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Sharma H, Mossman K, Austin RC. Fatal attractions that trigger inflammation and drive atherosclerotic disease. Eur J Clin Invest 2024; 54:e14169. [PMID: 38287209 DOI: 10.1111/eci.14169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis is the salient, underlying cause of cardiovascular diseases, such as arrhythmia, coronary artery disease, cardiomyopathy, pulmonary embolism and myocardial infarction. In recent years, atherosclerosis pathophysiology has evolved from a lipid-based to an inflammation-centric ideology. METHODS This narrative review is comprised of review and original articles that were found through the PubMed search engine. The following search terms or amalgamation of terms were used: "cardiovascular disease," "atherosclerosis," "inflammation," "GRP78," "Hsp60," "oxidative low-density lipoproteins," "aldehyde dehydrogenase," "β2-glycoprotein," "lipoprotein lipase A," "human cytomegalovirus." "SARS-CoV-2," "chlamydia pneumonia," "autophagy," "thrombosis" and "therapeutics." RESULTS Emerging evidence supports the concept that atherosclerosis is associated with the interaction between cell surface expression of stress response chaperones, including GRP78 and Hsp60, and their respective autoantibodies. Moreover, various other autoantigens and their autoantibodies have displayed a compelling connection with the development of atherosclerosis, including oxidative low-density lipoproteins, aldehyde dehydrogenase, β2-glycoprotein and lipoprotein lipase A. Atherosclerosis progression is also concurrent with viral and bacterial activators of various diseases. This narrative review will focus on the contributions of human cytomegalovirus as well as SARS-CoV-2 and chlamydia pneumonia in atherosclerosis development. Notably, the interaction of an autoantigen with their respective autoantibodies or the presence of a foreign antigen can enhance inflammation development, which leads to atherosclerotic lesion progression. CONCLUSION We will highlight and discuss the complex role of the interaction between autoantigens and autoantibodies, and the presence of foreign antigens in the development of atherosclerotic lesions in relationship to pro-inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh Sharma
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton and the Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen Mossman
- Department of Medicine, Michael DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research and the McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard C Austin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, The Research Institute of St. Joe's Hamilton and the Hamilton Centre for Kidney Research, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Miller WE, O'Connor CM. CMV-encoded GPCRs in infection, disease, and pathogenesis. Adv Virus Res 2024; 118:1-75. [PMID: 38461029 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are seven-transmembrane domain proteins that modulate cellular processes in response to external stimuli. These receptors represent the largest family of membrane proteins, and in mammals, their signaling regulates important physiological functions, such as vision, taste, and olfaction. Many organisms, including yeast, slime molds, and viruses encode GPCRs. Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) are large, betaherpesviruses, that encode viral GPCRs (vGPCRs). Human CMV (HCMV) encodes four vGPCRs, including UL33, UL78, US27, and US28. Each of these vGPCRs, as well as their rodent and primate orthologues, have been investigated for their contributions to viral infection and disease. Herein, we discuss how the CMV vGPCRs function during lytic and latent infection, as well as our understanding of how they impact viral pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Miller
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Bioscience, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Christine M O'Connor
- Infection Biology, Sheikha Fatima bint Mubarak Global Center for Pathogen and Human Health Research, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, United States.
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3
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Zhu W, Zhu W, Wang S, Liu S, Zhang H. UCHL1 deficiency upon HCMV infection induces vascular endothelial inflammatory injury mediated by mitochondrial iron overload. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 211:96-113. [PMID: 38081437 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Human cytomeglovirus (HCMV) infection predisposes blood vessels to atherosclerosis (AS) and post-transplantation restenosis, but the underlying molecular basis remains elusive. Here, we found that HCMV infection activates AIM2 inflammasome and pyroptosis in vascular endothelial cells by inducing mitochondrial iron overload. Mechanistically, under normal conditions, ubiquitin carboxyl terminal hydrolase-L1 (UCHL1) was identified as a DUB enzyme that interacts with, deubiquitylates, and stabilizes ferredoxin reductase (FDXR), an important mitochondrial protein that regulates mitochondral iron homeostasis. However, HCMV infection induces the aberrantly elevated m6A modification and R-loops, the three-stranded DNA-DNA:RNA hybrid structures. The expression of UCHL1 was remarkably reduced by m6A modification-mediated mRNA decay and R-loop-dependent transcriptional termination after HCMV infection. Deficiency of UCHL1 causes ubiquitination and degradation of FDXR. Loss of FDXR induces the mitochondrial iron overload, which consequently leads to AIM2 inflammasome activation and endothelial injury. Moreover, both downregulation expression of UCHL1 and related inflammatory injury in vascular endothelium was observed in MCMV-infected mice. Notably, STM2457, a METTL3 specific inhibitor, restores the expression of UCHL1 upon HCMV infection, thereby inhibiting the inflammatory injury of vascular endothelial cells. Our findings delineate a novel mechnism involved in HCMV-induced inflammatory injury to vascular endothelium and implicate the role of METTL3 inhibitor as a potential therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Zhu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Clinical Medical Research Center, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Wentong Zhu
- Unchained Labs (Shanghai) Trading Co., Ltd, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shao Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agriculture Science, Fuzhou 350013, China
| | - Shuangquan Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Clinical Laboratory, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Hongbo Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, United States.
