1
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Kondoh H. Gastrulation: Its Principles and Variations. Results Probl Cell Differ 2024; 72:27-60. [PMID: 38509251 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-39027-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
As epiblast cells initiate development into various somatic cells, they undergo a large-scale reorganization, called gastrulation. The gastrulation of the epiblast cells produces three groups of cells: the endoderm layer, the collection of miscellaneous mesodermal tissues, and the ectodermal layer, which includes the neural, epidermal, and associated tissues. Most studies of gastrulation have focused on the formation of the tissues that provide the primary route for cell reorganization, that is, the primitive streak, in the chicken and mouse. In contrast, how gastrulation alters epiblast-derived cells has remained underinvestigated. This chapter highlights the regulation of cell and tissue fate via the gastrulation process. The roles and regulatory functions of neuromesodermal progenitors (NMPs) in the gastrulation process, elucidated in the last decade, are discussed in depth to resolve points of confusion. Chicken and mouse embryos, which form a primitive streak as the site of mesoderm precursor ingression, have been investigated extensively. However, primitive streak formation is an exception, even among amniotes. The roles of gastrulation processes in generating various somatic tissues will be discussed broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisato Kondoh
- Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Biohistory Research Hall, Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
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2
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Abstract
During gastrulation, early embryos specify and reorganise the topology of their germ layers. Surprisingly, this fundamental and early process does not appear to be rigidly constrained by evolutionary pressures; instead, the morphology of gastrulation is highly variable throughout the animal kingdom. Recent experimental results demonstrate that it is possible to generate different alternative gastrulation modes in single organisms, such as in early cnidarian, arthropod and vertebrate embryos. Here, we review the mechanisms that underlie the plasticity of vertebrate gastrulation both when experimentally manipulated and during evolution. Using the insights obtained from these experiments we discuss the effects of the increase in yolk volume on the morphology of gastrulation and provide new insights into two crucial innovations during amniote gastrulation: the transition from a ring-shaped mesoderm domain in anamniotes to a crescent-shaped domain in amniotes, and the evolution of the reptilian blastoporal plate/canal into the avian primitive streak.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cornelis J. Weijer
- School of Life Sciences Research Complex, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
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3
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Shylo NA, Smith SE, Price AJ, Guo F, McClain M, Trainor PA. Morphological changes and two Nodal paralogs drive left-right asymmetry in the squamate veiled chameleon ( C. calyptratus). Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1132166. [PMID: 37113765 PMCID: PMC10126504 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1132166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The ancestral mode of left-right (L-R) patterning involves cilia in the L-R organizer. However, the mechanisms regulating L-R patterning in non-avian reptiles remains an enigma, since most squamate embryos are undergoing organogenesis at oviposition. In contrast, veiled chameleon (Chamaeleo calyptratus) embryos are pre-gastrula at oviposition, making them an excellent organism for studying L-R patterning evolution. Here we show that veiled chameleon embryos lack motile cilia at the time of L-R asymmetry establishment. Thus, the loss of motile cilia in the L-R organizers is a synapomorphy of all reptiles. Furthermore, in contrast to avians, geckos and turtles, which have one Nodal gene, veiled chameleon exhibits expression of two paralogs of Nodal in the left lateral plate mesoderm, albeit in non-identical patterns. Using live imaging, we observed asymmetric morphological changes that precede, and likely trigger, asymmetric expression of the Nodal cascade. Thus, veiled chameleons are a new and unique model for studying the evolution of L-R patterning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A. Shylo
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Sarah E. Smith
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Andrew J. Price
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Fengli Guo
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Melainia McClain
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Paul A. Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, United States
- *Correspondence: Paul A. Trainor,
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4
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Sheng G, Martinez Arias A, Sutherland A. The primitive streak and cellular principles of building an amniote body through gastrulation. Science 2021; 374:abg1727. [PMID: 34855481 DOI: 10.1126/science.abg1727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojun Sheng
- International Research Center for Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Alfonso Martinez Arias
- Systems Bioengineering, DCEXS, Universidad Pompeu Fabra, Doctor Aiguader, 88 ICREA, Pag Lluis Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ann Sutherland
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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5
