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Zhang J, Pitol AK, Kinung’hi S, Angelo T, Emery AM, Cieplinski A, Templeton MR, Braun L. The lethal effect of soap on Schistosoma mansoni cercariae in water. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012372. [PMID: 39074137 PMCID: PMC11309484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease which is spread through skin contact with water containing Schistosoma cercariae. Drug treatment has been the main control method, but it does not prevent reinfection. The use of soap can be a complementary measure to reduce transmission. Therefore, this study investigates the quantitative effect of different soaps on the mortality of Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. METHODOLOGY Four soaps including two powder soaps (Kleesoft and Omo) and two bar soaps (B29 and Rungu) which are used in a schistosomiasis-endemic Tanzanian village were studied. S. mansoni cercariae were exposed to powder soaps of 0 (control), 10, 50, 75, 100 and 1000 mg/L and to bar soaps of 0 (control), 100, 500 and 1000 mg/L. The highest concentration of 1000 mg/L was selected based on the laboratory-estimated average soap concentration during handwashing. Cercariae were observed under a microscope after 0, 5, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes of exposure to determine their survival. CONCLUSIONS All four soaps can kill S. mansoni cercariae and this lethal effect was related to soap concentration and exposure time. At the highest concentration of 1000 mg/L, all cercariae were dead at 5 minutes post-exposure with two powder soaps and Rungu, while 100% cercarial death was achieved between 5 minutes to 15 minutes for B29. Almost all cercariae survived after being exposed to 10 mg/L powder soaps and 100 mg/L bar soaps for 60 minutes. Powder soaps were more lethal than bar soaps. Considering the widely varying concentrations of soap during real-world hygiene activities and the necessity for a very high soap concentration to eliminate all cercariae in a short 5-minute exposure, providing the efficacy of soap in preventing schistosomiasis becomes challenging. Future studies should investigate whether soap can influence alternative mechanisms such as making cercariae unable to penetrate the skin, thereby providing protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaodi Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ana K. Pitol
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Safari Kinung’hi
- National Institute for Medical Research (NIMR), Mwanza Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Teckla Angelo
- School of Life Science and Bioengineering, Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Aidan M. Emery
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Cieplinski
- Wolfson Wellcome Biomedical Laboratories, Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael R. Templeton
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Braun
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
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Mokhtar AB, Karanis P, Schou C, Ahmed SA. The impact of chlorine, ultraviolet-C, and microwave treatment on the survivability of Blastocystis sp. cysts. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2023; 21:1325-1341. [PMID: 37756199 PMCID: wh_2023_179 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2023.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Blastocystis sp. is a common widely distributed gut protozoan, with water transmission identified as one of its transmission routes. This study aimed to investigate the effect of chlorine, ultraviolet (UV)-C, and microwave (MW) treatments on the in vitro viability of cysts of Blastocystis sp. Purified Blastocystis sp. cysts were molecularly subtyped. Viable cysts were subjected to different free chlorine concentrations (1, 2, and 4 ppm), different doses of UV-C (5.13, 10.26, 20.52, and 40.47 mJ/cm2), and MW irradiation times (10, 15, 30, and 45 s). Viability reduction percentage, log10 inactivation, and micrometre-based optical microscopy examined cyst number and appearance after each disinfection trial. The three disinfectants' efficacy and application conditions were assessed. The analysed isolates of Blastocystis cysts were subtype 3, possessed varying sizes and shapes, but two identical genomes. The cysts of Blastocystis sp. were resistant to chlorine at all doses and exposure durations tested. UV-C at a dose of 40 mJ/cm2 and MW treatment for 15 s were able to completely disinfect the cysts. The MW was the most effective disinfectant against Blastocystis cysts based on all evaluated factors. MW irradiation is the most efficient water treatment method for eradicating Blastocystis cysts in an easy and safe manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira B Mokhtar
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 415221, Egypt; These authors have contributed equally to this work. E-mail:
| | - Panagiotis Karanis
- Medical Faculty and University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, University of Nicosia Medical School, 24005, CY-1700 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Chad Schou
- Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, University of Nicosia Medical School, 24005, CY-1700 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Shahira A Ahmed
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 415221, Egypt; These authors have contributed equally to this work