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4
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Zhen J, Zeng M, Zheng X, Qiu H, Cheung BMY, Xu A, Wu J, Li C. Human cytomegalovirus infection is associated with stroke in women: the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004. Postgrad Med J 2022; 98:172-176. [PMID: 33541928 DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-139201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence indicated that infection factors play important roles in stroke development. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection was positively associated with atherosclerosis and hypertension which are stroke risk factors. Therefore, we aimed to explore the relationship between HCMV infection and stroke using the data of US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). METHODS We analysed data on 2844 men and 3257 women in the NHANES 1999-2004. We included participants aged 20-49 years who had valid data on HCMV infection and stroke. RESULTS 54.1% of participants had serological evidence of HCMV infection and 0.8% of them had a previous diagnosis of stroke. There were ethnic differences in the prevalence of HCMV seropositivity (p<0.001). There was no significant association between HCMV seropositivity and stroke in men in any of the models. In women, HCMV seropositivity was associated with stroke before adjustment (OR=3.45, 95% CI 1.09 to 10.95, p=0.036). After adjusting for race/ethnicity, the association remained significant (OR=4.40, 95% CI 1.37 to 14.09, p=0.014). After further adjustment for body mass index, diabetes, hypercholesterolaemia, hypertension, alcohol consumption, smoking and physical activity, the association still existed (OR=3.58, 95% CI 1.14 to 11.25, p=0.030). The association was significant consistently in adjusted model for age (OR=3.39, 95% CI 1.08 to 10.64, p=0.037). CONCLUSIONS We found a strong association between HCMV and stroke in women from the nationally representative population-based survey. This provide additional motivation for undertaking the difficult challenge to reduce the prevalence of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanying Zhen
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Minyan Zeng
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaodan Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Hongyan Qiu
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Bernard Man Yung Cheung
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Aimin Xu
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Neurology, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR
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5
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Yu Z, Wang Y, Liu L, Zhang X, Jiang S, Wang B. Apoptosis Disorder, a Key Pathogenesis of HCMV-Related Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084106. [PMID: 33921122 PMCID: PMC8071541 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) belongs to the β-herpesvirus family, which is transmitted in almost every part of the world and is carried by more than 90% of the general population. Increasing evidence indicates that HCMV infection triggers numerous diseases by disrupting the normal physiological activity of host cells, particularly apoptosis. Apoptosis disorder plays a key role in the initiation and development of multiple diseases. However, the relationship and molecular mechanism of HCMV-related diseases and apoptosis have not yet been systematically summarized. This review aims to summarize the role of apoptosis in HCMV-related diseases and provide an insight into the molecular mechanism of apoptosis induced by HCMV infection. We summarize the literature on HCMV-related diseases and suggest novel strategies for HCMV treatment by regulating apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjie Yu
- Department of Special Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China;
| | - Yashuo Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China;
| | - Lili Liu
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China;
| | - Xianjuan Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China; (X.Z.); (S.J.)
| | - Shasha Jiang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China; (X.Z.); (S.J.)
