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Bradbury RS, Streit A. Is strongyloidiasis a zoonosis from dogs? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20220445. [PMID: 38008118 PMCID: PMC10676807 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Strongyloides stercoralis infection remains a major veterinary and public health challenge globally. This chronic and potentially lifelong disease has fatal outcomes in immunosuppressed people and dogs. Currently, the role of dogs in the transmission cycle of human strongyloidiasis remains enigmatic. While zoonotic transmission to humans from companion animals has been proposed, this has not been confirmed. Modern molecular methods have allowed greater opportunity to explore the genotypes of S. stercoralis in dogs and humans. Work thus far has demonstrated that at least two distinct lineages exist, one apparently confined to canine hosts and one found in canine, feline, human and non-human primate hosts. Although genotyping of dog and human isolates from the same village has demonstrated identical genotypes in both species, coprophagia of human waste by dogs confounds interpretation. It remains unclear if dogs act as a zoonotic reservoir for human infection, or vice versa, or if this occurs only in some regions of the world and not in others. These questions must be answered before effective control strategies for strongyloidiasis can be instituted. This review explores the evidence for and against cross-species transmission of S. stercoralis between dogs and humans and summarizes future directions for research in this area. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting Issue 'Strongyloides: omics to worm-free populations'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S. Bradbury
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Federation University, Melbourne, Victoria 3806, Australia
| | - Adrian Streit
- Department for Integrative Evolutionary Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
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Alsharedeh RH, Rezigue M, Bashatwah RM, Amawi H, Aljabali AAA, Obeid MA, Tambuwala MM. Nanomaterials as a Potential Target for Infectious Parasitic Agents. Curr Drug Deliv 2024; 21:828-851. [PMID: 36815647 DOI: 10.2174/1567201820666230223085403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
Despite the technological advancement in the era of personalized medicine and therapeutics development, infectious parasitic causative agents remain one of the most challenging areas of research and development. The disadvantages of conventional parasitic prevention and control are the emergence of multiple drug resistance as well as the non-specific targeting of intracellular parasites, which results in high dose concentration needs and subsequently intolerable cytotoxicity. Nanotechnology has attracted extensive interest to reduce medication therapy adverse effects including poor bioavailability and drug selectivity. Numerous nanomaterials-based delivery systems have previously been shown in animal models to be effective in the treatment of various parasitic infections. This review discusses a variety of nanomaterials-based antiparasitic procedures and techniques as well as the processes that allow them to be targeted to different parasitic infections. This review focuses on the key prerequisites for creating novel nanotechnology-based carriers as a potential option in parasite management, specifically in the context of human-related pathogenic parasitic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rawan H Alsharedeh
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid, 21163, Jordan
| | - Meriem Rezigue
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid, 21163, Jordan
| | - Rasha M Bashatwah
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid, 21163, Jordan
| | - Haneen Amawi
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Alaa A A Aljabali
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid, 21163, Jordan
| | - Mohammad A Obeid
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid, 21163, Jordan
| | - Murtaza M Tambuwala
- Lincoln Medical School, Brayford Pool Campus, University of Lincoln, Lincoln LN6 7TS, United Kingdom
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3
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Hoogerwerf MA, Janse JJ, Kuiper VP, van Schuijlenburg R, Kruize YC, Sijtsma JC, Nosoh BA, Koopman JPR, Verbeek-Menken PH, Westra IM, Meij P, Brienen EA, Visser LG, van Lieshout L, Jochems SP, Yazdanbakhsh M, Roestenberg M. Protective efficacy of short-term infection with Necator americanus hookworm larvae in healthy volunteers in the Netherlands: a single-centre, placebo-controlled, randomised, controlled, phase 1 trial. THE LANCET. MICROBE 2023; 4:e1024-e1034. [PMID: 38042152 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(23)00218-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccine development against hookworm is hampered by the absence of the development of protective immunity in populations repeatedly exposed to hookworm, limiting identification of mechanisms of protective immunity and new vaccine targets. Immunisation with attenuated larvae has proven effective in dogs and partial immunity has been achieved using an irradiated larvae model in healthy volunteers. We aimed to investigate the protective efficacy of immunisation with short-term larval infection against hookworm challenge. METHODS We did a single-centre, placebo-controlled, randomised, controlled, phase 1 trial at Leiden University Medical Center (Leiden, Netherlands). Healthy volunteers (aged 18-45 years) were recruited using advertisements on social media and in publicly accessible areas. Volunteers were randomly assigned (2:1) to receive three short-term infections with 50 infectious Necator americanus third-stage filariform larvae (50L3) or placebo. Infection was abrogated with a 3-day course of albendazole 400 mg, 2 weeks after each exposure. Subsequently all volunteers were challenged with two doses of 50L3 at a 2-week interval. The primary endpoint was egg load (geometric mean per g faeces) measured weekly between weeks 12 and 16 after first challenge, assessed in the per-protocol population, which included all randomly assigned volunteers with available data on egg counts at week 12-16 after challenge. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03702530. FINDINGS Between Nov 8 and Dec 14, 2018, 26 volunteers were screened, of whom 23 enrolled in the trial. The first immunisation was conducted on Dec 18, 2018. 23 volunteers were randomly assigned (15 to the intervention group and eight to the placebo group). Egg load after challenge was lower in the intervention group than the placebo group (geometric mean 571 eggs per g [range 372-992] vs 873 eggs per g [268-1484]); however, this difference was not statistically significant (p=0·10). Five volunteers in the intervention group developed a severe skin rash, which was associated with 40% reduction in egg counts after challenge (geometric mean 742 eggs per g [range 268-1484] vs 441 eggs per g [range 380-520] after challenge; p=0·0025) and associated with higher peak IgG1 titres. INTERPRETATION To our knowledge, this is the first study to describe a protective effect of short-term exposure to hookworm larvae and show an association with skin response, eosinophilic response, and IgG1. These findings could inform future hookworm vaccine development. FUNDING Dioraphte Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Astrid Hoogerwerf
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline J Janse
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Vincent P Kuiper
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | | | - Yvonne Cm Kruize
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jeroen C Sijtsma
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Beckley A Nosoh
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jan-Pieter R Koopman
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Petra H Verbeek-Menken
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Inge M Westra
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, and Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Pauline Meij
- Leiden University Center for Infectious Diseases, and Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Eric At Brienen
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Leo G Visser
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Lisette van Lieshout
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Simon P Jochems
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Maria Yazdanbakhsh
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Meta Roestenberg
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands; Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands.
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Ramlal A, Nautiyal A, Kumar J, Mishra V, Sogan N, Nasser B. Singab A. Botanicals against some important nematodal diseases: Ascariasis and hookworm infections. Saudi J Biol Sci 2023; 30:103814. [PMID: 37841664 PMCID: PMC10570706 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2023.103814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Ascariasis and intestinal parasitic nematodes are the leading cause of mass mortality infecting many people across the globe. In light of the various deleterious side effects of modern chemical-based allopathic drugs, our preferences have currently shifted towards the use of traditional plant-based drugs or botanicals for treating diseases. The defensive propensities in the botanicals against parasites have probably evolved during their co-habitation with parasites, humans and plants in nature and hence their combative interference in one another's defensive mechanisms has occurred naturally ultimately being very effective in treating diseases. This article broadly outlines the utility of plant-based compounds or botanicals prepared from various medicinal herbs that have the potential to be developed as effective therapies against the important parasites causing ascariasis and intestinal hookworm infections leading to ascariasis & infections and thereby human mortality, wherein allopathic treatments are less effective and causes enormous side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayyagari Ramlal
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), Pusa Campus, New Delhi, Delhi, India 110012
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Georgetown, Penang, Malaysia 11800
| | - Aparna Nautiyal
- Department of Botany, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India 110019
| | - Jitendra Kumar
- Bangalore Bioinnovation Centre, Life Sciences Park, Electronics City Phase 1, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India 560100
- Biotechnology Industry Research Assistance Council (BIRAC), First Floor, MTNL Building, 9 Lodhi Road, CGO Complex, Pragati Vihar, New Delhi, Delhi, India 110003
| | - Vachaspati Mishra
- Department of Botany, Deen Dayal Upadhyay College, University of Delhi, Dwarka, Delhi, India 110078
| | - Nisha Sogan
- Department of Botany, Deshbandhu College, University of Delhi, Delhi, India 110019
| | - Abdel Nasser B. Singab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt 11156
- Centre of Drug Discovery Research and Development, Ain Shams University, Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt