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Porras-Gómez TJ, Villagrán-SantaCruz M, Moreno-Mendoza N. Biology of primordial germ cells in vertebrates with emphasis in urodeles amphibians. Mol Reprod Dev 2021; 88:773-792. [PMID: 34532913 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.23533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are highly specialized cells that play a relevant role in the maintenance and evolution of the species, since they create new combinations of genetic information between the organisms. Amphibians are a class of amniote vertebrates that are divided into three subclasses, the anurans (frogs and toads), the urodeles (salamanders and newts), and the gymnophiones (caecilians). The study of PGCs in amphibians has been addressed in more detail in anurans while little is known about the biology of this cell lineage in urodeles. Studies in some urodeles species have suggested that PGCs are of mesodermal origin, specifying in the lateral plate mesoderm at the late gastrula stage. With classical experiments it shown that, there is an induction of mesoderm, therefore most likely urodeles PGCs develop from unspecialized mesodermal tissue that responds to extracellular signals. However, some fundamental biological processes of PGCs such as the analysis of their specification, arrival, and colonization to the gonads, and their maintenance and differentiation into mature and fertile gametes remain to be elucidated. Therefore, knowledge about the biology of PGCs is of great importance to ensure the perpetuation of urodeles amphibians, as some species are in danger of becoming extinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania J Porras-Gómez
- Laboratorio de Biología Tisular y Reproductora, Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Maricela Villagrán-SantaCruz
- Laboratorio de Biología Tisular y Reproductora, Departamento de Biología Comparada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Norma Moreno-Mendoza
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
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6
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Blackburn DG, Stewart JR. Morphological research on amniote eggs and embryos: An introduction and historical retrospective. J Morphol 2021; 282:1024-1046. [PMID: 33393149 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Evolution of the terrestrial egg of amniotes (reptiles, birds, and mammals) is often considered to be one of the most significant events in vertebrate history. Presence of an eggshell, fetal membranes, and a sizeable yolk allowed this egg to develop on land and hatch out well-developed, terrestrial offspring. For centuries, morphologically-based studies have provided valuable information about the eggs of amniotes and the embryos that develop from them. This review explores the history of such investigations, as a contribution to this special issue of Journal of Morphology, titled Developmental Morphology and Evolution of Amniote Eggs and Embryos. Anatomically-based investigations are surveyed from the ancient Greeks through the Scientific Revolution, followed by the 19th and early 20th centuries, with a focus on major findings of historical figures who have contributed significantly to our knowledge. Recent research on various aspects of amniote eggs is summarized, including gastrulation, egg shape and eggshell morphology, eggs of Mesozoic dinosaurs, sauropsid yolk sacs, squamate placentation, embryogenesis, and the phylotypic phase of embryonic development. As documented in this review, studies on amniote eggs and embryos have relied heavily on morphological approaches in order to answer functional and evolutionary questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G Blackburn
- Department of Biology and Electron Microscopy Center, Trinity College, Hartford, Connecticut, USA
| | - James R Stewart
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
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7
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Abstract
Left-right (L-R) asymmetry of visceral organs in animals is established during embryonic development via a stepwise process. While some steps are conserved, different strategies are employed among animals for initiating the breaking of body symmetry. In zebrafish (teleost),
Xenopus (amphibian), and mice (mammal), symmetry breaking is elicited by directional fluid flow at the L-R organizer, which is generated by motile cilia and sensed by mechanoresponsive cells. In contrast, birds and reptiles do not rely on the cilia-driven fluid flow. Invertebrates such as
Drosophila and snails employ another distinct mechanism, where the symmetry breaking process is underpinned by cellular chirality acquired downstream of the molecular interaction of myosin and actin. Here, we highlight the convergent entry point of actomyosin interaction and planar cell polarity to the diverse L-R symmetry breaking mechanisms among animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Hamada
- Organismal Pattterning Lab, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, RIKEN, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Patrick Tam
- Embryology Unit, Children's Medical Research Institute and School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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8