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Special Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-136-8532-6203
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6
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Vasilieva E, Gianella S, Freeman ML. Novel Strategies to Combat CMV-Related Cardiovascular Disease. Pathog Immun 2020; 5:240-274. [PMID: 33089035 PMCID: PMC7556413 DOI: 10.20411/pai.v5i1.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV), a ubiquitous human pathogen that is never cleared from the host, has long been thought to be relatively innocuous in immunocompetent adults, but causes severe complications including blindness, end-organ disease, and death in newborns and in immuno-compromised individuals, such as organ transplant recipients and those suffering from AIDS. Yet even in persons with intact immunity, CMV infection is associated with profound stimulation of immune and inflammatory pathways. Carriers of CMV infection also have an elevated risk of developing cardiovascular complications. In this review, we define the proposed mechanisms of how CMV contributes to cardiovascular disease (CVD), describe current approaches to target CMV, and discuss how these strategies may or may not alleviate cardiovascular complications in those with CMV infection. In addition, we discuss the special situation of CMV coinfection in people with HIV infection receiving antiretroviral therapy, and describe how these 2 viral infections may interact to potentiate CVD in this especially vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Vasilieva
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow 127473, Russia
| | - Sara Gianella
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Michael L. Freeman
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine; Department of Medicine; Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
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7
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Grand M, Diaz A, Bia D. [Cardiovascular risk calculators for people living with human immunodeficiency virus]. HIPERTENSION Y RIESGO VASCULAR 2020; 37:181-193. [PMID: 32709573 DOI: 10.1016/j.hipert.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The increasing access and efficacy of antiretroviral therapy has allowed people living with human immunodeficiency virus to achieve a life expectancy similar to that of the general population. However, this goal may be affected by the increased risk of cardiovascular disease in this group. This risk is multifactorial, involving the high prevalence of traditional risk factors, the development of a pro-inflammatory state related to chronic infection, and the use of antiretroviral drugs with an adverse metabolic profile. In daily practice, in order to estimate this risk and guide medical decision-making, different calculators are available. These are based on data from population cohorts, many of them from human immunodeficiency virusnegative subjects. The main aim of this review is to describe the epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in people living with human immunodeficiency virus, the available risk calculators and their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Grand
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Olavarría, Argentina.
| | - A Diaz
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Olavarría, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET, Centro Científico Tecnológico Tandil). Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Tandil, Argentina
| | - D Bia
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la Republica, Centro Universitario de Investigación, Innovación y Diagnóstico Arterial (CUiiDARTE), Universidad de la República General Flores, Montevideo, Uruguay
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8
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Zhu W, Liu S. The role of human cytomegalovirus in atherosclerosis: a systematic review. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2020; 52:339-353. [PMID: 32253424 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmaa005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a progressive vascular disease with increasing morbidity and mortality year by year in modern society. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is closely associated with the development of atherosclerosis. HCMV infection may accelerate graft atherosclerosis and the development of transplant vasculopathy in organ transplantation. However, our current understanding of HCMV-associated atherosclerosis remains limited and is mainly based on clinical observations. The underlying mechanism of the involvement of HCMV infection in atherogenesis remains unclear. Here, we summarized current knowledge regarding the multiple influences of HCMV on a diverse range of infected cells, including vascular endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, monocytes, macrophages, and T cells. In addition, we described potential HCMV-induced molecular mechanisms, such as oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy, lipid metabolism, and miRNA regulation, which are involved in the development of HCMV-associated atherogenesis. Gaining an improved understanding of these mechanisms will facilitate the development of novel and effective therapeutic strategies for the treatment of HCMV-related cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Zhu
- Clinical Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Shuangquan Liu
- Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
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9
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Lebedeva A, Maryukhnich E, Grivel JC, Vasilieva E, Margolis L, Shpektor A. Productive Cytomegalovirus Infection Is Associated With Impaired Endothelial Function in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction. Am J Med 2020; 133:133-142. [PMID: 31295440 PMCID: PMC6940528 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2019.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An association between productive cytomegalovirus infection and atherosclerosis was shown recently in several trials, including a previous study of ours. However, the mechanism involved in this association is still under investigation. Here, we addressed the interaction between productive cytomegalovirus infection and endothelial function in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). METHODS We analyzed the presence of cytomegaloviral DNA in plasma and endothelial function in 33 patients with STEMI and 33 volunteers without cardiovascular diseases, using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and a noninvasive test of flow-mediated dilation. RESULTS Both the frequency of presence and the load of cytomegaloviral DNA were higher in plasma of patients with STEMI than those in controls. This difference was independent of other cardiovascular risk factors (7.38 [1.36-40.07]; P = 0.02). The results of the flow-mediated dilation test were lower in patients in STEMI than in controls (5.0% [2.65%-3.09%] vs 12. %5 [7.5%-15.15%]; P = 0.004) and correlated negatively with the cytomegaloviral DNA load (Spearman R = -0.407; P = 0.019) independently of other cardiovascular risk factors. CONCLUSIONS Productive cytomegalovirus infection in patients with STEMI correlated negatively with endothelial function independently of other cardiovascular risk factors. The impact of cytomegalovirus on endothelial function may explain the role of cytomegalovirus in cardiovascular prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lebedeva
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Maryukhnich
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Elena Vasilieva
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - Leonid Margolis
- Section on Intercellular Interactions, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.