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Caraballo L, Llinás-Caballero K. The Relationship of Parasite Allergens to Allergic Diseases. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2023; 23:363-373. [PMID: 37269427 PMCID: PMC10354133 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-023-01089-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Helminth infections modify the natural history of allergic diseases, by either decreasing or increasing their symptoms. Several helminth components are involved in the increasing of the allergic response and symptoms, overcoming the concomitant immunosuppression of helminthiases. However, the role of individual IgE-binding molecules in this process remains to be defined. RECENT FINDINGS We updated the list of helminth allergens and IgE-binding molecules, their effects on asthma presentation, and their impact on allergy diagnosis. Data from genetic and epigenetic studies of ascariasis are analyzed. A new species-specific A. lumbricoides allergen has been discovered, with potential use in molecular diagnosis. Most helminth IgE-binding components are not officially classified as allergens in the WHO/IUIS database, although there is evidence of their influence increasing allergic manifestations. Further immunological characterization of these components is needed to better understand their mechanisms of action and evaluate the ways in which they can influence the diagnosis of allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Caraballo
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
| | - Kevin Llinás-Caballero
- Institute for Immunological Research, University of Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias, Colombia
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Li H, Gazzola D, Hu Y, Aroian RV. An efficient method for viable cryopreservation and recovery of hookworms and other gastrointestinal nematodes in the laboratory. Int J Parasitol 2023:S0020-7519(23)00093-0. [PMID: 37201563 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2023.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Hookworms (genera Ancylostoma and Necator) are amongst the most prevalent and important parasites of humans globally. These intestinal parasites ingest blood, resulting in anemia, growth stunting, malnutrition, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. They are also critical parasites of dogs and other animals. In addition, hookworms and hookworm products are being explored for their use in treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. There is thus a significant and growing interest in these mammalian host-obligate parasites. Laboratory research is hampered by the lack of good means of cryopreservation and recovery of parasites. Here, we describe a robust method for long-term (≥3 year) cryopreservation and recovery of both Ancylostoma and Necator hookworms that is also applicable to two other intestinal parasites that passage through the infective L3 stage, Strongyloides ratti and Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri. The key is a revised recovery method, in which cryopreserved L1s are thawed and raised to the infective L3 stage using activated charcoal mixed with uninfected feces from a permissive host. This technique will greatly facilitate research on and availability of gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes with great importance to global health, companion animal health, and autoimmune/inflammatory disease therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanchen Li
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - David Gazzola
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Yan Hu
- Department of Biology, Worcester State University, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Raffi V Aroian
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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Li H, Gazzola D, Hu Y, Aroian RV. An efficient method for viable cryopreservation of hookworms and other gastrointestinal nematodes in the laboratory. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.01.526637. [PMID: 36778351 PMCID: PMC9915591 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.01.526637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hookworms (genera Ancylostoma and Necator ) are amongst of the most prevalent and important parasites of humans globally. These intestinal parasites ingest blood, resulting in anemia, growth stunting, malnutrition, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. They are also critical parasites of dogs and other animals. In addition, hookworms and hookworm products are being explored for their use in treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. There is thus a significant and growing interest in these mammalian host-obligate parasites. Laboratory research is hampered by the lack of good means of cryopreservation. Here, we describe a robust method for long-term (≥3 year) cryoprotection and recovery of both Ancylostoma and Necator hookworms that is also applicable to two other intestinal parasites that passages through the infective third larval stage, Strongyloides ratti and H eligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri . The key is the use cryo-preserved first-staged larvae raised to the infective third larval stage using activated charcoal mixed with uninfected feces from a permissive host. This technique will greatly facilitate research on and availability of gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes with great importance to global health, companion animal health, and autoimmune/inflammatory disease therapies.