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Kajikawa E, Horo U, Ide T, Mizuno K, Minegishi K, Hara Y, Ikawa Y, Nishimura H, Uchikawa M, Kiyonari H, Kuraku S, Hamada H. Nodal paralogues underlie distinct mechanisms for visceral left-right asymmetry in reptiles and mammals. Nat Ecol Evol 2020; 4:261-269. [PMID: 31907383 DOI: 10.1038/s41559-019-1072-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Unidirectional fluid flow generated by motile cilia at the left-right organizer (LRO) breaks left-right (L-R) symmetry during early embryogenesis in mouse, frog and zebrafish. The chick embryo, however, does not require motile cilia for L-R symmetry breaking. The diversity of mechanisms for L-R symmetry breaking among vertebrates and the trigger for such symmetry breaking in non-mammalian amniotes have remained unknown. Here we examined how L-R asymmetry is established in two reptiles, Madagascar ground gecko and Chinese softshell turtle. Both of these reptiles appear to lack motile cilia at the LRO. The expression of the Nodal gene at the LRO in the reptilian embryos was found to be asymmetric, in contrast to that in vertebrates such as mouse that are dependent on cilia for L-R patterning. Two paralogues of the Nodal gene derived from an ancient gene duplication are retained and expressed differentially in cilia-dependent and cilia-independent vertebrates. The expression of these two Nodal paralogues is similarly controlled in the lateral plate mesoderm but regulated differently at the LRO. Our in-depth analysis of reptilian embryos thus suggests that mammals and non-mammalian amniotes deploy distinct strategies dependent on different Nodal paralogues for rendering Nodal activity asymmetric at the LRO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eriko Kajikawa
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Uzuki Horo
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan.,SEEDS Program/JST Global Science Campus, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan.,NADA Senior High School, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ide
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Mizuno
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Katsura Minegishi
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Hara
- Laboratory for Phyloinformatics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Genetics, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yayoi Ikawa
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiromi Nishimura
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masanori Uchikawa
- Graduate School for Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Kuraku
- Laboratory for Phyloinformatics, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Hamada
- Laboratory for Organismal Patterning, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan.
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9
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Pereiro L, Loosli F, Fernández J, Härtel S, Wittbrodt J, Concha ML. Gastrulation in an annual killifish: Molecular and cellular events during germ layer formation in Austrolebias. Dev Dyn 2017; 246:812-826. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Pereiro
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Felix Loosli
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Institute of Toxicology and Genetics; Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Juan Fernández
- Department of Biology; Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
| | - Steffen Härtel
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute; Santiago Chile
- National Center for Health Information Systems CENS; Santiago Chile
| | - Joachim Wittbrodt
- Center for Organismal Studies; Heidelberg University; Heidelberg Germany
| | - Miguel L. Concha
- Anatomy and Developmental Biology; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile; Santiago Chile
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute; Santiago Chile
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism; Santiago Chile
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10
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Stower MJ, Bertocchini F. The evolution of amniote gastrulation: the blastopore-primitive streak transition. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2017; 6. [DOI: 10.1002/wdev.262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Stower
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics; University of Oxford; Oxford UK
| | - Federica Bertocchini
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Signaling; Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnologia de Cantabria, CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria-Sodercan; Santander Spain
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11
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Tseng WC, Munisha M, Gutierrez JB, Dougan ST. Establishment of the Vertebrate Germ Layers. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 953:307-381. [PMID: 27975275 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-46095-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The process of germ layer formation is a universal feature of animal development. The germ layers separate the cells that produce the internal organs and tissues from those that produce the nervous system and outer tissues. Their discovery in the early nineteenth century transformed embryology from a purely descriptive field into a rigorous scientific discipline, in which hypotheses could be tested by observation and experimentation. By systematically addressing the questions of how the germ layers are formed and how they generate overall body plan, scientists have made fundamental contributions to the fields of evolution, cell signaling, morphogenesis, and stem cell biology. At each step, this work was advanced by the development of innovative methods of observing cell behavior in vivo and in culture. Here, we take an historical approach to describe our current understanding of vertebrate germ layer formation as it relates to the long-standing questions of developmental biology. By comparing how germ layers form in distantly related vertebrate species, we find that highly conserved molecular pathways can be adapted to perform the same function in dramatically different embryonic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chia Tseng
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Mumingjiang Munisha