| | - Alexander Shpektor
- Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Moscow, Russia
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10
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A comprehensive analysis of antigen-specific antibody responses against human cytomegalovirus in patients with systemic sclerosis. Clin Immunol 2019; 207:87-96. [PMID: 31369821 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2019.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Anti-human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) antibodies are considered triggers of systemic sclerosis (SSc), but such a hypothesis has been assessed in limited sub-dominant epitopes. Our aim was to systematically assess the potential association of HCMV antibodies targeting most immunodominant and subdominant viral antigens, as this would reveal immunopathogenic associations. Our study included 110 SSc patients, 60 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, and 51 healthy controls (HC). Anti-HCMV abs were tested by immunoblotting. IgG anti-HCMV was broader in SSc and MS compared to HC. Anti- UL57 and UL55 were more frequent in SSc versus MS forms. Reactivity to multiple viral antigens was more frequent in SSc than MS forms. Anti-viral antibodies levels were higher in specific autoantibody-positive SSc patients compared to seronegative cases. In conclusion, more prevalent and/or stronger antigen-specific HCMV responses are noted in SSc compared to controls, implying a role of these viral responses in SSc development.
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11
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Khaiboullina SF, Ribeiro FM, Uppal T, Martynova EV, Rizvanov AA, Verma SC. Zika Virus Transmission Through Blood Tissue Barriers. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1465. [PMID: 31333605 PMCID: PMC6621930 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent Zika virus (ZIKV) epidemic in the Americas and the Caribbean revealed a new deadly strain of the mosquito-borne virus, which has never been associated with previous outbreaks in Asia. For the first time, widespread ZIKV infection was shown to cause microcephaly and death of newborns, which was most likely due to the mutation acquired during the large outbreak recorded in French Polynesia in 2013–2014. Productive ZIKV replication and persistence has been demonstrated in placenta and fetal brains. Possible association between ZIKV and microcephaly and fetal death has been confirmed using immunocompetent mouse models in vitro and in vivo. Having crossed the placenta, ZIKV directly targets neural progenitor cells (NPCs) in developing human fetus and triggers apoptosis. The embryonic endothelial cells are exceptionally susceptible to ZIKV infection, which causes cell death and tissue necrosis. On the contrary, ZIKV infection does not affect the adult brain microvascular cell morphology and blood–brain barrier function. ZIKV is transmitted primarily by Aedes mosquito bite and is introduced into the placenta/blood through replication at the site of the entry. Also, virus can be transmitted through unprotected sex. Although, multiple possible routes of virus infection have been identified, the exact mechanism(s) utilized by ZIKV to cross the placenta still remain largely unknown. In this review, the current understanding of ZIKV infection and transmission through the placental and brain barriers is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana F Khaiboullina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, United States.,Department of Exploratory Research, Scientific and Educational Center of Pharmaceutics, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Fabiola M Ribeiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Timsy Uppal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Ekaterina V Martynova
- Department of Exploratory Research, Scientific and Educational Center of Pharmaceutics, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Albert A Rizvanov
- Department of Exploratory Research, Scientific and Educational Center of Pharmaceutics, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Russia
| | - Subhash C Verma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Reno School of Medicine, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, United States
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12
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Lebedeva AM, Shpektor AV, Vasilieva EY, Margolis LB. Cytomegalovirus Infection in Cardiovascular Diseases. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2019; 83:1437-1447. [PMID: 30878019 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918120027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis underlies the development of many cardiovascular diseases that continue to hold a leading place among the causes of death in developed countries. The role of activated immune cells in atherosclerosis progression has been convincingly demonstrated, but the mechanism of their action remains poorly investigated. Since atherosclerosis is associated with chronic inflammatory response, involvement of viral and bacterial infections in atherogenesis has been examined. A special place among the infectious agents is held by human herpesviruses as the most common persistent viruses in human population coupled to chronic inflammation during atherosclerosis. We found that activation of cytomegalovirus (CMV, human herpesvirus 5) infection is associated with the emergence of acute coronary syndrome, which is in a good agreement with the data on productive CMV infection published elsewhere. In this review, we discuss the data obtained by us and other researchers regarding the role of cytomegalovirus infection and related potential mechanisms resulting in the expansion of atherosclerotic plaques during ischemic heart disease and stroke, including virus transfer to immune and endothelial cells via extracellular vesicles. In particular, the data presented in the review demonstrate that virus spreading in the vascular wall triggers immune system activation in atherosclerotic plaques and causes endothelial dysfunction. Moreover, productive CMV infection in patients with acute myocardial infarction correlates with the extent of endothelial dysfunction. The mechanisms described by us and other researchers may explain the role of CMV infection in atherosclerosis and development of ischemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Lebedeva
- Department of Cardiology and Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, A. I. Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 127473, Russia.