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Yang Y, Ding X, Chen F, Wu X, Chen Y, Zhang Q, Cao J, Wang J, Dai Y. Inhibition Effects of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and Its Derivatives against Atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- Mice through Anti-Inflammatory Response. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101208. [PMID: 36297265 PMCID: PMC9610917 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a dominant and growing cause of death and disability worldwide that involves inflammation from its inception to the emergence of complications. Studies have demonstrated that intervention with helminth infections or derived products could modulate the host immune response and effectively prevent or mitigate the onset and progression of inflammation-related diseases. Therefore, to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of atherosclerosis, we intervened in ApoE-/- mice maintained on a high-fat diet with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (N. brasiliensis) infection and immunized with its derived products. We found that N. brasiliensis infection and its derived proteins had suitable protective effects both in the initial and progressive stages of atherosclerosis, effectively reducing aortic arch plaque areas and liver lipid contents and downregulating serum LDL levels, which may be associated with the significant upregulation of serum anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10 and IL-4) and the down-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IFN-γ) in the serum. In conclusion, these data highlighted the effective regulatory role of N. brasiliensis and its derived proteins in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. This could provide a promising new avenue for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yougui Yang
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Key Laboratory of National Health Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi 214064, China
| | - Xin Ding
- Key Laboratory of National Health Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi 214064, China
| | - Fuzhong Chen
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xiaomin Wu
- Key Laboratory of National Health Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi 214064, China
- Microbiological Laboratory, Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hefei 230601, China
| | - Yuying Chen
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Key Laboratory of National Health Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi 214064, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of National Health Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi 214064, China
| | - Jun Cao
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Key Laboratory of National Health Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi 214064, China
| | - Junhong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (Y.D.)
| | - Yang Dai
- School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Key Laboratory of National Health Commission on Parasitic Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Jiangsu Province on Parasite and Vector Control Technology, Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Wuxi 214064, China
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (Y.D.)
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Roose S, Leta GT, Vlaminck J, Getachew B, Mekete K, Peelaers I, Geldhof P, Levecke B. Comparison of coproprevalence and seroprevalence to guide decision-making in national soil-transmitted helminthiasis control programs: Ethiopia as a case study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010824. [PMID: 36197895 PMCID: PMC9534397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND WHO recommends periodical assessment of the prevalence of any soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections to adapt the frequency of mass drug administration targeting STHs. Today, detection of eggs in stool smears (Kato-Katz thick smear) remains the diagnostic standard. However, stool examination (coprology) has important operational drawbacks and impedes integrated surveys of multiple neglected tropical diseases. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to assess the potential of applying serology instead of coprology in STH control program decision-making. METHODOLOGY An antibody-ELISA based on extract of Ascaris lung stage larvae (AsLungL3-ELISA) was applied in ongoing monitoring activities of the Ethiopian national control program against schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminthiasis. Blood and stool samples were collected from over 6,700 students (median age: 11) from 63 schools in 33 woredas (districts) across the country. Stool samples of two consecutive days were analyzed applying duplicate Kato-Katz thick smear. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS On woreda level, qualitative (seroprevalence) and quantitative (mean optical density ratio) serology results were highly correlated, and hence seroprevalence was chosen as parameter. For 85% of the woredas, prevalence based on serology was higher than those based on coprology. The results suggested cross-reactivity of the AsLungL3-ELISA with Trichuris. When extrapolating the WHO coproprevalence thresholds, there was a moderate agreement (weighted κ = 0.43) in program decision-making. Using the same threshold values would predominantly lead to a higher frequency of drug administration. SIGNIFICANCE This is the first time that serology for soil-transmitted helminthiasis is applied on such large scale, thereby embedded in a control program context. The results underscore that serology holds promise as a tool to monitor STH control programs. Further research should focus on the optimization of the diagnostic assay and the refinement of serology-specific program decision-making thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Roose
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- * E-mail: (SR); (BL)
| | - Gemechu Tadesse Leta
- Bacterial, Parasitic and Zoonotic Diseases Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Johnny Vlaminck
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Birhanu Getachew
- Bacterial, Parasitic and Zoonotic Diseases Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Kalkidan Mekete
- Bacterial, Parasitic and Zoonotic Diseases Research Directorate, Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Iris Peelaers
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Peter Geldhof
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Bruno Levecke
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
- * E-mail: (SR); (BL)
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White R, Blow F, Buck AH, Duque-Correa MA. Organoids as tools to investigate gastrointestinal nematode development and host interactions. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:976017. [PMID: 36034712 PMCID: PMC9411932 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.976017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal nematodes are a diverse class of pathogens that colonise a quarter of the world's human population and nearly all grazing livestock. These macroparasites establish, and some migrate, within host gastrointestinal niches during their life cycles and release molecules that condition the host mucosa to enable chronic infections. Understanding how helminths do this, and defining the molecules and mechanisms involved in host modulation, holds promise for novel strategies of anthelmintics and vaccines, as well as new knowledge of immune regulation and tissue repair. Yet the size and complexity of these multicellular parasites, coupled with the reliance on hosts to maintain their life cycles, present obstacles to interrogate how they interact with the gastric and intestinal epithelium, stroma and immune cells during infection, and also to develop protocols to genetically modify these parasites. Gastrointestinal organoids have transformed research on gastric and gut physiology during homeostasis and disease, including investigations on host-pathogen interactions with viruses, bacteria, protozoa and more recently, parasitic nematodes. Here we outline applications and important considerations for the best use of organoids to study gastrointestinal nematode development and interactions with their hosts. The careful use of different organoid culture configurations in order to achieve a closer replication of the in vivo infection context will lead not only to new knowledge on gastrointestinal nematode infection biology, but also towards the replication of their life cycles in vitro, and the development of valuable experimental tools such as genetically modified parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby White
- Institute of Immunology & Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Maria A. Duque-Correa, ; Ruby White,
| | - Frances Blow
- Institute of Immunology & Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Amy H. Buck
- Institute of Immunology & Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - María A. Duque-Correa
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom,*Correspondence: Maria A. Duque-Correa, ; Ruby White,
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11
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Chapman PR, Llewellyn S, Jennings H, Becker L, Giacomin P, McDougall R, Robson J, Loukas A, McCarthy J. The production of Necator americanus larvae for use in experimental human infection. