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Depeux C, Branger A, Paulhac H, Pigeault R, Beltran-Bech S. Deleterious effects of Wolbachia on life history and physiological traits of common pill woodlice. J Invertebr Pathol 2024; 207:108187. [PMID: 39243881 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2024.108187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2024] [Revised: 08/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Most of eukaryotic organisms live in close interaction with micro-organisms called symbionts. Symbiotic interactions underpin the evolution of biological complexity, the health of organisms and, ultimately, the proper functioning of ecosystems. While some symbionts confer adaptive benefits on their host (mutualistic symbionts) and others clearly induce costs (parasitic symbionts), a number of micro-organisms are difficult to classify because they have been described as conferring both benefits and costs on their host. This is particularly true of the most widespread animal endosymbiont, Wolbachia pipientis. In this study, we investigated the influence of Wolbachia infection on a broad spectrum of ecological and physiological parameters of one of its native hosts, Armadillidium vulgare. The aim was to gain as complete a picture as possible of the influence of this endosymbiont on its host. Our results showed that the presence of Wolbachia resulted in a decrease in individual reproductive success and survival. Host immune cells density decreased and β-galactosidase activity (ageing biomarker) increased with the presence of Wolbachia, suggesting a negative impact of this endosymbiont on woodlice health. While previous studies have shown that Wolbachia can have a positive impact on the immunocompetence of A. vulgare, here we shed more light on the costs of infection. Our results illustrate the complex dynamics that exist between Wolbachia and its arthropod host and therefore offer valuable insights into the intricate interplay of symbiotic relationships in ecological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Depeux
- Université de Poitiers, Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions EBI, UMR CNRS 7267, 3, rue Jacques Fort, TSA 51106 86073 POITIERS Cedex 9, France
| | - Angèle Branger
- Université de Poitiers, Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions EBI, UMR CNRS 7267, 3, rue Jacques Fort, TSA 51106 86073 POITIERS Cedex 9, France
| | - Hélène Paulhac
- Université de Poitiers, Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions EBI, UMR CNRS 7267, 3, rue Jacques Fort, TSA 51106 86073 POITIERS Cedex 9, France
| | - Romain Pigeault
- Université de Poitiers, Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions EBI, UMR CNRS 7267, 3, rue Jacques Fort, TSA 51106 86073 POITIERS Cedex 9, France
| | - Sophie Beltran-Bech
- Université de Poitiers, Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions EBI, UMR CNRS 7267, 3, rue Jacques Fort, TSA 51106 86073 POITIERS Cedex 9, France.
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McCann P, McFarland C, Megaw J, Siu-Ting K, Cantacessi C, Rinaldi G, Gobert GN. Assessing the microbiota of the snail intermediate host of trematodes, Galba truncatula. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:31. [PMID: 38263069 PMCID: PMC10807216 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06118-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The microbiome is known to play key roles in health and disease, including host susceptibility to parasite infections. The freshwater snail Galba truncatula is the intermediate host for many trematode species, including the liver and rumen flukes Fasciola hepatica and Calicophoron daubneyi, respectively. The snail-parasite system has previously been investigated. However, the specific interaction between the snail-associated microbiota and intra-snail developmental stages of trematodes has yet to be explored. METHODS Galba truncatula snails were collected from farms in Northern Ireland and trematode infection was diagnosed using PCR. High-throughput sequencing analysis of the bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA V3-V4 hypervariable regions was subsequently applied to characterise the microbiota of both uninfected and infected snails. RESULTS We first showed that the snail harboured microbiota that was distinct for its environment. The microbiota of infected snails was found to differ significantly from that of uninfected snails. In particular, the bacterial genera Mycoplasma and Methylotenera were significantly more abundant in infected snails, while genera Sphingomonas and Nocardioides were predominantly associated with uninfected snails. CONCLUSION These findings pave the way to future studies on the functional roles of bacteria in host-parasite relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter McCann
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | | | - Julianne Megaw
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Karen Siu-Ting
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Cinzia Cantacessi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gabriel Rinaldi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Aberystwyth, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Geoffrey N Gobert
- School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
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Caamal-Chan MG, Barraza A, Loera-Muro A, Montes-Sánchez JJ, Castellanos T, Rodríguez-Pagaza Y. Bacterial communities of the psyllid pest Bactericera cockerelli (Hemiptera: Triozidae) Central haplotype of tomato crops cultivated at different locations of Mexico. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16347. [PMID: 37941933 PMCID: PMC10629388 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The psyllid, Bactericera cockerelli, is an insect vector of 'Candidatus Liberibacter' causing "Zebra chip" disease that affects potato and other Solanaceae crops worldwide. In the present study, we analyzed the bacterial communities associated with the insect vector Bactericera cockerelli central haplotype of tomato crop fields in four regions from Mexico. Methods PCR was used to amplify the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene (mtCOI) and then analyze the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and phylogenetic analysis for haplotype identification of the isolated B. cockerelli. Moreover, we carried out the microbial diversity analysis of several B. cockerelli collected from four regions of Mexico through the NGS sequencing of 16S rRNA V3 region. Finally, Wolbachia was detected by the wsp gene PCR amplification, which is the B. cockerelli facultative symbiont. Also we were able to confirm the relationship with several Wolbachia strains by phylogenetic analysis. Results Our results pointed that B. cockerelli collected in the four locations from Mexico (Central Mexico: Queretaro, and Northern Mexico: Sinaloa, Coahuila, and Nuevo Leon) were identified, such as the central haplotype. Analyses of the parameters of the composition, relative abundance, and diversity (Shannon index: 1.328 ± 0.472; Simpson index 0.582 ± 0.167), showing a notably relatively few microbial species in B. cockerelli. Analyses identified various facultative symbionts, particularly the Wolbachia (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae) with a relative abundance higher. In contrast, the genera of Sodalis and 'Candidatus Carsonella' (Gammaproteobacteria: Oceanospirillales: Halomonadaceae) were identified with a relatively low abundance. On the other hand, the relative abundance for the genus 'Candidatus Liberibacter' was higher only for some of the locations analyzed. PCR amplification of a fragment of the gene encoding a surface protein (wsp) of Wolbachia and phylogenetic analysis corroborated the presence of this bacterium in the central haplotype. Beta-diversity analysis revealed that the presence of the genus 'Candidatus Liberibacter' influences the microbiota structure of this psyllid species. Conclusions Our data support that the members with the highest representation in microbial community of B. cockerelli central haplotype, comprise their obligate symbiont, Carsonella, and facultative symbionts. We also found evidence that among the factors analyzed, the presence of the plant pathogen affects the structure and composition of the bacterial community associated with B. cockerelli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Goretty Caamal-Chan
- Agricultura en Zonas Áridas, CONAHCYT-Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, SC, La Paz, B.C.S., México
| | - Aarón Barraza
- Agricultura en Zonas Áridas, CONAHCYT-Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, SC, La Paz, B.C.S., México
| | - Abraham Loera-Muro
- Agricultura en Zonas Áridas, CONAHCYT-Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, SC, La Paz, B.C.S., México
| | - Juan J. Montes-Sánchez
- Agricultura, CONAHCYT-Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, SC, Guerrero Negro, B.C.S., México
| | - Thelma Castellanos
- Agricultura en Zonas Áridas, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, SC, La Paz, B.C.S., México
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Prigot-Maurice C, Lheraud B, Guéritault S, Beltran-Bech S, Cordaux R, Peccoud J, Braquart-Varnier C. Investigating Wolbachia symbiont-mediated host protection against a bacterial pathogen using a natural Wolbachia nuclear insert. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 197:107893. [PMID: 36754115 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.107893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Wolbachia bacterial endosymbionts provide protection against pathogens in various arthropod species but the underlying mechanisms remain misunderstood. By using a natural Wolbachia nuclear insert (f-element) in the isopod Armadillidium vulgare, we explored whether Wolbachia presence is mandatory to observe protection in this species or the presence of its genes is sufficient. We assessed survival of closely related females carrying or lacking the f-element (and lacking Wolbachia) challenged with the bacterial pathogen Salmonella enterica. Despite marginal significant effects, the f-element alone did not appear to confer survival benefits to its host, suggesting that Wolbachia presence in cells is crucial for protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cybèle Prigot-Maurice
- Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions, équipe Écologie, Évolution, Symbiose. Université de Poitiers UMR CNRS 7267, 3, rue Jacques Fort, TSA 51106, F-86073, POITIERS Cedex 9, France.
