton JGC, Keeling MJ, Courtenay O. Modelling Sand Fly Lutzomyia longipalpis Attraction to Host Odour: Synthetic Sex-Aggregation Pheromone Dominates the Response. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030602. [PMID: 33804003 PMCID: PMC7999287 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoontic visceral leishmaniasis (ZVL) due to Leishmania infantum is a potentially fatal protozoan parasitic disease of humans and dogs. In the Americas, dogs are the reservoir and the sand fly, Lutzomyia longipalpis, the principal vector. A synthetic version of the male sand fly produced sex-aggregation pheromone attracts both female and male conspecifics to co-located insecticide, reducing both reservoir infection and vector abundance. However the effect of the synthetic pheromone on the vector’s “choice“ of host (human, animal reservoir, or dead-end host) for blood feeding in the presence of the pheromone is less well understood. In this study, we developed a modelling framework to allow us to predict the relative attractiveness of the synthetic pheromone and potential alterations in host choice. Our analysis indicates that the synthetic pheromone can attract 53% (95% CIs: 39%–86%) of host-seeking female Lu. longipalpis and thus it out-competes competing host odours. Importantly, the results suggest that the synthetic pheromone can lure vectors away from humans and dogs, such that when co-located with insecticide, it provides protection against transmission leading to human and canine ZVL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Retkute
- The Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research (SBIDER), The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (E.D.); (M.J.K.)
- Epidemiology and Modelling Group, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EA, UK
- Correspondence: (R.R.); (O.C.)
| | - Erin Dilger
- The Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research (SBIDER), The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (E.D.); (M.J.K.)
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - James G. C. Hamilton
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancashire LA1 4YG, UK;
| | - Matt J. Keeling
- The Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research (SBIDER), The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (E.D.); (M.J.K.)
| | - Orin Courtenay
- The Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology and Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research (SBIDER), The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; (E.D.); (M.J.K.)
- School of Life Sciences, The University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
- Correspondence: (R.R.); (O.C.)
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de Araújo Barbosa V, de Souza CF, Pereira A, Gatherer D, Brazil RP, Bray DP, Hamilton JG. Insecticide-impregnated netting: A surface treatment for killing Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae), the vector of Leishmania infantum. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2021; 1:None. [PMID: 35005688 PMCID: PMC8716342 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2021.100044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The sand fly Lutzomyia longipalpis is the main vector of Leishmania infantum in Brazil. Synthetic male-produced sex/aggregation pheromone co-located with micro-encapsulated λ-cyhalothrin in chicken sheds can significantly reduce canine infection and sand fly densities in a lure-and-kill strategy. In this study, we determined if insecticide-impregnated netting (IN) could replace insecticide residual spraying (IRS). We compared numbers of Lu. longipalpis attracted and killed in experimental and real chicken sheds baited with pheromone and treated with a 1 m2 area of either insecticide spray or netting. First, we compared both treatments in experimental sheds to control mortality established from light trap captures. We then compared the long-term killing effect of insecticide spray and netting, without renewal, in experimental sheds over a period of 16 weeks. Finally, a longitudinal intervention study in real chicken sheds compared the numbers and proportions of Lu. longipalpis collected and killed before and after application of both treatments. In Experiment 1, a higher proportion of males and females captured in IRS- and IN-treated sheds were dead at 24 h compared to controls (P < 0.05). No difference was found in the proportion of females killed in sheds treated with IN or IRS (P = 0.15). A slightly higher proportion of males were killed by IRS (100%) compared to IN (98.6%; P < 0.05). In Experiment 2, IN- and IRS-treated traps were equally effective at killing females (P = 0.21) and males (P = 0.08). However, IRS killed a significantly higher proportion of females and males after 8 (P < 0.05) and 16 (P < 0.05) weeks. In Experiment 3, there was no significant difference between treatments in the proportion of females killed before (P = 0.88) or after (P = 0.29) or males killed before (P = 0.76) or after (P = 0.73) intervention. Overall, initially the IN was as effective as IRS at killing female and male Lu. longipalpis in both experimental and real chicken sheds. However, the relative lethal effect of the IN deteriorated over time when stored under prevailing environmental conditions. Chicken sheds treated with netting or spray insecticide killed Lutzomyia longipalpis. Same effect was seen in experimental and real chicken sheds. Netting was as effective as spraying insecticide initially. Sprayed insecticide killed a higher proportion of both sexes after 8 and 16 weeks. The relative lethal effect of the netting deteriorated over time.
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