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Qian MB, Keiser J, Utzinger J, Zhou XN. Clonorchiasis and opisthorchiasis: epidemiology, transmission, clinical features, morbidity, diagnosis, treatment, and control. Clin Microbiol Rev 2024; 37:e0000923. [PMID: 38169283 PMCID: PMC10938900 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00009-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis viverrini, and Opisthorchis felineus are important liver flukes that cause a considerable public health burden in eastern Asia, southeastern Asia, and eastern Europe, respectively. The life cycles are complex, involving humans, animal reservoirs, and two kinds of intermediate hosts. An interplay of biological, cultural, ecological, economic, and social factors drives transmission. Chronic infections are associated with liver and biliary complications, most importantly cholangiocarcinoma. With regard to diagnosis, stool microscopy is widely used in epidemiologic surveys and for individual diagnosis. Immunologic techniques are employed for screening purposes, and molecular techniques facilitate species differentiation in reference laboratories. The mainstay of control is preventive chemotherapy with praziquantel, usually combined with behavioral change through information, education and communication, and environmental control. Tribendimidine, a drug registered in the People's Republic of China for soil-transmitted helminth infections, shows potential against both C. sinensis and O. viverrini and, hence, warrants further clinical development. Novel control approaches include fish vaccine and biological control. Considerable advances have been made using multi-omics which may trigger the development of new interventions. Pressing research needs include mapping the current distribution, disentangling the transmission, accurately estimating the disease burden, and developing new diagnostic and treatment tools, which would aid to optimize control and elimination measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Men-Bao Qian
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jennifer Keiser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jürg Utzinger
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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Zhan T, Wu Y, Deng X, Li Q, Chen Y, Lv J, Wang J, Li S, Wu Z, Liu D, Tang Z. Multi-omics approaches reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying the interaction between Clonorchis sinensis and mouse liver. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1286977. [PMID: 38076459 PMCID: PMC10710275 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1286977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Clonorchiasis remains a serious global public health problem, causing various hepatobiliary diseases. However, there is still a lack of overall understanding regarding the molecular events triggered by Clonorchis sinensis (C. sinensis) in the liver. Methods BALB/c mouse models infected with C. sinensis for 5, 10, 15, and 20 weeks were constructed. Liver pathology staining and observation were conducted to evaluate histopathology. The levels of biochemical enzymes, blood routine indices, and cytokines in the blood were determined. Furthermore, alterations in the transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome of mouse livers infected for 5 weeks were analyzed using multi-omics techniques. Results The results of this study indicated that adult C. sinensis can cause hepatosplenomegaly and liver damage, with the most severe symptoms observed at 5 weeks post-infection. However, as the infection persisted, the Th2 immune response increased and symptoms were relieved. Multi-omics analysis of liver infected for 5 weeks identified 191, 402 and 232 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), proteins (DEPs) and metabolites (DEMs), respectively. Both DEGs and DEPs were significantly enriched in liver fibrosis-related pathways such as ECM-receptor interaction and cell adhesion molecules. Key molecules associated with liver fibrosis and inflammation (Cd34, Epcam, S100a6, Fhl2, Itgax, and Retnlg) were up-regulated at both the gene and protein levels. The top three metabolic pathways, namely purine metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, and ABC transporters, were associated with liver cirrhosis, fibrosis, and cholestasis, respectively. Furthermore, metabolites that can promote liver inflammation and fibrosis, such as LysoPC(P-16:0/0:0), 20-COOH-leukotriene E4, and 14,15-DiHETrE, were significantly up-regulated. Conclusion Our study revealed that the most severe symptoms in mice infected with C. sinensis occurred at 5 weeks post-infection. Moreover, multi-omics analysis uncovered predominant molecular events related to fibrosis changes in the liver. This study not only enhances our understanding of clonorchiasis progression but also provides valuable insights into the molecular-level interaction mechanism between C. sinensis and its host liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingzheng Zhan
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yuhong Wu
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xueling Deng
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Regional Diseases (Guangxi Medical University), Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Schistosomiasis Prevention and Control Department, Hengzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hengzhou, China
| | - Jiahui Lv
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jilong Wang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Shitao Li
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Zhanshuai Wu
- Department of Immunology, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for treating High-Incidence Infectious Diseases with Integrative Medicine, Nanning, China
| | - Dengyu Liu
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Regional Diseases (Guangxi Medical University), Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Zeli Tang
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Longevity and Aging-related Diseases of Chinese Ministry of Education, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Key Laboratory of Basic Research on Regional Diseases (Guangxi Medical University), Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
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Ostermann T. On Moving House, Dachshunds, Preferences, Dictators, and Health Economics. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE AND COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE 2022; 28:909-910. [PMID: 36409526 DOI: 10.1089/jicm.2022.29112.editorial] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Ostermann
- Department of Psychology and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Health, Witten/Herdecke University, Witten, Germany
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