| | - Baptiste Lheraud
- Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions, équipe Écologie, Évolution, Symbiose. Université de Poitiers UMR CNRS 7267, 3, rue Jacques Fort, TSA 51106, F-86073, POITIERS Cedex 9, France
| | - Samuel Guéritault
- Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions, équipe Écologie, Évolution, Symbiose. Université de Poitiers UMR CNRS 7267, 3, rue Jacques Fort, TSA 51106, F-86073, POITIERS Cedex 9, France
| | - Sophie Beltran-Bech
- Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions, équipe Écologie, Évolution, Symbiose. Université de Poitiers UMR CNRS 7267, 3, rue Jacques Fort, TSA 51106, F-86073, POITIERS Cedex 9, France
| | - Richard Cordaux
- Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions, équipe Écologie, Évolution, Symbiose. Université de Poitiers UMR CNRS 7267, 3, rue Jacques Fort, TSA 51106, F-86073, POITIERS Cedex 9, France
| | - Jean Peccoud
- Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions, équipe Écologie, Évolution, Symbiose. Université de Poitiers UMR CNRS 7267, 3, rue Jacques Fort, TSA 51106, F-86073, POITIERS Cedex 9, France
| | - Christine Braquart-Varnier
- Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions, équipe Écologie, Évolution, Symbiose. Université de Poitiers UMR CNRS 7267, 3, rue Jacques Fort, TSA 51106, F-86073, POITIERS Cedex 9, France
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Burdina EV, Gruntenko NE. Physiological Aspects of Wolbachia pipientis–Drosophila melanogaster Relationship. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093022020016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Manoj RRS, Latrofa MS, Bezerra-Santos MA, Sgroi G, Samarelli R, Mendoza-Roldan JA, Otranto D. Molecular detection and characterization of the endosymbiont Wolbachia in the European hedgehog flea, Archaeopsylla erinacei. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 97:105161. [PMID: 34843992 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Wolbachia, the endosymbiont of arthropods and onchocercid nematodes is present in many medically important insect species, being also considered for the indirect control of parasitic ones. Archaeopsylla erinacei is a flea species infesting hedgehogs acting as vector of Rickettsia felis, Bartonella henselae, and Rickettsia helvetica, thus having public health relevance. The Wolbachia surface protein (wsp) and 16S rRNA genes were used to determine the presence, prevalence and molecular typing of Wolbachia in this flea species collected in two regions of southern Italy. Of the 45 fleas tested (n = 16 males, 35.6%; n = 29 females, 64.4%), 43 (95.6%; 95% CI: 84.8-99.2) scored positive for Wolbachia, of which 15 (33.3%) and 28 (62.2%) were males and females, respectively. The sex-wise prevalence of this endosymbiont was almost equal in both sexes (males 93.8%; 95% CI: 69.5-99.7; females 96.7%; 95% CI: 83.1-99.8). Single locus sequence analysis (SLST) of Wolbachia revealed two sequence types for 16S rRNA gene, named as wAr_15227 and wAr_15234, which came from two different areas, equally distributed in male and female fleas, whilst only one sequence type was identified for wsp gene. The phylogenetic analysis placed the two 16S rRNA sequence types in paraphyletic clades belonging to the supergroup A and B, respectively. Whilst, the tree of wsp gene clustered the corresponding sequence in the same clade including those of Wolbachia supergroup A. In MLST analyses, both Wolbachia sequence types clustered in a monophyletic clade with Drosophila nikananu (wNik) and Drosophila sturtevanti (wStv) from supergroup A. ClonalFrame analysis revealed a recombination event in the wAr_15234 strain which came from Apulia region. Scientific knowledge of the presence/prevalence of Wolbachia among medically important fleas, may contribute to develop an alternative biological method for the vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Giovanni Sgroi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy
| | | | | | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy; Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran.
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Bech N, Beltran-Bech S, Chupeau C, Peccoud J, Thierry M, Raimond R, Caubet Y, Sicard M, Grève P. Experimental evidence of Wolbachia introgressive acquisition between terrestrial isopod subspecies. Curr Zool 2021; 67:455-464. [PMID: 34616942 PMCID: PMC8489008 DOI: 10.1093/cz/zoaa078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wolbachia are the most widespread endosymbiotic bacteria in animals. In many arthropod host species, they manipulate reproduction via several mechanisms that favor their maternal transmission to offspring. Among them, cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) promotes the spread of the symbiont by specifically decreasing the fertility of crosses involving infected males and uninfected females, via embryo mortality. These differences in reproductive efficiency may select for the avoidance of incompatible mating, a process called reinforcement, and thus contribute to population divergence. In the terrestrial isopod Porcellio dilatatus, the Wolbachia wPet strain infecting the subspecies P. d. petiti induces unidirectional CI with uninfected individuals of the subspecies P. d. dilatatus. To study the consequences of CI on P. d. dilatatus and P. d. petiti hybridization, mitochondrial haplotypes and Wolbachia infection dynamics, we used population cages seeded with different proportions of the 2 subspecies in which we monitored these genetic parameters 5 and 7 years after the initial setup. Analysis of microsatellite markers allowed evaluating the degree of hybridization between individuals of the 2 subspecies. These markers revealed an increase in P. d. dilatatus nuclear genetic signature in all mixed cages, reflecting an asymmetry in hybridization. Hybridization led to the introgressive acquisition of Wolbachia and mitochondrial haplotype from P. d. petiti into nuclear genomes dominated by alleles of P. d. dilatatus. We discuss these results with regards to Wolbachia effects on their host (CI and putative fitness cost), and to a possible reinforcement that may have led to assortative mating, as possible factors contributing to the observed results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Bech
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions EBI, UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, 5 rue Albert Turpain, TSA 51106 86073 POITIERS, Cedex 9, France
| | - Sophie Beltran-Bech
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions EBI, UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, 5 rue Albert Turpain, TSA 51106 86073 POITIERS, Cedex 9, France
| | - Cassandre Chupeau
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions EBI, UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, 5 rue Albert Turpain, TSA 51106 86073 POITIERS, Cedex 9, France
| | - Jean Peccoud
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions EBI, UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, 5 rue Albert Turpain, TSA 51106 86073 POITIERS, Cedex 9, France
| | - Magali Thierry
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions EBI, UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, 5 rue Albert Turpain, TSA 51106 86073 POITIERS, Cedex 9, France
| | - Roland Raimond
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions EBI, UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, 5 rue Albert Turpain, TSA 51106 86073 POITIERS, Cedex 9, France
| | - Yves Caubet
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions EBI, UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, 5 rue Albert Turpain, TSA 51106 86073 POITIERS, Cedex 9, France
| | - Mathieu Sicard
- ISEM, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Grève
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions EBI, UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, 5 rue Albert Turpain, TSA 51106 86073 POITIERS, Cedex 9, France
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Chevalier FD, Diaz R, McDew-White M, Anderson TJC, Clec’h WL. The hemolymph of Biomphalaria snail vectors of schistosomiasis supports a diverse microbiome. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:5450-5466. [PMID: 33169917 PMCID: PMC8023393 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The microbiome - the microorganism community that is found on or within an organism's body - is increasingly recognized to shape many aspects of its host biology and is a key determinant of health and disease. Microbiomes modulate the capacity of insect disease vectors (mosquitoes, tsetse flies, sandflies) to transmit parasites and disease. We investigate the diversity and abundance of microorganisms within the hemolymph (i.e. blood) of Biomphalaria snails, the intermediate host for Schistosoma mansoni, using Illumina MiSeq sequencing of the bacterial 16S V4 rDNA. We sampled hemolymph from five snails from six different laboratory populations of B. glabrata and one population of B. alexandrina. We observed 279.84 ± 0.79 amplicon sequence variants per snail. There were significant differences in microbiome composition at the level of individual snails, snail populations and species. Snail microbiomes were dominated by Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes while water microbiomes from snail tank were dominated by Actinobacteria. We investigated the absolute bacterial load using qPCR: hemolymph samples contained 2784 ± 339 bacteria/μl. We speculate that the microbiome may represent a critical, but unexplored intermediary in the snail-schistosome interaction as hemolymph is in very close contact with the parasite at each step of its development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robbie Diaz
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, PO Box 760549, San Antonio, TX 78258
| | - Marina McDew-White
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, PO Box 760549, San Antonio, TX 78258
| | | | - Winka Le Clec’h
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, PO Box 760549, San Antonio, TX 78258
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Prigot-Maurice C, de Cerqueira De Araujo A, Beltran-Bech S, Braquart-Varnier C. Immune priming depends on age, sex and Wolbachia in the interaction between Armadillidium vulgare and Salmonella. J Evol Biol 2020; 34:256-269. [PMID: 33108676 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The protection conferred by a first infection upon a second pathogenic exposure (i.e. immune priming) is an emergent research topic in the field of invertebrate immunity. Immune priming has been demonstrated in various species, but little is known about the intrinsic factors that may influence this immune process. In this study, we tested whether age, gender and the symbiotic bacterium Wolbachia affect the protection resulting from immune priming in A. vulgare against S. enterica. We firstly primed young and old, symbiotic and asymbiotic males and females, either with a non-lethal low dose of S. enterica, LB broth or without injection (control). Seven days post-injection, we performed a LD50 injection of S. enterica in all individuals and we monitored their survival rates. We demonstrated that survival capacities depend on these three factors: young and old asymbiotic individuals (males and females) expressed immune priming (S. enterica-primed individuals survived better than LB-primed and non-primed), with a general decline in the strength of protection in old females, but not in old males, compared to young. When Wolbachia is present, the immune priming protection was observed in old, but not in young symbiotic individuals, even if the Wolbachia load on entire individuals is equivalent regardless to age. Our overall results showed that the immune priming protection in A. vulgare depends on individuals' states, highlighting the need to consider these factors both in mechanistical and evolutionary studies focusing on invertebrate's immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cybèle Prigot-Maurice
- Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions - UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers - UFR Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Alexandra de Cerqueira De Araujo