| | - A V Shpektor
- Department of Cardiology and Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, A. I. Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 127473, Russia
| | - E Yu Vasilieva
- Department of Cardiology and Laboratory of Atherothrombosis, A. I. Evdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 127473, Russia
| | - L B Margolis
- Section on Intercellular Interactions, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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13
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Hemmat N, Ebadi A, Badalzadeh R, Memar MY, Baghi HB. Viral infection and atherosclerosis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 37:2225-2233. [PMID: 30187247 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-018-3370-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Several risk factors have been described for the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Infectious diseases are suggested to be a causative factor, and some viruses have been studied for their relation with atherosclerotic diseases. Studies report two hypotheses, direct and indirect effects, for the role of viral infections in atherogenesis. Viruses are able to initiate atherosclerosis by two different pathways. They can exert their direct effects on atherogenesis by infecting vascular cells and then inducing inflammation in the endothelium and smooth muscle cells. Alternatively, they can also apply indirect effects by infecting non-vascular cells and inducing systemic inflammation. In this review, we consider the available data about the effects and correlations of DNA and RNA viruses on atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nima Hemmat
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 5165665931, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amin Ebadi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 5165665931, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Badalzadeh
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Yousef Memar
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 5165665931, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 5165665931, Tabriz, Iran. .,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Du Y, Zhang G, Liu Z. Human cytomegalovirus infection and coronary heart disease: a systematic review. Virol J 2018; 15:31. [PMID: 29409508 PMCID: PMC5801777 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-018-0937-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is closely associated with coronary heart disease. Main body of the abstract In 1987, Adam et al. were the first to report an association between HCMV infection and atherosclerosis (AS), and later, many serum epidemiology and molecular biology studies showed that HCMV-infected endothelial cells play an important role in the development of AS. As patients with HCMV are generally susceptible to coronary heart disease, and with the increasing elderly population, a review of recent studies focusing on the relationships of HCMV infection and coronary heart disease is timely and necessary. Short conclusion The role of HCMV infection in the development of AS needs further study, since many remaining issues need to be explored and resolved. For example, whether HCMV promotes the development of coronary AS, and what the independent factors that lead to coronary artery AS by viral infection are. A comprehensive understanding of HCMV infection is needed in order to develop better strategies for preventing AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Du
- Department of Microbiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Guangxue Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shandong Qingzhou Rongjun Hospital, Qingzhou, 262500, China
| | - Zhijun Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China.
