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Tang Q, Lan T, Zhou C, Gao J, Wu L, Wei H, Li W, Tang Z, Tang W, Diao H, Xu Y, Peng X, Pang J, Zhao X, Sun Z. Nutrition strategies to control post-weaning diarrhea of piglets: From the perspective of feeds. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2024; 17:297-311. [PMID: 38800731 PMCID: PMC11127239 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2024.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Post-weaning diarrhea (PWD) is a globally significant threat to the swine industry. Historically, antibiotics as well as high doses of zinc oxide and copper sulfate have been commonly used to control PWD. However, the development of bacterial resistance and environmental pollution have created an interest in alternative strategies. In recent years, the research surrounding these alternative strategies and the mechanisms of piglet diarrhea has been continually updated. Mechanically, diarrhea in piglets is a result of an imbalance in intestinal fluid and electrolyte absorption and secretion. In general, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) and diarrheal viruses are known to cause an imbalance in the absorption and secretion of intestinal fluids and electrolytes in piglets, resulting in diarrhea when Cl- secretion-driven fluid secretion surpasses absorptive capacity. From a perspective of feedstuffs, factors that contribute to imbalances in fluid absorption and secretion in the intestines of weaned piglets include high levels of crude protein (CP), stimulation by certain antigenic proteins, high acid-binding capacity (ABC), and contamination with deoxynivalenol (DON) in the diet. In response, efforts to reduce CP levels in diets, select feedstuffs with lower ABC values, and process feedstuffs using physical, chemical, and biological approaches are important strategies for alleviating PWD in piglets. Additionally, the diet supplementation with additives such as vitamins and natural products can also play a role in reducing the diarrhea incidence in weaned piglets. Here, we examine the mechanisms of absorption and secretion of intestinal fluids and electrolytes in piglets, summarize nutritional strategies to control PWD in piglets from the perspective of feeds, and provide new insights towards future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsong Tang
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Tianyi Lan
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chengyu Zhou
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jingchun Gao
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Liuting Wu
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Haiyang Wei
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Wenxue Li
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhiru Tang
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Wenjie Tang
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Hui Diao
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Yetong Xu
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xie Peng
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jiaman Pang
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xuan Zhao
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zhihong Sun
- Laboratory for Bio-Feed and Molecular Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Yibin Academy of Southwest University, Yibin 644005, China
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von Mentzer A, Svennerholm AM. Colonization factors of human and animal-specific enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Trends Microbiol 2024; 32:448-464. [PMID: 38052687 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Colonization factors (CFs) are major virulence factors of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). This pathogen is among the most common causes of bacterial diarrhea in children in low- and middle-income countries, travelers, and livestock. CFs are major candidate antigens in vaccines under development as preventive measures against ETEC infections in humans and livestock. Recent molecular studies have indicated that newly identified CFs on human ETEC are closely related to animal ETEC CFs. Increased knowledge of pathogenic mechanisms, immunogenicity, regulation, and expression of ETEC CFs, as well as the possible spread of animal ETEC to humans, may facilitate the future development of ETEC vaccines for humans and animals. Here, we present an updated review of CFs in ETEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid von Mentzer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden; Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, UK.
| | - Ann-Mari Svennerholm
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
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Wu Z, Liu H, Wang X. Advancements in understanding bacterial enteritis pathogenesis through organoids. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:512. [PMID: 38622483 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09495-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Bacterial enteritis has a substantial role in contributing to a large portion of the global disease burden and serves as a major cause of newborn mortality. Despite advancements gained from current animal and cell models in improving our understanding of pathogens, their widespread application is hindered by apparent drawbacks. Therefore, more precise models are imperatively required to develop more accurate studies on host-pathogen interactions and drug discovery. Since the emergence of intestinal organoids, massive studies utilizing organoids have been conducted to study the pathogenesis of bacterial enteritis, revealing new mechanisms and validating established ones. In this review, we focus on the advancements of several bacterial pathogenesis mechanisms observed in intestinal organoid/enteroid models, exploring the host response and bacterial effectors during the infection process. Finally, we address the features that warrant additional investigation or could be enhanced in existing organoid models in order to guide future research endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyang Wu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Hongyuan Liu
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Xianli Wang