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte - UMR CNRS 7261, Université François-Rabelais - UFR Sciences et Techniques, Tours, France
| | - Sophie Beltran-Bech
- Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions - UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers - UFR Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Christine Braquart-Varnier
- Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions - UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers - UFR Sciences Fondamentales et Appliquées, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
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López-Madrigal S, Duarte EH. Titer regulation in arthropod-Wolbachia symbioses. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2020; 366:5637388. [PMID: 31750894 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnz232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Symbiosis between intracellular bacteria (endosymbionts) and animals are widespread. The alphaproteobacterium Wolbachia pipientis is known to maintain a variety of symbiotic associations, ranging from mutualism to parasitism, with a wide range of invertebrates. Wolbachia infection might deeply affect host fitness (e.g. reproductive manipulation and antiviral protection), which is thought to explain its high prevalence in nature. Bacterial loads significantly influence both the infection dynamics and the extent of bacteria-induced host phenotypes. Hence, fine regulation of bacterial titers is considered as a milestone in host-endosymbiont interplay. Here, we review both environmental and biological factors modulating Wolbachia titers in arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elves H Duarte
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência. Rua da Quinta Grande, 6. 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal.,Departamento de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Cabo Verde. Palmarejo, CP 279 - Praia, Cabo Verde
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11
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Survival capacity of the common woodlouse Armadillidium vulgare is improved with a second infection of Salmonella enterica. J Invertebr Pathol 2019; 168:107278. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2019.107278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Fisher ML, Levine JF, Guy JS, Mochizuki H, Breen M, Schal C, Watson DW. Lack of influence by endosymbiont Wolbachia on virus titer in the common bed bug, Cimex lectularius. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:436. [PMID: 31500667 PMCID: PMC6734260 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3694-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The common bed bug, Cimex lectularius, is an obligatory blood-feeding ectoparasite that requires a blood meal to molt and produce eggs. Their frequent biting to obtain blood meals and intimate association with humans increase the potential for disease transmission. However, despite more than 100 years of inquiry into bed bugs as potential disease vectors, they still have not been conclusively linked to any pathogen or disease. This ecological niche is extraordinarily rare, given that nearly every other blood-feeding arthropod is associated with some type of human or zoonotic disease. Bed bugs rely on the bacteria Wolbachia as an obligate endosymbiont to biosynthesize B vitamins, since they acquire a nutritionally deficient diet, but it is unknown if Wolbachia confers additional benefits to its bed bug host. In some insects, Wolbachia induces resistance to viruses such as Dengue, Chikungunya, West Nile, Drosophila C and Zika, and primes the insect immune system in other blood-feeding insects. Wolbachia might have evolved a similar role in its mutualistic association with the bed bug. In this study, we evaluated the influence of Wolbachia on virus replication within C. lectularius. METHODS We used feline calicivirus as a model pathogen. We fed 40 bed bugs from an established line of Wolbachia-cured and a line of Wolbachia-positive C. lectularius a virus-laden blood meal, and quantified the amount of virus over five time intervals post-feeding. The antibiotic rifampicin was used to cure bed bugs of Wolbachia. RESULTS There was a significant effect of time post-feeding, as the amount of virus declined by ~90% over 10 days in both groups, but no significant difference in virus titer was observed between the Wolbachia-positive and Wolbachia-cured groups. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that other mechanisms are involved in virus suppression within bed bugs, independent of the influence of Wolbachia, and our conclusions underscore the need for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Fisher
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
- United States Navy Medical Service Corps, Raleigh, NC USA
| | - Jay F. Levine
- Department of Marine, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
| | - James S. Guy
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607 USA
| | - Hiroyuki Mochizuki
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
| | - Matthew Breen
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
| | - Coby Schal
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
| | - David W. Watson
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
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13
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Fortin M, Meunier J, Laverré T, Souty-Grosset C, Richard FJ. Joint effects of group sex-ratio and Wolbachia infection on female reproductive success in the terrestrial isopod Armadillidium vulgare. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:65. [PMID: 30819117 PMCID: PMC6394025 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1391-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In species that reproduce with sexual reproduction, males and females often have opposite strategies to maximize their own fitness. For instance, males are typically expected to maximize their number of mating events, whereas an excessive number of mating events can be costly for females. Although the risk of sexual harassment by males and resulting costs for females are expected to increase with the proportion of males, it remains unknown whether and how parasitic distorters of a host population’s sex-ratio can shape this effect on the fitness of females. Here, we addressed this question using Armadillidium vulgare and its parasite Wolbachia that alters the sex-ratio of a population. We set up Wolbachia-free and Wolbachia-infected females in experimental groups exhibiting 100, 80, 50% or 20% females for 1 year, during which we measured changes in survival, fertility and fecundity. Results Wolbachia infection shaped the effects of both population sex-ratio and reproductive season on female fecundity. Compared to Wolbachia-free females, Wolbachia-infected females were less likely to be gravid in populations exhibiting an excess of females and did not exhibit the otherwise negative effect of seasons on this likelihood. Group sex-ratio and Wolbachia infection have independent effects on other measured traits. Male-biased populations had females both exhibiting the lowest survival rate after 6 months and producing the smallest number of offspring, independent of Wolbachia infection. Conversely, Wolbachia-infected females had the lowest likelihood of producing at least one offspring, independent of group sex-ratio. Wolbachia infection had no effect on female survival rate. Conclusions We demonstrated that male-biased sex-ratio and the presence of Wolbachia are costly for females due to sexual harassment by males and bacterial infection, respectively. Interestingly, Wolbachia infection triggers another negative effect. This effect does not come from an excess of males and its associated sexual harassment of females but instead from a lack of males and the associated risk for females of remaining unmated. Overall, these findings highlight the importance of social pressures and infection on female fitness and provide insights into our general understanding of the joint and opposite effects of these two parameters in the evolution of reproductive strategies. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-019-1391-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Fortin
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe "Ecologie, Evolution, Symbiose", UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, Bat B8-B35, 6 rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106, F-86073, Poitiers, Cedex 9, France
| | - Joël Meunier
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte (IRBI), UMR 7261, CNRS, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Tiffany Laverré
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe "Ecologie, Evolution, Symbiose", UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, Bat B8-B35, 6 rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106, F-86073, Poitiers, Cedex 9, France
| | - Catherine Souty-Grosset
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe "Ecologie, Evolution, Symbiose", UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, Bat B8-B35, 6 rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106, F-86073, Poitiers, Cedex 9, France
| | - Freddie-Jeanne Richard
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe "Ecologie, Evolution, Symbiose", UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, Bat B8-B35, 6 rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106, F-86073, Poitiers, Cedex 9, France.
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14
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Horváth G, Garamszegi LZ, Bereczki J, Urszán TJ, Balázs G, Herczeg G. Roll with the fear: environment and state dependence of pill bug (Armadillidium vulgare) personalities. Naturwissenschaften 2019; 106:7. [PMID: 30729319 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-019-1602-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Most studies on animal personality evaluate individual mean behaviour to describe individual behavioural strategy, while often neglecting behavioural variability on the within-individual level. However, within-individual behavioural plasticity (variation induced by environment) and within-individual residual variation (regulatory behavioural precision) are recognized as biologically valid components of individual behaviour, but the evolutionary ecology of these components is still less understood. Here, we tested whether behaviour of common pill bugs (Armadillidium vulgare) differs on the among- and within-individual level and whether it is affected by various individual specific state-related traits (sex, size and Wolbachia infection). To this aim, we assayed risk-taking in familiar vs. unfamiliar environments 30 times along 38 days and applied double modelling statistical technique to handle the complex hierarchical structure for both individual-specific trait means and variances. We found that there are significant among-individual differences not only in mean risk-taking behaviour but also in environment- and time-induced behavioural plasticity and residual variation. Wolbachia-infected individuals took less risk than healthy conspecifics; in addition, individuals became more risk-averse with time. Residual variation decreased with time, and individuals expressed higher residual variation in the unfamiliar environment. Further, sensitization was stronger in females and in larger individuals in general. Our results suggest that among-individual variation, behavioural plasticity and residual variation are all (i) biologically relevant components of an individual's behavioural strategy and (ii) responsive to changes in environment or labile state variables. We propose pill bugs as promising models for personality research due to the relative ease of getting repeated behavioural measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gergely Horváth
- Behavioural Ecology Group, Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/c, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary.