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:242. [PMID: 35804460 PMCID: PMC9264692 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05371-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although there is unprecedented interest in experimental human hookworm infection, details of hookworm manufacture and characterisation have been sparsely reported. In this report, we detail the production and characterisation of Necator americanus larvae for use in a recently published clinical trial. Methods Faeces was obtained from an experimentally infected donor. Faecal hookworm DNA was determined by quantitative PCR. Paired samples were incubated in either sterile water or sterile water mixed with antimicrobials (amphotericin and gentamicin). Coproculture was performed by modified Harada-Mori method. The harvested larvae were then processed in either sterile water or antiseptic solution. Larval yield was then calculated (larvae per gram), larval viability was determined by thermally induced motility assay and microbial burden was determined at the day of harvest, at 48 h and at 7 days. Results Twenty-eight faecal cultures were performed over 16 months. The faecal hookworm DNA content was variable over this time. There was no association of larval yield with faecal hookworm DNA content. Pre-treatment of faeces with antimicrobials did not influence larval yield. Larval motility was 85.3% (95% CI 79.3–91.3%). Incubation of larvae in antiseptics did not reduce viability at 14 days with a marginal mean of 68.6% (95% CI 59.1–78.1%) washed in water vs. 63.3% (95% CI 53.8 – 72.9%) when incubated in betadine (p = 0.38). Larvae washed in sterile water did not meet microbial bioburden criteria. Incubation in antiseptic resulted in acceptable microbial bioburden at 48 h but not at 7 days. Although the addition of gentamicin did reduce the microbial bio-burden acceptable levels, it was found to significantly lower larval motility at 7 days compared to incubation in sterile water and motility at 7 days 37.8% (95% CI 4.7–70.9%) vs. 67.3% (95% CI 35.2–99.3%, p < 0.001), respectively. Conclusions Despite standardised culture methodologies and the use of a single donor, larval yield varied considerably between batches and had no association with faecal hookworm DNA. Larval viability decreases over time and the age of larvae at time of use are likely to be important. Microbial bioburden maybe temporarily reduced by incubation in antiseptics and has little effect on viability. Incubation of larvae in gentamicin is effective at reducing microbial bioburden but is deleterious to larval viability. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-022-05371-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Chapman
- Clinical Tropical Medicine, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia. .,RBWH Infectious Diseases, Bowen Hills and Herston, Australia.
| | - Stacey Llewellyn
- Statistics Unit, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Helen Jennings
- Clinical Tropical Medicine, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Luke Becker
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Paul Giacomin
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Rodney McDougall
- Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Bowen Hills and Herston, Australia
| | - Jennifer Robson
- Sullivan Nicolaides Pathology, Bowen Hills and Herston, Australia
| | - Alex Loukas
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - James McCarthy
- Centre for Molecular Therapeutics, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
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Martin RJ. Therapeutic and Diagnostic Innovation for Parasitology: Grand Challenges. FRONTIERS IN PARASITOLOGY 2022; 1:963671. [PMID: 37293539 PMCID: PMC10249670 DOI: 10.3389/fpara.2022.963671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard J. Martin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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13
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Ma L, Nouhoum D, Wang W, Zhang Z, Hou X, Yu X, Deng W, Guan J, Huang S, Wu X. A case of severe hookworm infection. ZHONG NAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF CENTRAL SOUTH UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCES 2022; 47:814-822. [PMID: 35837783 PMCID: PMC10930016 DOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2022.210593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
With the improvement of sanitation, the infection rate of hookworm is greatly reduced and the severe infected case is rarely reported. Combined morphological and molecular biological examinations, a severe hookworm infection patient was diagnosed in Department of Laboratorial Examination, Quanzhou First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University. The morphological methods such as direct fecal smear microscopy, saturated brine flotation and hookworm larvae culture methods were used to identify the eggs and larvae from stool samples of the patient. There were a large number of hookworm eggs in patient's stool samples, and the average count was 60 840 per gram by modified Kato method, which belonged to severe hookworm infection. Meanwhile, to distinguish the hookworm species, the semi-nested RT-PCR assay was employed to detect hookworm internal transcribed spacer series from eggs in patient's stool samples, and the result showed that the hookworm species was confirmed to be Necator americanus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghui Ma
- Department of Laboratorial Examination, Quanzhou First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou Fujian 362000.