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Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) UL44 and UL57 specific antibody responses in anti-HCMV-positive patients with systemic sclerosis. Clin Rheumatol 2017; 36:863-869. [PMID: 28124759 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-017-3553-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The role of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) has been postulated as a trigger of systemic sclerosis (SSc). The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of antibodies against HCMV UL44 and UL57 antigens not tested in the past. Sixty SSc patients, 40 multiple sclerosis and 17 normal controls (NCs), all anti-HCMV positive, were tested by immunoblotting. Reactivity to HCMV antigens, expressed as arbitrary units (AUs), was assessed for correlation with clinical and immunological parameters, including types of SSc-related autoantibodies. Anti-UL44 and anti-UL57 HCMV antibodies were present in 3/60 (5%) and 58/60 (96.7%) SSc patients, respectively (p < 0.001). Anti-UL57 antibodies were present in 35/40 (87.5%) MS patients and 16/17 (94.1%) NCs (SSc vs MS, MS vs NC, p = ns). Strong (50-75 AU) and very strong (75-100 AU) anti-UL57 immunoreactivity was found in 24 (41.4%) and 22 (37.9%) SSc patients, respectively (p = ns). Dilution experiments showed anti-UL57 antibody persistence in up to 1/5000. Overall, there was no difference in the frequency or the magnitude of anti-UL57 immunoreactivity between diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis and limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis patients (96.67 vs 96.67%; 65.45 ± 20.19 vs 64.31 ± 21.11 AU, p > 0.05) but strong anti-UL57 reactivity were more frequent in SSc compared to NCs (p = 0.007). Anti-UL57 reactivity was not inhibited by SSc-specific autoantigens. Anti-UL57 seropositivity did not correlate with demographic, clinical or immunological features of SSc. Anti-HCMV UL57 antibodies are universally present in anti-HCMV-positive patients with SSc, while those against UL44 are rarely seen. Because anti-UL57 lack disease specificity and are not involved in cross-reactive responses, their immunopathogenetic potential is to be questioned.
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Rezaee-Zavareh MS, Tohidi M, Sabouri A, Ramezani-Binabaj M, Sadeghi-Ghahrodi M, Einollahi B. Infectious and coronary artery disease. ARYA ATHEROSCLEROSIS 2016; 12:41-9. [PMID: 27114736 PMCID: PMC4834180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerotic event is one of the most causes of death in the world. Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one manifestation of atherosclerosis. It is well-known that several risk factors, such as diabetes mellitus (DM), smoking, hypertension (HTN), have effects on it. It is proposed that infection can lead to atherosclerosis or even make its process faster. Here, we discuss about the effect of some of infectious agents on the atherosclerosis and CAD. METHODS In this study, first we did a comprehensive search in PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct using some related keywords such as atherosclerosis, CAD, myocardial infarction (MI), infection, and name of viruses and bacteria. After finding the related papers, we reviewed the correlation between some microbial agents and risk of CAD. RESULTS Literature has reported several infectious agents (viruses, bacteria, and parasites) that can be associated with risk of CAD. This association for some of them like Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), Chlamydia pneumonia (C. pneumoniae), and Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a very strong. On the other hand, there are some other agents like influenza that still need to be more investigated through original studies. Furthermore, different mechanisms (general and special) have been reported for the association of each agent with CAD. CONCLUSION Based on the studies in databases and our literature review, it is so clear that some microbes and infectious agents can be involved in the process of atherosclerosis. Therefore, controlling each type of infections especially among people with a traditional risk factor for atherosclerosis should be taken into account for reducing the risk of CAD and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Saeid Rezaee-Zavareh
- Researcher, Student Research Committee AND Atherosclerosis Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Correspondence to: Mohammad Saeid Rezaee-Zavareh,
| | - Mohammad Tohidi
- Researcher, Student Research Committee AND Atherosclerosis Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amin Sabouri
- Researcher, Student Research Committee AND Atherosclerosis Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Ramezani-Binabaj
- Researcher, Student Research Committee AND Atherosclerosis Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Sadeghi-Ghahrodi
- Assistant Professor, Atherosclerosis Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Einollahi
- Professor, Nephrology and Urology Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Zhang J, Liu YY, Sun HL, Li S, Xiong HR, Yang ZQ, Xiang GD, Jiang XJ. High Human Cytomegalovirus IgG Level is Associated with Increased Incidence of Diabetic Atherosclerosis in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients. Med Sci Monit 2015; 21:4102-10. [PMID: 26717490 PMCID: PMC4699628 DOI: 10.12659/msm.896071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background At present, whether human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection is associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is debatable. The effect of active HCMV infection on glucose regulation has been poorly studied. Although HCMV infection is correlated with atherosclerosis in cardiovascular disease, the role of HCMV infection in the development of diabetic atherosclerosis in T2DM is unclear and is usually neglected by endocrinologists. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of HCMV infection on glucose regulation and the development of diabetic atherosclerosis in T2DM patients. Material/Methods A total of 222 hospitalized T2DM patients were enrolled. Nested polymerase chain reactions were used to detect HCMV DNA extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to determine viral load. HCMV IgG antibody concentrations were analyzed by chemiluminescence immunoassay. Results HCMV active infection, viral load, and HCMV IgG titers were not correlated with glucose regulation. Binary logistic regression demonstrated that the highest quartile of HCMV IgG concentration (>500 U/ml) was correlated with the incidence of diabetic atherosclerosis (OR: 8.0, 95%CI: 2.3–27.2), and that titer >127U/ml of HCMV IgG is an independent predictor for the development of diabetic atherosclerosis in T2DM patients (OR: 4.6, 95%CI: 1.9–11.3) after adjustment for all potential confounding factors. Conclusions Active HCMV infection is unlikely to influence glucose regulation in T2DM. However, HCMV IgG titers are associated with the incidence of diabetic atherosclerosis, and titer >127U/ml of HCMV IgG might be an independent risk factor for the development of diabetic atherosclerosis in T2DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Graduate School, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China (mainland)
| | - Yuan-yuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Hui-ling Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Shan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Hai-rong Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Zhan-qiu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Guang-da Xiang
- Department of Endocrinology, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
| | - Xiao-jing Jiang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Command, Wuhan, Hubei, China (mainland)
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Gene expression profiling in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with common variable immunodeficiency: modulation of adaptive immune response following intravenous immunoglobulin therapy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97571. [PMID: 24831519 PMCID: PMC4022614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Regular intravenous immunoglobulin treatment is used to replace antibody deficiency in primary immunodeficiency diseases; however the therapeutic effect seems to be related not only to antibody replacement but also to an active role in the modulation of the immune response. Common variable immunodeficiency is the most frequent primary immunodeficiency seen in clinical practice. Methods We have studied the effect of intravenous immunoglobulin replacement in patients with common variable immunodeficiency by evaluating the gene-expression profiles from Affimetrix HG-U133A. Some of the gene array results were validated by real time RT-PCR and by the measurement of circulating cytokines and chemokines by ELISA. Moreover we performed FACS analysis of blood mononuclear cells from the patients enrolled in the study. Results A series of genes involved in innate and acquired immune responses were markedly up- or down-modulated before therapy. Such genes included CD14, CD36, LEPR, IRF-5, RGS-1, CD38, TNFRSF25, IL-4, CXCR4, CCR3, IL-8. Most of these modulated genes showed an expression similar to that of normal controls after immunoglobulin replacement. Real time RT-PCR of selected genes and serum levels of IL-4, CXCR4 before and after therapy changed accordingly to gene array results. Interestingly, serum levels of IL-8 remained unchanged, as the corresponding gene, before and after treatment. FACS analysis showed a marked decrease of CD8+T cells and an increase of CD4+T cells following treatment. Moreover we observed a marked increase of CD23−CD27−IgM−IgG− B cells (centrocytes). Conclusions Our results are in accordance with previous reports and provide further support to the hypothesis that the benefits of intravenous immunoglobulin therapy are not only related to antibody replacement but also to its ability to modulate the immune response in common variable immunodeficiency.
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Park BH, Lee SB, Stolz DB, Lee YJ, Lee BC. Synergistic interactions between heregulin and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) agonist in breast cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:20087-99. [PMID: 21467033 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.191718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we demonstrate that troglitazone (Rezulin), a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonist, acted in synergy with heregulin to induce massive cell death in breast cancer cells. Although the combination of heregulin and troglitazone (HRG/TGZ) induced both apoptosis and necrosis, the main mode of cell death was caspase-independent and occurred via necrosis. This combination increased generation of superoxide in mitochondria, which in turn destabilized mitochondria potential. Pretreatment with N-acetyl-l-cysteine and catalase expression ameliorated cell death induced by the combination treatment, indicating a role of oxidative stress in mediating HRG/TGZ-induced cell death. Notably, pretreatment with pyruvate significantly prevented the cell death, suggesting a potential mechanistic link between metabolic stress and HRG/TGZ-induced cell death. The activation of the HRG signaling axis has been considered as a poor prognostic factor in breast cancer and confers resistance to gefitinib (Iressa) and tamoxifen. However, our data presented here paradoxically suggest that HRG expression can actually be beneficial when it comes to treating breast cancer with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ ligands. Taken together, the combination of HRG and TGZ may provide a basis for the development of a novel strategy in the treatment of apoptosis-resistant and/or hormone-refractory breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bae-Hang Park