| | - László Zsolt Garamszegi
- Behavioural Ecology Group, Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/c, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary.,Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Estación Biológica de Donaña-CSIC, c/ Americo Vespucio, 26, 41092, Seville, Spain.,MTA-ELTE, Theoretical Biology and Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, Department of Plant Systematics, Ecology and Theoretical Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/c, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
| | - Judit Bereczki
- Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology, Institute of Biology and Ecology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, Debrecen, H-4032, Hungary
| | - Tamás János Urszán
- Behavioural Ecology Group, Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/c, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
| | - Gergely Balázs
- Behavioural Ecology Group, Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/c, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
| | - Gábor Herczeg
- Behavioural Ecology Group, Department of Systematic Zoology and Ecology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/c, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
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15
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Fortin M, Vitet C, Souty-Grosset C, Richard FJ. How do familiarity and relatedness influence mate choice in Armadillidium vulgare? PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209893. [PMID: 30596784 PMCID: PMC6312335 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mate choice is an important process in sexual selection and usually prevents inbreeding depression in populations. In the terrestrial isopod Armadillidium vulgare, the close physical proximity between individuals may increase the risk of reproducing with siblings. Moreover, individuals of this species can be infected with the feminizing bacteria of Wolbachia, which influence male mate choice. However, little is known about the kinship or familiarity assessment of the selected partner that occurs when a male can choose between females with or without Wolbachia. To investigate the potential mechanisms leading to mate choice and the potential impact of the parasite, we performed behavioral choice tests on males where they could choose between sibling vs. nonsibling females, familiar vs. unfamiliar females, and sibling familiar vs. unfamiliar nonsibling females. To investigate the costs of inbreeding, we compared the reproductive success of both sibling and nonsibling mates. Our results revealed that male copulation attempts were higher for familiar females and for nonsibling females when both females were Wolbachia-infected, but the duration was longer when both females were Wolbachia-free. When males mated with a sibling female, their fecundity was severely decreased, consistent with inbreeding depression. Overall, we observed copulations with all types of females and demonstrated discrimination capacities and potential preferences. We highlight the complexity of the tradeoff between kinship, familiarity and parasite transmission assessment for mate choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Fortin
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Team Ecologie, Evolution, Symbiose, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Camille Vitet
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Team Ecologie, Evolution, Symbiose, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Catherine Souty-Grosset
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Team Ecologie, Evolution, Symbiose, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Freddie-Jeanne Richard
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Team Ecologie, Evolution, Symbiose, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- * E-mail:
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16
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Zimmermann BL, Palaoro AV, Bouchon D, Almerão MP, Araujo PB. How coexistence may influence life history: the reproductive strategies of sympatric congeneric terrestrial isopods (Crustacea, Oniscidea). CAN J ZOOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2018-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Patterns of allocation between reproduction, survival, and maintenance are what we call life history. By investigating the life-history strategy of sympatric species, we may understand how they are able to coexist, as different strategies are expected to evolve in species that occupy similar niche space. Terrestrial isopods are a group in which multiple species frequently inhabit the same area. Notably, they are usually infected by Wolbachia Hertig, 1936, a notorious manipulator of the hosts’ reproductive processes. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze the investment in reproduction in three sympatric and closely related species of terrestrial isopods: Atlantoscia floridana (Van Name, 1940), Atlantoscia inflata Campos-Filho and Araujo, 2015, and Atlantoscia petronioi Campos-Filho, Contreira and Lopes-Leitzke, 2012, only the latter being infected with Wolbachia. We showed that the presence of the bacteria seems not to affect the fitness of A. petronioi, because there was no clear difference in the reproductive output of infected and noninfected individuals. On the other hand, we observed that the three species possess alternative life-history strategies; that is, they differ in how much they invest in maintenance (body size) and reproductive effort. Such differences probably facilitate the species coexistence, reducing the competition among them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Laís Zimmermann
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima 1000, Bairro Camobi, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Bairro Agronomia, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Varaschin Palaoro
- LAGE do Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão 321 - Trav. 14, Cid. Universitária, 05508-090, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Didier Bouchon
- CNRS UMR 7267, Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, équipe Ecologie Evolution Symbiose, Université de Poitiers, Batiment B8-B35, 5 rue Albert Turpain, TSA 51106, F-86073 Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | | | - Paula Beatriz Araujo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Animal, Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Bairro Agronomia, 91501-970, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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17
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Pascar J, Chandler CH. A bioinformatics approach to identifying Wolbachia infections in arthropods. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5486. [PMID: 30202647 PMCID: PMC6126470 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wolbachia is the most widespread endosymbiont, infecting >20% of arthropod species, and capable of drastically manipulating the host's reproductive mechanisms. Conventionally, diagnosis has relied on PCR amplification; however, PCR is not always a reliable diagnostic technique due to primer specificity, strain diversity, degree of infection and/or tissue sampled. Here, we look for evidence of Wolbachia infection across a wide array of arthropod species using a bioinformatic approach to detect the Wolbachia genes ftsZ, wsp, and the groE operon in next-generation sequencing samples available through the NCBI Sequence Read Archive. For samples showing signs of infection, we attempted to assemble entire Wolbachia genomes, and in order to better understand the relationships between hosts and symbionts, phylogenies were constructed using the assembled gene sequences. Out of the 34 species with positively identified infections, eight species of arthropod had not previously been recorded to harbor Wolbachia infection. All putative infections cluster with known representative strains belonging to supergroup A or B, which are known to only infect arthropods. This study presents an efficient bioinformatic approach for post-sequencing diagnosis and analysis of Wolbachia infection in arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Pascar
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Oswego, Oswego, NY, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, United States of America
| | - Christopher H. Chandler
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Oswego, Oswego, NY, United States of America
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18
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Duplouy A, Hornett EA. Uncovering the hidden players in Lepidoptera biology: the heritable microbial endosymbionts. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4629. [PMID: 29761037 PMCID: PMC5947162 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Lepidoptera is one of the most widespread and recognisable insect orders. Due to their remarkable diversity, economic and ecological importance, moths and butterflies have been studied extensively over the last 200 years. More recently, the relationship between Lepidoptera and their heritable microbial endosymbionts has received increasing attention. Heritable endosymbionts reside within the host’s body and are often, but not exclusively, inherited through the female line. Advancements in molecular genetics have revealed that host-associated microbes are both extremely prevalent among arthropods and highly diverse. Furthermore, heritable endosymbionts have been repeatedly demonstrated to play an integral role in many aspects of host biology, particularly host reproduction. Here, we review the major findings of research of heritable microbial endosymbionts of butterflies and moths. We promote the Lepidoptera as important models in the study of reproductive manipulations employed by heritable endosymbionts, with the mechanisms underlying male-killing and feminisation currently being elucidated in moths and butterflies. We also reveal that the vast majority of research undertaken of Lepidopteran endosymbionts concerns Wolbachia. While this highly prevalent bacterium is undoubtedly important, studies should move towards investigating the presence of other, and interacting endosymbionts, and we discuss the merits of examining the microbiome of Lepidoptera to this end. We finally consider the importance of understanding the influence of endosymbionts under global environmental change and when planning conservation management of endangered Lepidoptera species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Duplouy
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Emily A Hornett
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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19
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Dittmer J, Bouchon D. Feminizing Wolbachia influence microbiota composition in the terrestrial isopod Armadillidium vulgare. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6998. [PMID: 29725059 PMCID: PMC5934373 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25450-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Wolbachia are widespread heritable endosymbionts of arthropods notorious for their profound effects on host fitness as well as for providing protection against viruses and eukaryotic parasites, indicating that they can interact with other microorganisms sharing the same host environment. Using the terrestrial isopod crustacean Armadillidium vulgare, its highly diverse microbiota (>200 bacterial genera) and its three feminizing Wolbachia strains (wVulC, wVulM, wVulP) as a model system, the present study demonstrates that Wolbachia can even influence the composition of a diverse bacterial community under both laboratory and natural conditions. While host origin is the major determinant of the taxonomic composition of the microbiota in A. vulgare, Wolbachia infection affected both the presence and, more importantly, the abundance of many bacterial taxa within each host population, possibly due to competitive interactions. Moreover, different Wolbachia strains had different impacts on microbiota composition. As such, infection with wVulC affected a higher number of taxa than infection with wVulM, possibly due to intrinsic differences in virulence and titer between these two strains. In conclusion, this study shows that heritable endosymbionts such as Wolbachia can act as biotic factors shaping the microbiota of arthropods, with as yet unknown consequences on host fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Dittmer
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, équipe Ecologie Evolution Symbiose, 5 rue Albert Turpin, 86073, Poitiers, France
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Didier Bouchon
- Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, équipe Ecologie Evolution Symbiose, 5 rue Albert Turpin, 86073, Poitiers, France.
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20