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Juan B Gutierrez
- Department of Mathematics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.,Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Scott T Dougan
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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12
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Bertocchini F, Chuva de Sousa Lopes SM. Germline development in amniotes: A paradigm shift in primordial germ cell specification. Bioessays 2016; 38:791-800. [PMID: 27273724 PMCID: PMC5089639 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201600025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the field of germline development in amniote vertebrates, primordial germ cell (PGC) specification in birds and reptiles remains controversial. Avians are believed to adopt a predetermination or maternal specification mode of PGC formation, contrary to an inductive mode employed by mammals and, supposedly, reptiles. Here, we revisit and review some key aspects of PGC development that channelled the current subdivision, and challenge the position of birds and reptiles as well as the 'binary' evolutionary model of PGC development in vertebrates. We propose an alternative view on PGC specification where germ plasm plays a role in laying the foundation for the formation of PGC precursors (pPGC), but not necessarily of PGCs. Moreover, inductive mechanisms may be necessary for the transition from pPGCs to PGCs. Within this framework, the implementation of data from birds and reptiles could provide new insights on the evolution of PGC specification in amniotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Bertocchini
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology of Cantabria (IBBTEC)‐CSIC‐University of CantabriaSantanderSpain
| | - Susana M. Chuva de Sousa Lopes
- Department of Anatomy and EmbryologyLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenThe Netherlands
- Department of Reproductive MedicineGhent University HospitalGhentBelgium
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13
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Yoshida M, Kajikawa E, Kurokawa D, Noro M, Iwai T, Yonemura S, Kobayashi K, Kiyonari H, Aizawa S. Conserved and divergent expression patterns of markers of axial development in reptilian embryos: Chinese soft-shell turtle and Madagascar ground gecko. Dev Biol 2016; 415:122-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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14
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Stower MJ, Diaz RE, Fernandez LC, Crother MW, Crother B, Marco A, Trainor PA, Srinivas S, Bertocchini F. Bi-modal strategy of gastrulation in reptiles. Dev Dyn 2015; 244:1144-1157. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Stower
- Department of Physiology; Anatomy and Genetics; University of Oxford; Le Gros Clark Building, South Parks Road Oxford United Kingdom
| | - Raul E. Diaz
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research; Kansas City Missouri USA
| | - Lucia Carrera Fernandez
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotechnologia de Cantabria-CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria-Sodercan; Santander Spain
| | | | - Brian Crother
- Southeastern Louisiana University; Hammond Louisiana
| | - Adolfo Marco
- Estacion Biologica Doñana-CSIC; C/ Américo Vespudio s/n; Seville Spain
| | - Paul A. Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research; Kansas City Missouri USA
- Department of Anatomy; and Cell Biology; University of Kansas Medical Center; Kansas City Kansas USA
| | - Shankar Srinivas
- Department of Physiology; Anatomy and Genetics; University of Oxford; Le Gros Clark Building, South Parks Road Oxford United Kingdom
| | - Federica Bertocchini
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotechnologia de Cantabria-CSIC-Universidad de Cantabria-Sodercan; Santander Spain
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15
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Stankova V, Tsikolia N, Viebahn C. Rho kinase activity controls directional cell movements during primitive streak formation in the rabbit embryo. Development 2015; 142:92-8. [PMID: 25516971 PMCID: PMC4299133 DOI: 10.1242/dev.111583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
During animal gastrulation, the specification of the embryonic axes is accompanied by epithelio-mesenchymal transition (EMT), the first major change in cell shape after fertilization. EMT takes place in disparate topographical arrangements, such as the circular blastopore of amphibians, the straight primitive streak of birds and mammals or in intermediate gastrulation forms of other amniotes such as reptiles. Planar cell movements are prime candidates to arrange specific modes of gastrulation but there is no consensus view on their role in different vertebrate classes. Here, we test the impact of interfering with Rho kinase-mediated cell movements on gastrulation topography in blastocysts of the rabbit, which has a flat embryonic disc typical for most mammals. Time-lapse video microscopy, electron microscopy, gene expression and morphometric analyses of the effect of inhibiting ROCK activity showed – besides normal specification of the organizer region – a dose-dependent disruption of primitive streak formation; this disruption resulted in circular, arc-shaped or intermediate forms, reminiscent of those found in amphibians, fishes and reptiles. Our results reveal a crucial role of ROCK-controlled directional cell movements during rabbit primitive streak formation and highlight the possibility that temporal and spatial modulation of cell movements were instrumental for the evolution of gastrulation forms. Summary: ROCK regulates cell motility, polarisation, intercalation and division in gastrulating rabbit embryos, revealing a role for Wnt-PCP signalling in primitive streak formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Stankova