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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Seropositivity to cytomegalovirus, inflammation, all-cause and cardiovascular disease-related mortality in the United States. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16103. [PMID: 21379581 PMCID: PMC3040745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2010] [Accepted: 12/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have suggested that CMV infection may influence cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and mortality. However, there have been no large-scale examinations of these relationships among demographically diverse populations. The inflammatory marker C-reactive protein (CRP) is also linked with CVD outcomes and mortality and may play an important role in the pathway between CMV and mortality. We utilized a U.S. nationally representative study to examine whether CMV infection is associated with all-cause and CVD-related mortality. We also assessed whether CRP level mediated or modified these relationships. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Data come from subjects ≥ 25 years of age who were tested for CMV and CRP level and were eligible for mortality follow-up on December 31(st), 2006 (N = 14153) in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III (1988-1994). Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for all-cause and CVD-related mortality by CMV serostatus. After adjusting for multiple confounders, CMV seropositivity remained statistically significantly associated with all-cause mortality (HR 1.19, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.41). The association between CMV and CVD-related mortality did not achieve statistical significance after confounder adjustment. CRP did not mediate these associations. However, CMV seropositive individuals with high CRP levels showed a 30.1% higher risk for all-cause mortality and 29.5% higher risk for CVD-related mortality compared to CMV seropositive individuals with low CRP levels. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE CMV was associated with a significant increased risk for all-cause mortality and CMV seropositive subjects who also had high CRP levels were at substantially higher risk for both for all-cause and CVD-related mortality than subjects with low CRP levels. Future work should target the mechanisms by which CMV infection and low-level inflammation interact to yield significant impact on mortality.
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Tobón GJ, Alard JE, Youinou P, Jamin C. Are autoantibodies triggering endothelial cell apoptosis really pathogenic? Autoimmun Rev 2009; 8:605-10. [PMID: 19393202 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2009.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Anti-endothelial cell (EC) antibodies (AECA) are a heterogeneous group of antibodies directed against a variety of EC membrane proteins. A pathogenic role for AECA in diseases that involve the vascular system has not been clearly demonstrated. Induction of EC apoptosis appears to be one of the mechanisms by which AECA may exert their effect. AECA from some patients trigger the translocation of anionic phospholipids, most notably phosphatidylserine, from the inner to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane, and thereafter activation of caspase 3 and cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase, hallmarks of apoptosis. Apoptotic cell death generates oxidatively modified moieties, which can induce autoimmune and local inflammatory responses. While a sole AECA target involved in the apoptotic process of ECs has not been identified, some evidence suggests that Heat Shock Proteins may be an outstanding antigen.
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Lunardi C, Bason C, Dolcino M, Navone R, Simone R, Saverino D, Frulloni L, Tinazzi E, Peterlana D, Corrocher R, Puccetti A. Antiflagellin antibodies recognize the autoantigens Toll-Like Receptor 5 and Pals 1-associated tight junction protein and induce monocytes activation and increased intestinal permeability in Crohn's disease. J Intern Med 2009; 265:250-65. [PMID: 18796002 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2008.02013.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Bacterial flagellin is considered an important antigen in Crohn's disease (CD) as it activates innate immunity through Toll-Like Receptor 5 (TLR5) engagement and induces an elevated adaptive immune response. Little is known about the presence of an autoimmune process in CD. We aimed to identify pathogenically relevant autoantigen targets in CD. METHODS We screened a random peptide library with pooled sera of patients with active CD. Transepithelial flux of [3H] mannitol in T84 human intestinal epithelial cell line was used to study the epithelial barrier function. Monocyte activation was evaluated by surface expression of activation markers and by production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Gene modulation of T84 cells exposed to antipeptide antibodies was analysed by gene array. RESULTS We identified a peptide that shares homology with Salmonella typhimurium flagellin and with self-antigens such as TLR5 and cell junction protein, Pals 1-associated tight junction protein. The affinity-purified antipeptide antibodies recognized the self-antigens and induced increased intestinal epithelial cell permeability. Moreover, the antibodies induced monocyte activation upon binding TLR5. Finally, in cultured intestinal cells (T84) the purified antibodies induced the modulation of clusters of proinflammatory genes similar to the one induced by the engagement of TLR5 by its natural ligand flagellin. CONCLUSIONS Antibodies directed against an immunodominant peptide of flagellin recognize self-antigens and are functionally active suggesting the presence of an autoimmune process that can both facilitate loss of tolerance to intestinal microflora by increasing cell permeability and amplify the innate immunity involvement through a novel mechanism of TLR5 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lunardi
- Section of Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.
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News & views. Biotechnol J 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.200790104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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