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Ren SL, Li YH, Ou D, Guo YJ, Qureshi JA, Stansly PA, Qiu BL. Localization and dynamics of Wolbachia infection in Asian citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri, the insect vector of the causal pathogens of Huanglongbing. Microbiologyopen 2018; 7:e00561. [PMID: 29573202 PMCID: PMC6011985 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Wolbachia is a group of intracellular bacteria that infect a wide range of arthropods including the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama. This insect is the vector of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas), the causal pathogen of Huanglongbing or citrus greening disease. Here, we investigated the localization pattern and infection dynamics of Wolbachia in different developmental stages of ACP. Results revealed that all developmental stages of ACP including egg, 1st–5th instar nymphs, and adults of both gender were infected with Wolbachia. FISH visualization of an ACP egg showed that Wolbachia moved from the egg stalk of newly laid eggs to a randomly distributed pattern throughout the egg prior to hatching. The infection rate varied between nymphal instars. The titers of Wolbachia in fourth and fifth instar nymphs were significantly higher than those in the first and second instar nymphs. Wolbachia were scattered in all nymphal stages, but with highest intensity in the U‐shaped bacteriome located in the abdomen of the nymph. Wolbachia was confined to two symmetrical organizations in the abdomen of newly emerged female and male adults. The potential mechanisms of Wolbachia infection dynamics are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Li Ren
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, Engineering Technology Research Center of Agricultural Pest Biocontrol, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Airport Management College, Guangzhou Civil Aviation College, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Han Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, Engineering Technology Research Center of Agricultural Pest Biocontrol, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Da Ou
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, Engineering Technology Research Center of Agricultural Pest Biocontrol, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Jun Guo
- Institute of Fruit Science, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing, China
| | - Jawwad A Qureshi
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida/IFAS, Indian River Research & Education Center, Fort Pierce, FL, USA
| | - Philip A Stansly
- Southwest Florida Research & Education Center, University of Florida/IFAS, Immokalee, FL, USA
| | - Bao-Li Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Pesticide Innovation and Application, Engineering Technology Research Center of Agricultural Pest Biocontrol, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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21
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Fortin M, Debenest C, Souty‐Grosset C, Richard F. Males prefer virgin females, even if parasitized, in the terrestrial isopod Armadillidium vulgare. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:3341-3353. [PMID: 29607029 PMCID: PMC5869267 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In many species, males increase their reproductive success by choosing high-quality females. In natural populations, they interact with both virgin and mated females, which can store sperm in their spermatheca. Therefore, males elaborate strategies to avoid sperm competition. In the terrestrial isopod Armadillidium vulgare, females can store sperm and produce several clutches. Moreover, this species can be parasitized by Wolbachia, which feminizes genetic males, transforming them into functional females. Our study compared attractiveness and mate choice when a male is exposed to both virgin and experienced females (i.e., females who have produced offspring and rested for 6 months), with or without Wolbachia. Our results revealed that males are more attracted to virgin females than experienced females, even if these virgin females are parasitized. Moreover, the chemical analysis highlighted different odors in females according to their reproductive and infection (Wolbachia-free or vertically Wolbachia-infected) status. Males attempted copulation more frequently and for longer with virgin females, even if Wolbachia-infected, while experienced females refused further copulation. The evolutionary consequences of both male choice and female resistance on their fitness are discussed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Fortin
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des InteractionsEquipe “Ecologie, Evolution, Symbiose”Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267PoitiersFrance
| | - Catherine Debenest
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des InteractionsEquipe “Ecologie, Evolution, Symbiose”Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267PoitiersFrance
| | - Catherine Souty‐Grosset
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des InteractionsEquipe “Ecologie, Evolution, Symbiose”Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267PoitiersFrance
| | - Freddie‐Jeanne Richard
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des InteractionsEquipe “Ecologie, Evolution, Symbiose”Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267PoitiersFrance
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22
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Le Clec'h W, Dittmer J, Raimond M, Bouchon D, Sicard M. Phenotypic shift in Wolbachia virulence towards its native host across serial horizontal passages. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2017.1076. [PMID: 28724736 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.1076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Vertical transmission mode is predicted to decrease the virulence of symbionts. However, Wolbachia, a widespread vertically transmitted endosymbiont, exhibits both negative and beneficial effects on arthropod fitness. This 'Jekyll and Hyde' behaviour, as well as its ability to live transiently outside host cells and to establish new infections via horizontal transmission, may reflect the capacity of Wolbachia to exhibit various phenotypes depending on the prevailing environmental constraints. To study the ability of Wolbachia to readily cope with new constraints, we forced this endosymbiont to spread only via horizontal transmission. To achieve this, we performed serial horizontal transfers of haemolymph from Wolbachia-infected to naive individuals of the isopod Armadillidium vulgare. Across passages, we observed phenotypic changes in the symbiotic relationship: (i) The Wolbachia titre increased in both haemolymph and nerve cord but remained stable in ovaries; (ii) Wolbachia infection was benign at the beginning of the experiment, but highly virulent, killing most hosts after only a few passages. Such a phenotypic shift after recurrent horizontal passages demonstrates that Wolbachia can rapidly change its virulence when facing new environmental constraints. We thoroughly discuss the potential mechanism(s) underlying this phenotypic change, which are likely to be crucial for the ongoing radiation of Wolbachia in arthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winka Le Clec'h
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, PO Box 760549, 78245 San Antonio, TX, USA.,CNRS UMR 7267, Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université de Poitiers, 5 rue Albert Turpain, 86073 Poitiers, France
| | - Jessica Dittmer
- The Rowland Institute at Harvard, 100 Edwin H. Land Boulevard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,CNRS UMR 7267, Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université de Poitiers, 5 rue Albert Turpain, 86073 Poitiers, France
| | - Maryline Raimond
- CNRS UMR 7267, Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université de Poitiers, 5 rue Albert Turpain, 86073 Poitiers, France
| | - Didier Bouchon
- CNRS UMR 7267, Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université de Poitiers, 5 rue Albert Turpain, 86073 Poitiers, France
| | - Mathieu Sicard
- CNRS UMR 7267, Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université de Poitiers, 5 rue Albert Turpain, 86073 Poitiers, France .,Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR CNRS-IRD-UM 5554), Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France
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23
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López-Madrigal S, Maire J, Balmand S, Zaidman-Rémy A, Heddi A. Effects of symbiotic status on cellular immunity dynamics in Sitophilus oryzae. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 77:259-269. [PMID: 28802841 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Many insects maintain intracellular symbiosis with mutualistic bacteria that improve their adaptive capabilities in nutritionally poor habitats. Adaptation of insect immune systems to such associations has been shown in several symbiotic consortia, including that of the rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae with the gammaproteobacterium Sodalis pierantonius. Although authors have mostly focused on the role of humoral immunity in host-symbiont interactions, recent studies suggest that symbiotic bacteria may also interfere with the cellular, hemocyte-based, immunity. Here, we have explored hemocyte dynamics in S. oryzae in the presence or absence of S. pierantonius, and in response to bacterial challenges. We have identified five morphotypes within larval hemocytes, whose abundance and morphometry drastically change along insect development. We show that hemocytes make part of the weevil immune system by responding to pathogenic infections. In contrast with previous results on other insect species, however, our analyses did not reveal any symbiotic-dependent modulation of the hemocyte global population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Justin Maire
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, INRA, BF2I, UMR0203, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Séverine Balmand
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, INRA, BF2I, UMR0203, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Anna Zaidman-Rémy
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, INRA, BF2I, UMR0203, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Abdelaziz Heddi
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, INRA, BF2I, UMR0203, F-69621, Villeurbanne, France.
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24
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Richard FJ. Symbiotic Bacteria Influence the Odor and Mating Preference of Their Hosts. Front Ecol Evol 2017. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2017.00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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25
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Terradas G, McGraw EA. Wolbachia-mediated virus blocking in the mosquito vector Aedes aegypti. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 22:37-44. [PMID: 28805637 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Viruses transmitted by mosquitoes such as dengue, Zika and West Nile cause a threat to global health due to increased geographical range and frequency of outbreaks. The bacterium Wolbachia pipientis may be the solution reducing disease transmission. Though commonly missing in vector species, the bacterium was artificially and stably introduced into Aedes aegypti to assess its potential for biocontrol. When infected with Wolbachia, mosquitoes become refractory to infection by a range of pathogens, including the aforementioned viruses. How the bacterium is conferring this phenotype remains unknown. Here we discuss current hypotheses in the field for the mechanistic basis of pathogen blocking and evaluate the evidence from mosquitoes and related insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Terradas
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton VIC 3800, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A McGraw
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton VIC 3800, Melbourne, Australia.
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26
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Cordaux R, Gilbert C. Evolutionary Significance of Wolbachia-to-Animal Horizontal Gene Transfer: Female Sex Determination and the f Element in the Isopod Armadillidium vulgare. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8070186. [PMID: 28753988 PMCID: PMC5541319 DOI: 10.3390/genes8070186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) events from bacteria to animals have been reported in the past years, many of which involve Wolbachia bacterial endosymbionts and their invertebrate hosts. Most transferred Wolbachia genes are neutrally-evolving fossils embedded in host genomes. A remarkable case of Wolbachia HGT for which a clear evolutionary significance has been demonstrated is the “f element”, a nuclear Wolbachia insert involved in female sex determination in the terrestrial isopod Armadillidium vulgare. The f element represents an instance of bacteria-to-animal HGT that has occurred so recently that it was possible to infer the donor (feminizing Wolbachia closely related to the wVulC Wolbachia strain of A. vulgare) and the mechanism of integration (a nearly complete genome inserted by micro-homology-mediated recombination). In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of the f element and discuss arising perspectives regarding female sex determination, unstable inheritance, population dynamics and the molecular evolution of the f element. Overall, the f element unifies three major areas in evolutionary biology: symbiosis, HGT and sex determination. Its characterization highlights the tremendous impact sex ratio distorters can have on the evolution of sex determination mechanisms and sex chromosomes in animals and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Cordaux
