VPS38/UVRAG and ATG14, the variant regulatory subunits of the ATG6/Beclin1-PI3K complexes, are crucial for the biogenesis of the yolk organelles and are transcriptionally regulated in the oocytes of the vector Rhodnius prolixus

Insights into the protective effect of omega-3 nanoemulsion against colistin-induced nephrotoxicity in experimental rats: regulation of autophagy and necroptosis via AMPK/mTOR and RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL signaling pathways

Colistin is considered one of the most effective antibiotics against gram-negative bacteria. However, nephrotoxicity is one of the dose-limiting factors in its treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the outcome of omega-3 nanoemulsion against colistin-induced nephrotoxicity and its possible underlying mechanism. Four rat groups were involved in the present research; each group containing ten rats was divided as follows: Group I (control) rats received normal saline; Group II (omega-3 nanoemulsion) rats received a dose of 500 mg/kg/body weight orally; Group III (colistin) rats received colistin intraperitoneally (300.000 IU/kg/day); and Group IV (colistin/omega-3 nanoemulsion) rats were treated for six days. The results revealed that colistin administration caused deterioration in renal functions such as creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, 24 h proteinuria, and kidney injury molecule-1 with decrease in creatinine clearance, resulting in histological alternation and tubular damage with diffuse interstitial inflammation. Additionally, colistin significantly increased the lipid peroxidation marker malonaldehyde, proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis alpha, interleukin-6, interleukin-1 beta. Also, autophagy influx marker microtubule-associated protein light chain 3B, Beclin-1, and necroptotic related proteins, receptor-interacting protein kinase-3 (RIPK-3), RIPK-1, mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein, and autophagy pathway regulatory kinase AMP-activated protein kinase, with a decrease in antioxidant enzymes catalase, superoxide dismutase, and total antioxidant capacity, autophagic marker ubiquitin-binding protein (p62), and regulator Mammalian target of rapamycin. Interestingly, omega-3 nanoemulsion reversed the results above, dramatically improving renal function and histological picture. Thus, omega-3 nanoemulsion provided a notable method for suppressing colistin-induced nephrotoxicity via its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory power, inhibiting pathological autophagy and necroptosis.

Quercetin Ameliorates Myocardial Injury in Diabetic Rats by Regulating Autophagy and Apoptosis through AMPK/mTOR Signaling Pathway

A high-glucose environment is involved in the progression of diabetes mellitus (DM). This study aims to explore the regulatory effects of quercetin (QUE) on autophagy and apoptosis after myocardial injury in rats with DM. The type 2 DM rat models were constructed using low-dose streptozotocin (STZ) treatment combined with a high-carbohydrate (HC) diet in vivo. Compared with the control group, the body weight was decreased, whereas blood pressure, blood glucose, and the LVW/BW ratio were increased in the diabetic group. The results showed that the myocardial fibers were disordered in the diabetic group. Moreover, we found that the myocardial collagen fibers, PAS-positive cells, and apoptosis were increased, whereas the mitochondrial structure was destroyed and autophagic vacuoles were significantly reduced in the diabetic group compared with the control group. The expression levels of autophagy-related proteins LC3 and Beclin1 were decreased, whereas the expression levels of P62, Caspae-3, and Bax/Bcl-2 were increased in the diabetic group in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, QUE treatment alleviated the cellular oxidative stress reaction under high-glucose environments. The results of immunoprecipitation (IP) showed that the autophagy protein Beclin1 was bound to Bcl-2, and the binding capacity increased in the HG group, whereas it decreased after QUE treatment, suggesting that QUE inhibited the binding capacity between Beclin1 and Bcl-2, thus leading to the preservation of Beclin1-induced autophagy. In addition, the blood pressure, blood glucose, and cardiac function of rats were improved following QUE treatment. In conclusion, QUE suppressed diabetic myocardial injury and ameliorated cardiac function by regulating myocardial autophagy and inhibition of apoptosis in diabetes through the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway.

Knockdown of Sec16 causes early lethality and defective deposition of the protein Rp30 in the eggshell of the vector Rhodnius prolixus

In nearly every species of insect, embryonic development takes place outside of the mother's body and is entirely dependent on the elements that the mother had previously stored within the eggs. It is well known that the follicle cells (FCs) synthesize the eggshell (chorion) components during the process of choriogenesis, the final step of oogenesis before fertilization. These cells have developed a specialization in the massive production of chorion proteins, which are essential for the protection and survival of the embryo. Here, we investigate the function of Sec16, a protein crucial for the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to Golgi traffic, in the oocyte development in the insect Rhodnius prolixus. We discovered that Sec16 is strongly expressed in vitellogenic females' ovaries, particularly in the choriogenic oocyte and it is mainly associated with the FCs. Silencing of Sec16 by RNAi caused a sharp decline in oviposition rates, F1 viability, and longevity in adult females. In the FCs, genes involved in the unfolded protein response (UPR), the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), and autophagy were massively upregulated, whereas the mRNAs of Rp30 and Rp45-which code for the two major chorion proteins - were downregulated as a result of Sec16 silencing, indicating general proteostasis disturbance. As a result, the outer surface ultrastructure of Sec16-silenced chorions was altered, with decreased thickness, dityrosine crosslinking, sulfur signals, and lower amounts of the chorion protein Rp30. These findings collectively demonstrate the critical role Sec16 plays in the proper functioning of the FCs, which impacts the synthesis and deposition of particular components of the chorion as well as the overall reproduction of this vector.