| | - Dibo Nouhoum
- Department of Prevention and Control, Hunan Institute of Schistosomiasis Control, Yueyang Hunan 414021
| | - Wanni Wang
- Department of Laboratorial Examination, Quanzhou First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou Fujian 362000
| | - Zhishan Zhang
- Department of Laboratorial Examination, Quanzhou First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou Fujian 362000
| | - Xunya Hou
- Department of Prevention and Control, Hunan Institute of Schistosomiasis Control, Yueyang Hunan 414021
- Key Laboratory of Immunization and Transmission Control of Schistosomiasis in Hunan Province, Yueyang Hunan 414125
| | - Xinling Yu
- Department of Prevention and Control, Hunan Institute of Schistosomiasis Control, Yueyang Hunan 414021
- Key Laboratory of Immunization and Transmission Control of Schistosomiasis in Hunan Province, Yueyang Hunan 414125
| | - Weicheng Deng
- Department of Prevention and Control, Hunan Institute of Schistosomiasis Control, Yueyang Hunan 414021
- Key Laboratory of Immunization and Transmission Control of Schistosomiasis in Hunan Province, Yueyang Hunan 414125
| | - Jie Guan
- Department of Pathology, Hunan Aerospace Hospital, Changsha 410006
| | - Shuaiqin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Immunization and Transmission Control of Schistosomiasis in Hunan Province, Yueyang Hunan 414125.
- Departmentof Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Xiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Immunization and Transmission Control of Schistosomiasis in Hunan Province, Yueyang Hunan 414125.
- Departmentof Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
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Loke P, Lee SC, Oyesola OO. Effects of helminths on the human immune response and the microbiome. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:1224-1233. [PMID: 35732819 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00532-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Helminths have evolved sophisticated immune regulating mechanisms to prevent rejection by their mammalian host. Our understanding of how the human immune system responds to these parasites remains poor compared to mouse models of infection and this limits our ability to develop vaccines as well as harness their unique properties as therapeutic strategies against inflammatory disorders. Here, we review how recent studies on human challenge infections, self-infected individuals, travelers, and endemic populations have improved our understanding of human type 2 immunity and its effects on the microbiome. The heterogeneity of responses between individuals and the limited access to tissue samples beyond the peripheral blood are challenges that limit human studies on helminths, but also provide opportunities to transform our understanding of human immunology. Organoids and single-cell sequencing are exciting new tools for immunological analysis that may aid this pursuit. Learning about the genetic and immunological basis of resistance, tolerance, and pathogenesis to helminth infections may thus uncover mechanisms that can be utilized for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- P'ng Loke
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
| | - Soo Ching Lee
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Oyebola O Oyesola
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
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15
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Gildner TE, Cepon-Robins TJ, Urlacher SS. Cumulative host energetic costs of soil-transmitted helminth infection. Trends Parasitol 2022; 38:629-641. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2022.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Loukas A, Croese J, Rees MA, McCarthy JS. Not All Worms Were Created Equal. Front Immunol 2022; 13:877707. [PMID: 35359963 PMCID: PMC8960138 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.877707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Loukas
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - John Croese
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Megan A Rees
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Sleep Disorders, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - James S McCarthy
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, Royal Melbourne Hospital, and Peter Doherty Institute of Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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17
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Vacca F, Le Gros G. Tissue-specific immunity in helminth infections. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:1212-1223. [PMID: 35680972 PMCID: PMC9178325 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-022-00531-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A characteristic feature of host responses to helminth infections is the development of profound systemic and tissue-localised Type 2 immune responses that play critical roles in immunity, tissue repair and tolerance of the parasite at tissue sites. These same Type 2 responses are also seen in the tissue-associated immune-pathologies seen in asthma, atopic dermatitis and many forms of allergies. The recent identification of new subtypes of immune cells and cytokine pathways that influence both immune and non-immune cells and tissues creates the opportunity for reviewing helminth parasite-host responses in the context of tissue specific immunity. This review focuses on the new discoveries of the cells and cytokines involved in tissue specific immune responses to helminths and how these contribute to host immunity against helminth infection and allow the host to accommodate the presence of parasites when they cannot be eliminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Vacca
- grid.250086.90000 0001 0740 0291Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Graham Le Gros
- grid.250086.90000 0001 0740 0291Malaghan Institute of Medical Research, Wellington, New Zealand
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