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe Ecologie Evolution Symbiose, Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267, Bât. B8, 5 rue Albert Turpin, TSA 51106, 86073 Poitiers CEDEX 9, France.
| | - Clément Gilbert
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe Ecologie Evolution Symbiose, Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267, Bât. B8, 5 rue Albert Turpin, TSA 51106, 86073 Poitiers CEDEX 9, France.
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27
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Valette V, Durand S, Bech N, Grandjean F, Beltran-Bech S. Multiple paternity in a wild population of Armadillidium vulgare
: influence of infection with Wolbachia
? J Evol Biol 2016; 30:235-243. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Valette
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions; UMR CNRS 7267; Equipe ‘Ecologie, Evolution, Symbiose’; Université de Poitiers; Poitiers France
| | - S. Durand
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions; UMR CNRS 7267; Equipe ‘Ecologie, Evolution, Symbiose’; Université de Poitiers; Poitiers France
| | - N. Bech
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions; UMR CNRS 7267; Equipe ‘Ecologie, Evolution, Symbiose’; Université de Poitiers; Poitiers France
| | - F. Grandjean
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions; UMR CNRS 7267; Equipe ‘Ecologie, Evolution, Symbiose’; Université de Poitiers; Poitiers France
| | - S. Beltran-Bech
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions; UMR CNRS 7267; Equipe ‘Ecologie, Evolution, Symbiose’; Université de Poitiers; Poitiers France
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28
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Dittmer J, van Opstal EJ, Shropshire JD, Bordenstein SR, Hurst GDD, Brucker RM. Disentangling a Holobiont - Recent Advances and Perspectives in Nasonia Wasps. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1478. [PMID: 27721807 PMCID: PMC5033955 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The parasitoid wasp genus Nasonia (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) is a well-established model organism for insect development, evolutionary genetics, speciation, and symbiosis. The host-microbiota assemblage which constitutes the Nasonia holobiont (a host together with all of its associated microbes) consists of viruses, two heritable bacterial symbionts and a bacterial community dominated in abundance by a few taxa in the gut. In the wild, all four Nasonia species are systematically infected with the obligate intracellular bacterium Wolbachia and can additionally be co-infected with Arsenophonus nasoniae. These two reproductive parasites have different transmission modes and host manipulations (cytoplasmic incompatibility vs. male-killing, respectively). Pioneering studies on Wolbachia in Nasonia demonstrated that closely related Nasonia species harbor multiple and mutually incompatible Wolbachia strains, resulting in strong symbiont-mediated reproductive barriers that evolved early in the speciation process. Moreover, research on host-symbiont interactions and speciation has recently broadened from its historical focus on heritable symbionts to the entire microbial community. In this context, each Nasonia species hosts a distinguishable community of gut bacteria that experiences a temporal succession during host development and members of this bacterial community cause strong hybrid lethality during larval development. In this review, we present the Nasonia species complex as a model system to experimentally investigate questions regarding: (i) the impact of different microbes, including (but not limited to) heritable endosymbionts, on the extended phenotype of the holobiont, (ii) the establishment and regulation of a species-specific microbiota, (iii) the role of the microbiota in speciation, and (iv) the resilience and adaptability of the microbiota in wild populations subjected to different environmental pressures. We discuss the potential for easy microbiota manipulations in Nasonia as a promising experimental approach to address these fundamental aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Dittmer
- Rowland Institute at Harvard, Harvard University, Cambridge MA, USA
| | | | - J Dylan Shropshire
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville TN, USA
| | - Seth R Bordenstein
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, NashvilleTN, USA; Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, NashvilleTN, USA
| | - Gregory D D Hurst
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool Liverpool, UK
| | - Robert M Brucker
- Rowland Institute at Harvard, Harvard University, Cambridge MA, USA
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29
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Rohrscheib CE, Frentiu FD, Horn E, Ritchie FK, van Swinderen B, Weible MW, O’Neill SL, Brownlie JC. Intensity of Mutualism Breakdown Is Determined by Temperature Not Amplification of Wolbachia Genes. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005888. [PMID: 27661080 PMCID: PMC5035075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Wolbachia are maternally transmitted intracellular bacterial symbionts that infect approximately 40% of all insect species. Though several strains of Wolbachia naturally infect Drosophila melanogaster and provide resistance against viral pathogens, or provision metabolites during periods of nutritional stress, one virulent strain, wMelPop, reduces fly lifespan by half, possibly as a consequence of over-replication. While the mechanisms that allow wMelPop to over-replicate are still of debate, a unique tandem repeat locus in the wMelPop genome that contains eight genes, referred to as the “Octomom” locus has been identified and is thought to play an important regulatory role. Estimates of Octomom locus copy number correlated increasing copy number to both Wolbachia bacterial density and increased pathology. Here we demonstrate that infected fly pathology is not dependent on an increased Octomom copy number, but does strongly correlate with increasing temperature. When measured across developmental time, we also show Octomom copy number to be highly variable across developmental time within a single generation. Using a second pathogenic strain of Wolbachia, we further demonstrate reduced insect lifespan can occur independently of a high Octomom locus copy number. Taken together, this data demonstrates that the mechanism/s of wMelPop virulence is more complex than has been previously described. Wolbachia are obligate intracellular, symbiotic bacteria that infect approximately 40% of insect species, as well as filarial nematodes, arachnids and terrestrial isopods. While the vast majority of Wolbachia strains impose few fitness costs to their host, one strain wMelPop is unique as it lacks the ability to regulate its growth, and as consequence can reduce host lifespan by half. The strength of pathology induced by wMelPop has been linked to either increased bacterial density or copy number of an eight gene tandem repeat region referred to as the “Octomom” locus. To date no study has determined the effect changes to temperature have on Octomom copy number or bacterial density. Here we demonstrate that while the Octomom locus is unstable within a single generation of its host, changes to Octomom copy number did not occur in response to temperature. Furthermore, Octomom copy number or bacterial density does not correlate to the strength of pathology. These results indicate that the underpinning genetics of pathology are unclear, and the mechanisms by pathology is induced are more complex than previously realised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsie E. Rohrscheib
- School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia
- Eskitis Institute for Cell and Molecular Therapies, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia
| | - Francesca D. Frentiu
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Australia
| | - Emilie Horn
- School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia
| | - Fiona K. Ritchie
- School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia
| | - Bruno van Swinderen
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia
| | - Michael W. Weible
- School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia
- Eskitis Institute for Cell and Molecular Therapies, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia
| | - Scott L. O’Neill
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Jeremy C. Brownlie
- School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Australia
- * E-mail:
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30
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Bouchon D, Zimmer M, Dittmer J. The Terrestrial Isopod Microbiome: An All-in-One Toolbox for Animal-Microbe Interactions of Ecological Relevance. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1472. [PMID: 27721806 PMCID: PMC5033963 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial symbionts represent essential drivers of arthropod ecology and evolution, influencing host traits such as nutrition, reproduction, immunity, and speciation. However, the majority of work on arthropod microbiota has been conducted in insects and more studies in non-model species across different ecological niches will be needed to complete our understanding of host–microbiota interactions. In this review, we present terrestrial isopod crustaceans as an emerging model organism to investigate symbiotic associations with potential relevance to ecosystem functioning. Terrestrial isopods comprise a group of crustaceans that have evolved a terrestrial lifestyle and represent keystone species in terrestrial ecosystems, contributing to the decomposition of organic matter and regulating the microbial food web. Since their nutrition is based on plant detritus, it has long been suspected that bacterial symbionts located in the digestive tissues might play an important role in host nutrition via the provisioning of digestive enzymes, thereby enabling the utilization of recalcitrant food compounds (e.g., cellulose or lignins). If this were the case, then (i) the acquisition of these bacteria might have been an important evolutionary prerequisite for the colonization of land by isopods, and (ii) these bacterial symbionts would directly mediate the role of their hosts in ecosystem functioning. Several bacterial symbionts have indeed been discovered in the midgut caeca of terrestrial isopods and some of them might be specific to this group of animals (i.e., Candidatus Hepatoplasma crinochetorum, Candidatus Hepatincola porcellionum, and Rhabdochlamydia porcellionis), while others are well-known intracellular pathogens (Rickettsiella spp.) or reproductive parasites (Wolbachia sp.). Moreover, a recent investigation of the microbiota in Armadillidium vulgare has revealed that this species harbors a highly diverse bacterial community which varies between host populations, suggesting an important share of environmental microbes in the host-associated microbiota. In this review, we synthesize our current knowledge on the terrestrial isopod microbiome and identify future directions to (i) fully understand the functional roles of particular bacteria (both intracellular or intestinal symbionts and environmental gut passengers), and (ii) whether and how the host-associated microbiota could influence the performance of terrestrial isopods as keystone species in soil ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Bouchon
- UMR CNRS 7267, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université de Poitiers Poitiers, France
| | - Martin Zimmer
- Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology Bremen, Germany
| | - Jessica Dittmer
- Rowland Institute at Harvard, Harvard University, Cambridge MA, USA
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31
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Ferdy JB, Liu N, Sicard M. Transmission modes and the evolution of feminizing symbionts. J Evol Biol 2016; 29:2395-2409. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J.-B. Ferdy
- Évolution et Diversité Biologique; UMR 5174 CNRS-UPS Université Paul Sabatier; Toulouse Cedex 9 France
| | - N. Liu
- Global Institute for Water Security; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon SK Canada
| | - M. Sicard
- Écologie et Biologie des Interactions; Équipe Écologie Évolution Symbiose; Université de Poitiers; UMR CNRS 7267; Poitiers Cedex France
- Institut des Sciences de l’Évolution; UMR 5554 CNRS-IRD-Université de Montpellier; Montpellier Cedex France
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32
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Strunov A, Schneider DI, Albertson R, Miller WJ. Restricted distribution and lateralization of mutualistic Wolbachia in the Drosophila brain. Cell Microbiol 2016; 19. [PMID: 27353950 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Microbial symbionts are universal entities of all living organisms that can significantly affect host fitness traits in manifold ways but, even more fascinating, also their behaviour. Although better known from parasitic symbionts, we currently lack any cases where 'neurotrophic' symbionts have co-evolved mutualistic behavioural interactions from which both partners profit. By theory, most mutualistic associations have originated from ancestral parasitic ones during their long-term co-evolution towards a cost-benefit equilibrium. To manipulate host behaviour in a way where both partners benefit in a reciprocal manner, the symbiont has to target and remain restricted to defined host brain regions to minimize unnecessary fitness costs. By using the classic Drosophila paulistorum model system we demonstrate that (i) mutualistic Wolbachia are restricted to various Drosophila brain areas, (ii) form bacteriocyte-like structures within the brain, (iii) exhibit strictly lateral tropism, and (iv) finally propose that their selective neuronal infection affects host sexual behaviour adaptively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Strunov