Long noncoding RNA H19: functions and mechanisms in regulating programmed cell death in cancer

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a group of noncoding RNAs with transcript lengths of >200 nucleotides. Mounting evidence suggests that lncRNAs are closely associated with tumorigenesis. LncRNA H19 (H19) was the first lncRNA to function as an oncogene in many malignant tumors. Apart from the established role of H19 in promoting cell growth, proliferation, invasion, migration, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and metastasis, it has been recently discovered that H19 also inhibits programmed cell death (PCD) of cancer cells. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms by which H19 regulates PCD in cancer cells through various signaling pathways, molecular mechanisms, and epigenetic modifications. H19 regulates PCD through the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and the PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway. It also acts as a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) in PCD regulation. The interaction between H19 and RNA-binding proteins (RBP) regulates apoptosis in cancer. Moreover, epigenetic modifications, including DNA and RNA methylation and histone modifications, are also involved in H19-associated PCD regulation. In conclusion, we summarize the role of H19 signaling via PCD in cancer chemoresistance, highlighting the promising research significance of H19 as a therapeutic target. We hope that our study will contribute to a broader understanding of H19 in cancer development and treatment.

Modulatory Role of Autophagy in Metformin Therapeutic Activity toward Doxorubicin-Induced Nephrotoxicity

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a frequent chemotherapeutic drug used to treat various malignant tumors. One of the key factors that diminish its therapeutic importance is DOX-induced nephrotoxicity. The first-line oral antidiabetic drug is metformin (Met), which also has antioxidant properties. The purpose of our study was to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms for the potential protective effects of Met on DOX-triggered nephrotoxicity. Four animal groups were assigned as follows; animals received vehicle (control group), 200 mg/kg Met (Met group), DOX 15 mg/kg DOX (DOX group), and a combination of DOX and Met (DOX/Met group). Our results demonstrated that DOX administration caused marked histological alterations of widespread inflammation and tubular degeneration. Notably, the DOX-induced dramatic up-regulation of the nuclear factor-kappa B/P65 (NF-κB/P65), microtubule-associated protein light chain 3B (LC3B), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), 8-hydroxy-2' -deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and Beclin-1 in renal tissue. A marked increase in the malondialdehyde (MDA) tissue level and a decrease in the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were also recorded in DOX-exposed animals. Interestingly, Met could minimize all histopathological changes as well as the disruptions caused by DOX in the aforementioned measures. Thus, Met provided a workable method for suppressing the nephrotoxicity that occurred during the DOX regimen via the deactivation of the Beclin-1/LC3B pathway.

Functional characterization of maternally accumulated hydrolases in the mature oocytes of the vector Rhodnius prolixus reveals a new protein phosphatase essential for the activation of the yolk mobilization and embryo development

Yolk biogenesis and consumption have been well conserved in oviparous animals throughout evolution. Most egg-laying animals store yolk proteins within the oocytes' yolk granules (Ygs). Following fertilization, the Ygs participate in controlled pathways of yolk breakdown to support the developing embryo's anabolic metabolism. While the unfolding of the yolk degradation program is a crucial process for successful development in many species, the molecular mechanisms responsible for yolk mobilization are still mysterious and have mostly not been explored. Here, we investigate the functional role of the oocyte maternally accumulated mRNAs of a protein phosphatase (PP501) and two aspartic proteases (cathepsin-D 405, CD405 and cathepsin-D 352, CD352) in the yolk degradation and reproduction of the insect vector of Chagas disease Rhodnius prolixus. We found that PP501 and CD352 are highly expressed in the vitellogenic ovary when compared to the other organs of the adult insect. Parental RNAi silencing of PP501 resulted in a drastic reduction in oviposition and increased embryo lethality whereas the silencing of CD352 resulted only in a slight decrease in oviposition and embryo viability. To further investigate the PP501-caused high reproduction impairment, we investigated the Ygs biogenesis during oocyte maturation and the activation of the yolk degradation program at early development. We found that the Ygs biogenesis was deficient during oogenesis, as seen by flow cytometry, and that, although the PP501-silenced unviable eggs were fertilized, the Ygs acidification and acid phosphatase activity were affected, culminating in a full impairment of the yolk proteins degradation at early embryogenesis. Altogether we found that PP501 is required for the oocyte maturation and the activation of the yolk degradation, being, therefore, essential for this vector reproduction.

VectorBase.org updates: bioinformatic resources for invertebrate vectors of human pathogens and related organisms

VectorBase (VectorBase.org) is part of the VEuPathDB Bioinformatics Resource Center, providing free online access to multi-omics and population biology data, focusing on arthropod vectors and invertebrates of importance to human health. VectorBase includes genomics and functional genomics data from bed bugs, biting midges, body lice, kissing bugs, mites, mosquitoes, sand flies, ticks, tsetse flies, stable flies, house flies, fruit flies, and a snail intermediate host. Tools include the Search Strategy system and MapVEu, enabling users to interrogate and visualize diverse 'omics and population-level data using a graphical interface (no programming experience required). Users can also analyze their own private data, such as transcriptomic sequences, exploring their results in the context of other publicly-available information in the database. Help Desk: help@vectorbase.org.