- Institute of Anatomy and Embryology, University Medical Centre, Georg August University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37079, Germany
| | - Nikoloz Tsikolia
- Institute of Anatomy and Embryology, University Medical Centre, Georg August University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37079, Germany
| | - Christoph Viebahn
- Institute of Anatomy and Embryology, University Medical Centre, Georg August University of Göttingen, Göttingen 37079, Germany
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16
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Godard BG, Coolen M, Le Panse S, Gombault A, Ferreiro-Galve S, Laguerre L, Lagadec R, Wincker P, Poulain J, Da Silva C, Kuraku S, Carre W, Boutet A, Mazan S. Mechanisms of endoderm formation in a cartilaginous fish reveal ancestral and homoplastic traits in jawed vertebrates. Biol Open 2014; 3:1098-107. [PMID: 25361580 PMCID: PMC4232768 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20148037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to gain insight into the impact of yolk increase on endoderm development, we have analyzed the mechanisms of endoderm formation in the catshark S. canicula, a species exhibiting telolecithal eggs and a distinct yolk sac. We show that in this species, endoderm markers are expressed in two distinct tissues, the deep mesenchyme, a mesenchymal population of deep blastomeres lying beneath the epithelial-like superficial layer, already specified at early blastula stages, and the involuting mesendoderm layer, which appears at the blastoderm posterior margin at the onset of gastrulation. Formation of the deep mesenchyme involves cell internalizations from the superficial layer prior to gastrulation, by a movement suggestive of ingressions. These cell movements were observed not only at the posterior margin, where massive internalizations take place prior to the start of involution, but also in the center of the blastoderm, where internalizations of single cells prevail. Like the adjacent involuting mesendoderm, the posterior deep mesenchyme expresses anterior mesendoderm markers under the control of Nodal/activin signaling. Comparisons across vertebrates support the conclusion that endoderm is specified in two distinct temporal phases in the catshark as in all major osteichthyan lineages, in line with an ancient origin of a biphasic mode of endoderm specification in gnathostomes. They also highlight unexpected similarities with amniotes, such as the occurrence of cell ingressions from the superficial layer prior to gastrulation. These similarities may correspond to homoplastic traits fixed separately in amniotes and chondrichthyans and related to the increase in egg yolk mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit G Godard
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7150, 29688 Roscoff, France
| | - Marion Coolen
- Université d'Orléans-CNRS, UMR 6218, 45070 Orléans, France Present address: CNRS UPR 3294, Institute of Neurobiology Alfred Fessard, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sophie Le Panse
- Plateforme d'Imagerie, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, FR 2424, Station Biologique, 29688 Roscoff, France
| | - Aurélie Gombault
- Université d'Orléans-CNRS, UMR 6218, 45070 Orléans, France Present address: UMR 7355, Université d'Orleans-CNRS, 45071 Orléans, France
| | - Susana Ferreiro-Galve
- Université d'Orléans-CNRS, UMR 6218, 45070 Orléans, France Present address: Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad Miguel Hernández, Campus San Juan de Alicante, 03550 Alicante, Spain
| | - Laurent Laguerre
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7150, 29688 Roscoff, France
| | - Ronan Lagadec
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7150, 29688 Roscoff, France
| | - Patrick Wincker
- CEA-Institut de Génomique-Genoscope, 2 rue Gaston-Crémieux, 91057 Evry, France
| | - Julie Poulain
- CEA-Institut de Génomique-Genoscope, 2 rue Gaston-Crémieux, 91057 Evry, France
| | - Corinne Da Silva
- CEA-Institut de Génomique-Genoscope, 2 rue Gaston-Crémieux, 91057 Evry, France
| | - Shigehiro Kuraku
- Genome Resource and Analysis Unit (GRAS), Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN.2-2-3 Minatojima-minami, Chuo-KU, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Wilfrid Carre
- ABiMS, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, FR 2424, 29688 Roscoff, France
| | - Agnès Boutet
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7150, 29688 Roscoff, France
| | - Sylvie Mazan
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, UMR 7150, 29688 Roscoff, France
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17
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Alev C, Wu Y, Nakaya Y, Sheng G. Decoupling of amniote gastrulation and streak formation reveals a morphogenetic unity in vertebrate mesoderm induction. Development 2013; 140:2691-6. [PMID: 23698348 DOI: 10.1242/dev.094318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mesoderm is formed during gastrulation. This process takes place at the blastopore in lower vertebrates and in the primitive streak (streak) in amniotes. The evolutionary relationship between the blastopore and the streak is unresolved, and the morphogenetic and molecular changes leading to this shift in mesoderm formation during early amniote evolution are not well understood. Using the chick model, we present evidence that the streak is dispensable for mesoderm formation in amniotes. An anamniote-like circumblastoporal mode of gastrulation can be induced in chick and three other amniote species. The induction requires cooperative activation of the FGF and Wnt pathways, and the induced mesoderm field retains anamniote-like dorsoventral patterning. We propose that the amniote streak is homologous to the blastopore in lower vertebrates and evolved from the latter in two distinct steps: an initial pan-amniote posterior restriction of mesoderm-inducing signals; and a subsequent lineage-specific morphogenetic modification of the pre-ingression epiblast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cantas Alev