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela I Schneider
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Wolfgang J Miller
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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33
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Rana AK, Kushwaha S, Singh PK, Misra-Bhattacharya S. Immunological evaluation of an rsmD-like rRNA methyltransferase from Wolbachia endosymbiont of Brugia malayi. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 44:41-7. [PMID: 26851594 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Wolbachia is a wonderful anti-filarial target with many of its enzymes and surface proteins (WSPs) representing potential drug targets and vaccine candidates. Here we report on the immunologic response of a drug target, rsmD-like rRNA methyltransferase from Wolbachia endosymbiont of Brugia malayi. The recombinant protein generated both humoral and cell-mediated response in BALB/c mice but compromised its immunity. The humoral response was transient and endured barely for six months in mice with or without B. Malayi challenge. In splenocytes of mice, the key humoral immunity mediating cytokine IL4 was lowered (IL4↓) while IFNγ, the major cytokine mediating cellular immunity was decreased along with upregulation of IL10 cytokine (IFNγ↓, IL10↑). The finding here indicates that the enzyme has low immunogenicity and triggers lowering of cytokine level in BALB/c mice. Interestingly the overall immune profile can be summed up with equivalent response generated by WSP or whole Wolbachia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar Rana
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR - Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Susheela Kushwaha
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR - Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Prashant Kumar Singh
- Division of Parasitology, CSIR - Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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Braquart-Varnier C, Raimond M, Mappa G, Chevalier FD, Le Clec'h W, Sicard M. The Hematopoietic Organ: A Cornerstone for Wolbachia Propagation Between and Within Hosts. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1424. [PMID: 26733969 PMCID: PMC4683201 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Wolbachia is an intracellular α-proteobacterium which is transmitted vertically from mother to offspring but also frequently switches horizontally from one host to another. Our hypothesis is based on the role of immune cells and the organs that produce them, the hematopoietic organs (HOs), as primordial niches for the propagation of Wolbachia via hemocytes both (i) within hosts: to initiate and maintain the systemic infection and (ii) between hosts: to promote both vertical and horizontal transmission of Wolbachia. Therefore, we review some fundamental ideas underlying this hypothesis and go further with new empirical data that lead to a first close-up analysis of the potential role of HOs in Wolbachia propagation. The monitoring of the first steps of Wolbachia infection in horizontally infected host organs by transmission electron microscopy and qPCR suggests that (i) HOs are colonized early and extensively as soon as they are in contact with Wolbachia which find in these cells a favorable niche to multiply and (ii) infected HOs which expel hemocytes all lifelong can generate and maintain a systemic infection that could contribute to increase both vertical and horizontal propagation of these symbionts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Braquart-Varnier
- CNRS UMR 7267, Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université de Poitiers Poitiers, France
| | - Maryline Raimond
- CNRS UMR 7267, Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université de Poitiers Poitiers, France
| | - Gaëtan Mappa
- CNRS UMR 7267, Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université de Poitiers Poitiers, France
| | | | - Winka Le Clec'h
- Genetics Department, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio TX, USA
| | - Mathieu Sicard
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (UMR CNRS-IRD-UM 5554), Université de Montpellier Montpellier, France
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35
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Braquart-Varnier C, Altinli M, Pigeault R, Chevalier FD, Grève P, Bouchon D, Sicard M. The Mutualistic Side of Wolbachia-Isopod Interactions: Wolbachia Mediated Protection Against Pathogenic Intracellular Bacteria. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1388. [PMID: 26733946 PMCID: PMC4679875 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Wolbachia is a vertically transmitted endosymbiont whose radiative success is mainly related to various host reproductive manipulations that led to consider this symbiont as a conflictual reproductive parasite. However, lately, some Wolbachia have been shown to act as beneficial symbionts by protecting hosts against a broad range of parasites. Still, this protection has been mostly demonstrated in artificial Wolbachia-host associations between partners that did not co-evolved together. Here, we tested in two terrestrial isopod species Armadillidium vulgare and Porcellio dilatatus whether resident Wolbachia (native or non-native) could confer protection during infections with Listeria ivanovii and Salmonella typhimurium and also during a transinfection with a Wolbachia strain that kills the recipient host (i.e., wVulC in P. dilatatus). Survival analyses showed that (i) A. vulgare lines hosting their native Wolbachia (wVulC) always exhibited higher survival than asymbiotic ones when infected with pathogenic bacteria (ii) P. dilatatus lines hosting their native wDil Wolbachia strain survived the S. typhimurium infection better, while lines hosting non-native wCon Wolbachia strain survived the L. ivanovii and also the transinfection with wVulC from A. vulgare better. By studying L. ivanovii and S. typhimurium loads in the hemolymph of the different host-Wolbachia systems, we showed that (i) the difference in survival between lines after L. ivanovii infections were not linked to the difference between their pathogenic bacterial loads, and (ii) the difference in survival after S. typhimurium infections corresponds to lower loads of pathogenic bacteria. Overall, our results demonstrate a beneficial effect of Wolbachia on survival of terrestrial isopods when infected with pathogenic intracellular bacteria. This protective effect may rely on different mechanisms depending on the resident symbiont and the invasive bacteria interacting together within the hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Braquart-Varnier
- Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions - Equipe Écologie, Évolution, Symbiose - UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers Poitiers, France
| | - Mine Altinli
- Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution, CNRS-Université de Montpellier-IRD (UMR 5554) Montpellier, France
| | - Romain Pigeault
- IRD 224-Université de Montpellier, Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Écologie, Génétique, Évolution et Contrôle, Équipe Interaction Parasitaires et Adaptation Montpellier, France
| | | | - Pierre Grève
- Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions - Equipe Écologie, Évolution, Symbiose - UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers Poitiers, France
| | - Didier Bouchon
- Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions - Equipe Écologie, Évolution, Symbiose - UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers Poitiers, France
| | - Mathieu Sicard
- Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution, CNRS-Université de Montpellier-IRD (UMR 5554) Montpellier, France
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Templé N, Richard FJ. Intra-cellular bacterial infections affect learning and memory capacities of an invertebrate. Front Zool 2015; 12:36. [PMID: 26675213 PMCID: PMC4678612 DOI: 10.1186/s12983-015-0129-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background How host manipulation by parasites evolves is fascinating but challenging evolutionary question remains. Many parasites share the capacity to manipulate host behavior increasing their transmission success. However, little is known about the learning and memory impact of parasites on their host. Wolbachia are widespread endosymbionts and infect most insect species. These bacteria are maternally transmitted and mainly alter the reproduction of hosts with weak virulence. We tested the impact of parasites (Wolbachia) on their host learning and memory capacities. To address this question we trained individuals to one direction with positive reinforcement. We compared performances between individual Wolbachia-free, Wolbachia naturally and Wolbachia artificially infected individuals. Results We report that in the host parasite interaction (Armadillidium vulgare/Wolbachia) naturally infected individuals Wolbachia or transinfected adult with Wolbachia are less likely to learn and memorize the correct direction with social reinforcement compared to Wolbachia-free individuals. Conclusions Our results imply that Wolbachia impact in the central nervous system of their host altering the memory formation and maintenance. We conclude that host manipulation can affect cognitive processes decreasing host adaptation capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Templé
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des interactions UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, Bat. B8-B35; 6, rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106, F-86022 Poitiers Cedex 9, France
| | - Freddie-Jeanne Richard
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des interactions UMR CNRS 7267, Université de Poitiers, Bat. B8-B35; 6, rue Michel Brunet, TSA 51106, F-86022 Poitiers Cedex 9, France
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Pigeault R, Braquart-Varnier C, Marcadé I, Mappa G, Mottin E, Sicard M. Modulation of host immunity and reproduction by horizontally acquired Wolbachia. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 70:125-133. [PMID: 25108053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The Wolbachia are symbiotic bacteria vertically transmitted from one host generation to another. However, a growing amount of data shows that horizontal transfers of Wolbachia also frequently occur within and between host species. The consequences of the arrival of new symbionts on host physiology can be studied by their experimental introduction in asymbiotic hosts. After experimental transfers of the eight major isopod Wolbachia strains in the isopod Porcellio dilatatus only two of them (wCon and wDil) were found to (1) have no pathogenic effect on the host and (2) be able to pass vertically to the host offspring. In the present work, we studied the influence of these two strains, able to complete an horizontal transfer, on immunity and reproduction of P. dilatatus at two stages of the transfer: (1) in recipient hosts that encounter the symbionts: to test the influence of symbiont when acquired during host life and (2) in vertically infected offspring: to test the influence of a symbiotic interaction occurring all lifelong. The impact of Wolbachia varied depending on the stage: there were clearer effects in vertically infected individuals than in those that acquired the symbionts during their lives. Moreover, the two Wolbachia strains showed contrasted effects: the strain wCon tended to reduce the reproductive investment but to maintain or increase immune parameters whilst wDil had positive effects on reproductive investment but decreased the investment in some immune parameters. These results suggest that horizontally acquisition of Wolbachia can influence the balance between host immune and reproductive traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Pigeault
- Université de Poitiers, Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, Équipe Écologie Évolution Symbiose, 40 Avenue du recteur Pineau, F-86022 Poitiers cedex, France
| | - Christine Braquart-Varnier
- Université de Poitiers, Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, Équipe Écologie Évolution Symbiose, 40 Avenue du recteur Pineau, F-86022 Poitiers cedex, France
| | - Isabelle Marcadé
- Université de Poitiers, Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, Équipe Écologie Évolution Symbiose, 40 Avenue du recteur Pineau, F-86022 Poitiers cedex, France
| | - Gaëtan Mappa
- Université de Poitiers, Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, Équipe Écologie Évolution Symbiose, 40 Avenue du recteur Pineau, F-86022 Poitiers cedex, France
| | - Elmina Mottin
- Université de Poitiers, Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, Équipe Écologie Évolution Symbiose, 40 Avenue du recteur Pineau, F-86022 Poitiers cedex, France
| | - Mathieu Sicard
- Université de Poitiers, Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, Équipe Écologie Évolution Symbiose, 40 Avenue du recteur Pineau, F-86022 Poitiers cedex, France.