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Itani N, El Fadel M. Microbial inactivation kinetics of UV LEDs and effect of operating conditions: A methodological critical analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 885:163727. [PMID: 37120022 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Tiny ultraviolet (UV) light-emitting diodes (LED)s that are replacing the conventional energy-intensive mercury UV lamps have gained interest since the early 2000's because of their promising advantages. In the context of microbial inactivation (MI) of waterborne microbes, disinfection kinetics of those LEDs exhibited variations among studies, in terms of varying the UV wavelength, the exposure time, power, and dose (UV fluence) as well as other operational conditions. While reported results may appear contradictory when examined separately, they probably are not when analyzed collectively. As such, in this study, we carry out a quantitative collective regression analysis of the reported data to shed light on the kinetics of MI by the emerging UV LEDs technology alongside the effects of varying operational conditions. The main goal is to identify dose response requirements for UV LEDs and to compare them to traditional UV lamps in addition to ascertaining optimal settings that could help in achieving the optimal inactivation outcome for comparable UV doses. The analysis showed that kinetically, UV LEDs are as effective as conventional mercury lamps for water disinfection, and at times more effective, especially for UV resistant microbes. We defined the maximal efficiency at two wavelengths, 260-265 nm and 280 nm, among a wide range of available LED wavelengths. We also defined the UV fluence per log inactivation of tested microbes. At the operational level, we identified existing gaps and developed a framework for a comprehensive analysis program for future needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Itani
- Department of Civil Infrastructure and Environmental Engineering, Khalifa University, United Arab Emirates; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
| | - M El Fadel
- Department of Civil Infrastructure and Environmental Engineering, Khalifa University, United Arab Emirates; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, Lebanon.
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Qiao JJ, Li JJ, Li CH, Qi Y, Chen LY, Wang SN, Honess PE, Liu YB, Zhang C, Liu QX, Yi B, Gao CQ. A Practical Assessment of the Disinfectant Efficacy of UV Light with and without Ozone Using a Novel Transfer Hatch in a Research Animal Facility. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2022; 61:248-251. [PMID: 35393007 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-jaalas-21-000131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Most in vivo animal research and breeding using mice and rats in China takes place in facilities under barrier conditions. Items being moved across the barrier are typically disinfected using UV radiation in a transfer hatch. However, the time periods necessary for this disinfection technique are inefficient, and disinfection is frequently incomplete, especially if concealed surfaces are present. The current study used a newly developed transfer hatch incorporating both UV and ozone disinfection to examine disinfection efficacy against 4 bacteria species (Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Acinetobacter baumannii). Disinfection trials used UV and ozone, applied separately and in combination, for up to 30 min. Separate and combined treatments were also tested with a UV barrier. We found that if UV radiation has direct contact with surfaces, it is an efficient disinfection method. However, where surfaces are concealed by a UV barrier, UV radiation performs relatively poorly. The results of this study indicate that a combination of UV and ozone produces the most effective disinfection and is markedly quicker than current disinfection times for UV applied on its own. This novel transfer hatch design therefore allows more complete and efficient disinfection, improves workflow, and reduces barrier breaches by pathogens that may affect animal health and welfare and compromise research outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao-Jiao Qiao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Center for Study in Laboratory Animals, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing-Jing Li
- Center for Study in Laboratory Animals, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chun-Hui Li
- Infection Control Center, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yong Qi
- Clinical Laboratory, Third Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Li-Yu Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Xiang-Ya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shan-Ni Wang
- Center for Study in Laboratory Animals, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Paul E Honess
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, United Kingdom, UK
| | - Yun-Bo Liu
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qing-Xia Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bin Yi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chang-Qing Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Center for Study in Laboratory Animals, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China;,
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