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Public Health, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Xu C, Fu F, She Y, Yang D, Peng K, Lin Y, Xu C. Development of a new candidate vaccine against piglet diarrhea caused by Escherichia coli. Open Life Sci 2023; 18:20220804. [PMID: 38196514 PMCID: PMC10775170 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2022-0804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is an important type of pathogenic bacteria that causes diarrhea in humans and young livestock. The pathogen has a high morbidity and mortality rate, resulting in significant economic losses in the pig industry. To effectively prevent piglet diarrhea, we developed a new tetravalent genetically engineered vaccine that specifically targets ETEC. To eliminate the natural toxin activity of ST1 enterotoxin and enhance the preventive effect of the vaccine, the mutated ST 1, K88ac, K99, and LT B genes were amplified by PCR and site-specific mutation techniques. The recombinant strain BL21(DE3)(pXKK3SL) was constructed and achieved high expression. Animal experiments showed that the inactivated vaccine had eliminated the natural toxin activity of ST1. The immune protection test demonstrated that the inclusion body and inactivated vaccine exhibited a positive immune effect. The protection rates of the inclusion body group and inactivated vaccine group were 96 and 98%, respectively, when challenged with 1 minimum lethal dose, indicating that the constructed K88ac-K99-3ST1-LTB vaccine achieved a strong immune effect. Additionally, the minimum immune doses for mice and pregnant sows were determined to be 0.2 and 2 mL, respectively. This study suggests that the novel K88ac-K99-3ST1-LTB vaccine has a wide immune spectrum and can prevent diarrhea caused by ETEC through enterotoxin and fimbrial pathways. The aforementioned research demonstrates that the K88ac-K99-3ST1-LTB vaccine offers a new genetically engineered vaccine that shows potential for preventing diarrhea in newborn piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongli Xu
- College of Medical Technology, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, 82 Daxuecheng Road, Chongqing401331, PR China
| | - Fengyang Fu
- College of Medical Technology, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, 82 Daxuecheng Road, Chongqing401331, PR China
| | - Yuhan She
- College of Medical Technology, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, 82 Daxuecheng Road, Chongqing401331, PR China
| | - Danni Yang
- College of Medical Technology, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, 82 Daxuecheng Road, Chongqing401331, PR China
| | - Kun Peng
- College of Medical Technology, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, 82 Daxuecheng Road, Chongqing401331, PR China
| | - Yimin Lin
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Translational Research for Cancer Metastasis and Individualized Treatment, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing400030, PR China
| | - ChongBo Xu
- School of Biology and Agriculture, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan512005, PR China
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Smith EM, Papadimas A, Gabor C, Cooney C, Wu T, Rasko D, Barry EM. The role of the minor colonization factor CS14 in adherence to intestinal cell models by geographically diverse ETEC isolates. mSphere 2023; 8:e0030223. [PMID: 37787523 PMCID: PMC10597352 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00302-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a primary causative agent of diarrhea in travelers and young children in low- to middle-income countries. ETEC adheres to small intestinal epithelia via colonization factors (CFs) and secretes heat-stable toxin and/or heat-labile toxin, causing dysregulated ion transport and water secretion. There are over 30 CFs identified, including major CFs associated with moderate-to-severe diarrhea (MSD) and minor CFs for which a role in pathogenesis is less clear. The Global Enteric Multicenter Study identified CS14, a class 5a fimbriae, as the only minor CF significantly associated with MSD and was recommended for inclusion in ETEC vaccines. Despite detection of CS14 in ETEC isolates, the sequence conservation of the CS14 operon, its role in adherence, and functional cross-reactivity to other class 5a fimbriae like CFA/I and CS4 are not understood. Sequence analysis determined that the CS14 operon is >99.9% identical among seven geographically diverse isolates with expanded sequence analysis demonstrating SNPs exclusively in the gene encoding the tip adhesin CsuD. Western blots and electron microscopy demonstrated that CS14 expression required the growth of isolates on CFA agar with the iron chelator deferoxamine mesylate. CS14 expression resulted in significantly increased adherence to cultured intestinal cells and human enteroids. Anti-CS14 antibodies and anti-CS4 antibodies, but not anti-CFA/I antibodies, inhibited the adherence of a subset of ETEC isolates, demonstrating CS14-specific inhibition with partial cross-reactivity within the class 5a fimbrial family. These data provide support for CS14 as an important fimbrial CF and its consideration as a vaccine antigen in future strategies. IMPORTANCE Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) infection causes profuse watery diarrhea in adults and children in low- to middle-income countries and is a leading cause of traveler's diarrhea. Despite increased use of rehydration therapies, young children especially can suffer long-term effects including gastrointestinal dysfunction as well as stunting and malnutrition. As there is no licensed vaccine for ETEC, there remains a need to identify and understand specific antigens for inclusion in vaccine strategies. This study investigated one adhesin named CS14. This adhesin is expressed on the bacterial surface of ETEC isolates and was recently recognized for its significant association with diarrheal disease. We demonstrated that CS14 plays a role in bacterial adhesion to human target cells, a critical first step in the disease process, and that adherence could be blocked by CS14-specific antibodies. This work will significantly impact the ETEC field by supporting inclusion of CS14 as an antigen for ETEC vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M. Smith
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Antonia Papadimas
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Caitlin Gabor
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ceanna Cooney
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Tao Wu
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David Rasko
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Eileen M. Barry
- Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Adeniyi-Ipadeola G, Nwanosike H, Ramani S. Human intestinal organoids as models to study enteric bacteria and viruses. Curr Opin Microbiol 2023; 75:102362. [PMID: 37536261 PMCID: PMC10529792 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2023.102362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory studies of host-microbe interactions have historically been carried out using transformed cell lines and animal models. Although much has been learned from these models, recent advances in the development of multicellular, physiologically active, human intestinal organoid (HIO) cultures are allowing unprecedented discoveries of host-microbe interactions. Here, we review recent literature using HIOs as models to investigate the pathogenesis of clinically important enteric bacteria and viruses and study commensal intestinal microbes. We also discuss limitations of current HIO culture systems and how technical advances and innovative engineering approaches are providing new directions to improve the model. The studies discussed here highlight the potential of HIOs for studying microbial pathogenesis, host-microbe interactions, and for preclinical development of therapeutics and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Adeniyi-Ipadeola
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hephzibah Nwanosike
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sasirekha Ramani
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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Doran MH, Baker JL, Dahlberg T, Andersson M, Bullitt E. Three structural solutions for bacterial adhesion pilus stability and superelasticity. Structure 2023; 31:529-540.e7. [PMID: 37001523 PMCID: PMC10164138 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2023.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial adhesion pili are key virulence factors that mediate host-pathogen interactions in diverse epithelial environments. Deploying a multimodal approach, we probed the structural basis underpinning the biophysical properties of pili originating from enterotoxigenic (ETEC) and uropathogenic bacteria. Using cryo-electron microscopy we solved the structures of three vaccine target pili from ETEC bacteria, CFA/I, CS17, and CS20. Pairing these and previous pilus structures with force spectroscopy and steered molecular dynamics simulations, we find a strong correlation between subunit-subunit interaction energies and the force required for pilus unwinding, irrespective of genetic similarity. Pili integrate three structural solutions for stabilizing their assemblies: layer-to-layer interactions, N-terminal interactions to distant subunits, and extended loop interactions from adjacent subunits. Tuning of these structural solutions alters the biophysical properties of pili and promotes the superelastic behavior that is essential for sustained bacterial attachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew H Doran
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Joseph L Baker
- Department of Chemistry, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ 08628, USA
| | | | - Magnus Andersson
- Department of Physics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden; Umeå Centre for Microbial Research (UCMR), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Esther Bullitt
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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Brumfield K, Seo H, Idegwu N, Artman C, Gonyar L, Nataro J, Zhang W, Sack D, Geyer J, Goepp J. Feasibility of avian antibodies as prophylaxis against enterotoxigenic escherichia coli colonization. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1011200. [PMID: 36341430 PMCID: PMC9627289 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1011200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This research aims to evaluate the feasibility of using avian immunoglobulins (IgY) raised against adhesion factors of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) as prophylaxis of diarrheal illness caused by these pathogens. ETEC requires adhesion to human intestinal epithelial cells as a primary step in establishing enteric infection. Therefore, inhibition of adhesion may prevent such infections and reduce clinical burdens of diarrheal illness. Methods IgY samples were prepared from eggs of hens immunized with an adhesin-tip multiepitope fusion antigen (MEFA), developed against nine adhesin tip epitopes derived from clinically relevant ETEC strains. The resulting IgY was evaluated for its ability to inhibit adhesion of ETEC to cell-surface targets. Potential impacts of anti-MEFA IgY on growth of both pathogenic and commensal E. coli isolates were also evaluated. Results Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) titers were achieved for IgY targeting each of the nine individual epitopes included in the adhesin-tip MEFA. Furthermore, anti-MEFA titers exceeding 1:219 were sustained for at least 23 weeks. All ETEC strains used in design of the adhesin-tip MEFA, and five of five clinical ETEC strains were significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited from adhesion to mammalian cells in culture. Conclusions These findings demonstrate that IgY targeting ETEC adhesin-tip MEFA have the potential to disrupt in vitro adherence of ETEC. A formulation containing adhesin-tip MEFA IgY can be considered a potential candidate for in vivo evaluation as prophylaxis of diarrheal diseases. Animal studies of this formulation are planned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Brumfield
- Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
- University of Maryland Institute for Advanced Computer Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Hyesuk Seo
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Nnebuefe Idegwu
- Department of Therapeutics Development, Scaled Microbiomics, Hagerstown, MD, United States
| | - Chad Artman
- Department of Therapeutics Development, Scaled Microbiomics, Hagerstown, MD, United States
| | - Laura Gonyar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - James Nataro
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Weiping Zhang
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - David Sack
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - James Geyer
- Institute for Rural Health Research, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
| | - Julius Goepp
- Department of Therapeutics Development, Scaled Microbiomics, Hagerstown, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Julius Goepp,
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