- Laboratory for Early Embryogenesis, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-Ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
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18
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Bertocchini F, Alev C, Nakaya Y, Sheng G. A little winning streak: The reptilian-eye view of gastrulation in birds. Dev Growth Differ 2012; 55:52-9. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Bertocchini
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnologia de Cantabria (IBBTEC); CSIC-SODERCAN-Universidad de Cantabria; Facultad de Medicina; Avda. Cardenal Herrera Oria, s/n; 39011; Santander; Spain
| | - Cantas Alev
- Lab for Early Embryogenesis; RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology; 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi; Chuo-Ku; Kobe; Hyogo; 650-0047; Japan
| | - Yukiko Nakaya
- Lab for Early Embryogenesis; RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology; 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi; Chuo-Ku; Kobe; Hyogo; 650-0047; Japan
| | - Guojun Sheng
- Lab for Early Embryogenesis; RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology; 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi; Chuo-Ku; Kobe; Hyogo; 650-0047; Japan
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19
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Halacheva V, Fuchs M, Dönitz J, Reupke T, Püschel B, Viebahn C. Planar cell movements and oriented cell division during early primitive streak formation in the mammalian embryo. Dev Dyn 2011; 240:1905-16. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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20
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Finch E, Cruz C, Sloman KA, Kudoh T. Heterochrony in the germ ring closure and tail bud formation in embryonic development of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2010; 314:187-95. [PMID: 19911422 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.21325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Due to their large yolk size, salmonid embryos take a longer time for epiboly movements and germ ring closure compared with most other teleost species. Here we analyzed the germ ring closure, tail bud formation and development of the notochord and somites in rainbow trout using live embryo imaging and in situ hybridization with the rt-ntl probe. Rt-ntl is expressed in the germ ring (blastula, gastrula and somitogenesis stage), notochord, tail bud and somites (somitogenesis stage). When epiboly covers half the yolk, a tail bud-like structure is formed and somitogenesis starts. By the time epiboly is completed, the yolk covered and the germ ring closed, the embryo has already reached the 20 somite stage. Therefore, the timing of germ ring closure and tail bud formation is reversed in trout embryos compared with zebrafish and other small model fish embryos (heterochrony). Based on this result, we re-examined the definition of tail bud formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Finch
- School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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21
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Kurokawa D, Ohmura T, Ogino H, Takeuchi M, Inoue A, Inoue F, Suda Y, Aizawa S. Evolutionary origin of the Otx2 enhancer for its expression in visceral endoderm. Dev Biol 2010; 342:110-20. [PMID: 20353765 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In the mouse, the Otx2 gene has been shown to play essential roles in the visceral endoderm during anterior-posterior axis formation and head induction. While these are primary processes in vertebrate embryogenesis, the visceral endoderm is a tissue unique to mammals. Two enhancers (VE and CM) have been previously found to direct Otx2 expression during early embryogenesis. This study demonstrates that in anterior visceral endoderm the CM enhancer does not have an activity by itself, but enhances the activity of the VE enhancer. These two enhancers also cooperate for the activities in anterior mesendoderm and cephalic mesenchyme. Comparative studies suggest that VE enhancer function was most likely established before the divergence of sarcopterygians into Actinistia, Dipnoi and tetrapods, while the nucleotide sequence corresponding to the VE enhancer was already present in the last common ancestor of bony fishes. The CM enhancer sequence and function would have been also established in ancestral sarcopterygians. The VE/CM enhancers and their gene cascades in the ancestral sarcopterygian head organizer would then have been co-opted by amphibian deep endoderm cells and mammalian visceral endoderm cells for the head development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Kurokawa
- Laboratory for Vertebrate Body Plan, Center for Developmental Biology, RIKEN Kobe, 2-2-3 Minatojima Minamimachi, Chuou-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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22
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Bachvarova RF, Crother BI, Manova K, Chatfield J, Shoemaker CM, Crews DP, Johnson AD. Expression ofDazlandVasain turtle embryos and ovaries: evidence for inductive specification of germ cells. Evol Dev 2009; 11:525-34. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-142x.2009.00360.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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