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Sicard M, Dittmer J, Grève P, Bouchon D, Braquart-Varnier C. A host as an ecosystem:Wolbachiacoping with environmental constraints. Environ Microbiol 2014; 16:3583-607. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Sicard
- Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution; UMR CNRS 5554; Équipe Génomique de l'adaptation; Université Montpellier 2; Place Eugène Bataillon Montpellier Cedex 05 F-34095 France
- Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions; UMR CNRS 7267; Équipe Écologie Évolution Symbiose; Université de Poitiers; 5, Rue Albert Turpin Poitiers Cedex 9 F-86073 France
| | - Jessica Dittmer
- Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions; UMR CNRS 7267; Équipe Écologie Évolution Symbiose; Université de Poitiers; 5, Rue Albert Turpin Poitiers Cedex 9 F-86073 France
| | - Pierre Grève
- Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions; UMR CNRS 7267; Équipe Écologie Évolution Symbiose; Université de Poitiers; 5, Rue Albert Turpin Poitiers Cedex 9 F-86073 France
| | - Didier Bouchon
- Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions; UMR CNRS 7267; Équipe Écologie Évolution Symbiose; Université de Poitiers; 5, Rue Albert Turpin Poitiers Cedex 9 F-86073 France
| | - Christine Braquart-Varnier
- Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions; UMR CNRS 7267; Équipe Écologie Évolution Symbiose; Université de Poitiers; 5, Rue Albert Turpin Poitiers Cedex 9 F-86073 France
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Frost CL, Pollock SW, Smith JE, Hughes WOH. Wolbachia in the flesh: symbiont intensities in germ-line and somatic tissues challenge the conventional view of Wolbachia transmission routes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95122. [PMID: 24988478 PMCID: PMC4079706 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Symbionts can substantially affect the evolution and ecology of their hosts. The investigation of the tissue-specific distribution of symbionts (tissue tropism) can provide important insight into host-symbiont interactions. Among other things, it can help to discern the importance of specific transmission routes and potential phenotypic effects. The intracellular bacterial symbiont Wolbachia has been described as the greatest ever panzootic, due to the wide array of arthropods that it infects. Being primarily vertically transmitted, it is expected that the transmission of Wolbachia would be enhanced by focusing infection in the reproductive tissues. In social insect hosts, this tropism would logically extend to reproductive rather than sterile castes, since the latter constitute a dead-end for vertically transmission. Here, we show that Wolbachia are not focused on reproductive tissues of eusocial insects, and that non-reproductive tissues of queens and workers of the ant Acromyrmex echinatior, harbour substantial infections. In particular, the comparatively high intensities of Wolbachia in the haemolymph, fat body, and faeces, suggest potential for horizontal transmission via parasitoids and the faecal-oral route, or a role for Wolbachia modulating the immune response of this host. It may be that somatic tissues and castes are not the evolutionary dead-end for Wolbachia that is commonly thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal L. Frost
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Judith E. Smith
- School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, United Kingdom
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Dittmer J, Beltran-Bech S, Lesobre J, Raimond M, Johnson M, Bouchon D. Host tissues as microhabitats forWolbachiaand quantitative insights into the bacterial community in terrestrial isopods. Mol Ecol 2014; 23:2619-35. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Dittmer
- Université de Poitiers; UMR CNRS 7267 Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions; Equipe Ecologie Evolution Symbiose; 6 rue Michel Brunet 86073 Poitiers France
| | - S. Beltran-Bech
- Université de Poitiers; UMR CNRS 7267 Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions; Equipe Ecologie Evolution Symbiose; 6 rue Michel Brunet 86073 Poitiers France
| | - J. Lesobre
- Université de Poitiers; UMR CNRS 7267 Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions; Equipe Ecologie Evolution Symbiose; 6 rue Michel Brunet 86073 Poitiers France
| | - M. Raimond
- Université de Poitiers; UMR CNRS 7267 Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions; Equipe Ecologie Evolution Symbiose; 6 rue Michel Brunet 86073 Poitiers France
| | - M. Johnson
- Université de Poitiers; UMR CNRS 7267 Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions; Equipe Ecologie Evolution Symbiose; 6 rue Michel Brunet 86073 Poitiers France
| | - D. Bouchon
- Université de Poitiers; UMR CNRS 7267 Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions; Equipe Ecologie Evolution Symbiose; 6 rue Michel Brunet 86073 Poitiers France
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Hughes GL, Rasgon JL. Transinfection: a method to investigate Wolbachia-host interactions and control arthropod-borne disease. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 23:141-51. [PMID: 24329998 PMCID: PMC3949162 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial endosymbiont Wolbachia manipulates arthropod host biology in numerous ways, including sex ratio distortion and differential offspring survival. These bacteria infect a vast array of arthropods, some of which pose serious agricultural and human health threats. Wolbachia-mediated phenotypes such as cytoplasmic incompatibility and/or pathogen interference can be used for vector and disease control; however, many medically important vectors and important agricultural species are uninfected or are infected with strains of Wolbachia that do not elicit phenotypes desirable for disease or pest control. The ability to transfer strains of Wolbachia into new hosts (transinfection) can create novel Wolbachia-host associations. Transinfection has two primary benefits. First, Wolbachia-host interactions can be examined to tease apart the influence of the host and bacteria on phenotypes. Second, desirable phenotypes induced by Wolbachia in a particular insect can be transferred to another recipient host. This can allow the manipulation of insect populations that transmit pathogens or detrimentally affect agriculture. As such, transinfection is a valuable tool to explore Wolbachia biology and control arthropod-borne disease. The present review summarizes what is currently known about Wolbachia transinfection methods and applications. We also provide a comprehensive list of published successful and unsuccessful Wolbachia transinfection attempts.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Hughes
- The Huck Institutes of The Life Sciences, The Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA; Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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Su Q, Xie W, Wang S, Wu Q, Ghanim M, Zhang Y. Location of symbionts in the whitefly Bemisia tabaci affects their densities during host development and environmental stress. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91802. [PMID: 24632746 PMCID: PMC3954726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial symbionts often enhance the physiological capabilities of their arthropod hosts and enable their hosts to expand into formerly unavailable niches, thus leading to biological diversification. Many arthropods, including the worldwide invasive whitefly Bemisia tabaci, have individuals simultaneously infected with symbionts of multiple genera that occur in different locations in the host. This study examined the population dynamics of symbionts that are located in different areas within B. tabaci. While densities of Portiera and Hamiltonella (which are located in bacteriocytes) appeared to be well-regulated during host development, densities of Rickettsia (which are not located in bacteriocytes) were highly variable among individual hosts during host development. Host mating did not significantly affect symbiont densities. Infection by Tomato yellow leaf curl virus did not affect Portiera and Hamiltonella densities in either sex, but increased Rickettsia densities in females. High and low temperatures did not affect Portiera and Hamiltonella densities, but low temperature (15°C) significantly suppressed Rickettsia densities whereas high temperature (35°C) had little effect on Rickettsia densities. The results are consistent with the view that the population dynamics of bacterial symbionts in B. tabaci are regulated by symbiont location within the host and that the regulation reflects adaptation between the bacteria and insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Su
- College of Plant Protection, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wen Xie
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaoli Wang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingjun Wu
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Murad Ghanim
- Department of Entomology, The Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Youjun Zhang
- Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Le Clec’h W, Raimond M, Bouchon D, Sicard M. Strength of the pathogenicity caused by feminizing Wolbachia after transfer in a new host: Strain or dose effect? J Invertebr Pathol 2014; 116:18-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Ye YH, Woolfit M, Rancès E, O'Neill SL, McGraw EA. Wolbachia-associated bacterial protection in the mosquito Aedes aegypti. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2362. [PMID: 23951381 PMCID: PMC3738474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Wolbachia infections confer protection for their insect hosts against a range of pathogens including bacteria, viruses, nematodes and the malaria parasite. A single mechanism that might explain this broad-based pathogen protection is immune priming, in which the presence of the symbiont upregulates the basal immune response, preparing the insect to defend against subsequent pathogen infection. A study that compared natural Wolbachia infections in Drosophila melanogaster with the mosquito vector Aedes aegypti artificially transinfected with the same strains has suggested that innate immune priming may only occur in recent host-Wolbachia associations. This same study also revealed that while immune priming may play a role in viral protection it cannot explain the entirety of the effect. Methodology/Findings Here we assess whether the level of innate immune priming induced by different Wolbachia strains in A. aegypti is correlated with the degree of protection conferred against bacterial pathogens. We show that Wolbachia strains wMel and wMelPop, currently being tested for field release for dengue biocontrol, differ in their protective abilities. The wMelPop strain provides stronger, more broad-based protection than wMel, and this is likely explained by both the higher induction of immune gene expression and the strain-specific activation of particular genes. We also show that Wolbachia densities themselves decline during pathogen infection, likely as a result of the immune induction. Conclusions/Significance This work shows a correlation between innate immune priming and bacterial protection phenotypes. The ability of the Toll pathway, melanisation and antimicrobial peptides to enhance viral protection or to provide the basis of malaria protection should be further explored in the context of this two-strain comparison. This work raises the questions of whether Wolbachia may improve the ability of wild mosquitoes to survive pathogen infection or alter the natural composition of gut flora, and thus have broader consequences for host fitness. Wolbachia is a commonly occurring bacterium or symbiont that lives inside the cells of insects. Recently, Wolbachia was artificially introduced into the mosquito vector dengue virus that was naturally Wolbachia-free. Wolbachia limits the growth of a range of pathogens transmitted to humans, including viruses, bacteria and parasites inside the mosquito. This “pathogen protection” forms the basis of field trials to determine if releasing Wolbachia into wild mosquito populations could reduce dengue virus incidence in humans. The basis of pathogen protection is not fully understood. Previous work suggests that the symbiont may activate the basal immune response, preparing the insect to defend itself against subsequent pathogen infection. Here we infect mosquitoes harbouring Wolbachia with a range of bacterial pathogens as a means to understand the nature of protection. We show that different Wolbachia strains vary in their ability to limit pathogen growth and that this correlates with the degree to which the Wolbachia activates the host immune response. These findings may assist with Wolbachia strain selection for future open field release and raise the question whether Wolbachia might provide a fitness advantage to mosquitoes in the wild by limiting their death due to bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin H. Ye
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Megan Woolfit
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Edwige Rancès
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Scott L. O'Neill
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elizabeth A. McGraw
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Le Clec'h W, Raimond M, Guillot S, Bouchon D, Sicard M. Horizontal transfers of feminizing versus non-feminizing Wolbachia strains: from harmless passengers to pathogens. Environ Microbiol 2013; 15:2922-36. [PMID: 23802876 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The endosymbiont Wolbachia pipientis infects various hosts in which it navigates vertically from mothers to offspring. However, horizontal transfers of Wolbachia can occur between hosts. The virulence of the horizontally acquired Wolbachia can change in the new host as it has been illustrated by the case of the feminizing strain wVulC from the woodlouse Armadillidium vulgare that turns to a pathogen when introduced into Porcellio dilatatus dilatatus. In the present study, we aim to show whether symbiotic traits, such as (i) host sex manipulation and (ii) colonization patterns, which differ between eight isopod Wolbachia strains, are connected to their virulence towards the recipient host P. d. dilatatus. Among the transferred Wolbachia, some feminizing strains gradually differing in feminizing intensity in their native hosts induced different levels of pathogenicity to P. d. dilatatus. Not a single feminizing strain passed vertically with high titres to the next generation. The non-feminizing Wolbachia strains, even if they reached high densities in the host, did not impact host life-history traits and some vertically passed with high titres to the offspring. These results suggest that a potential link between the manners Wolbachia manipulates its native host reproduction, its virulence and its ability to vertically infect the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winka Le Clec'h
- Université de Poitiers, Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, Équipe Écologie Évolution Symbiose, 40 avenue du recteur Pineau, F-86022 Poitiers cedex, France
| | - Maryline Raimond
- Université de Poitiers, Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, Équipe Écologie Évolution Symbiose, 40 avenue du recteur Pineau, F-86022, Poitiers cedex, France
| | - Sylvain Guillot
- Université de Poitiers, Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, Équipe Écologie Évolution Symbiose, 40 avenue du recteur Pineau, F-86022, Poitiers cedex, France
| | - Didier Bouchon
- Université de Poitiers, Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, Équipe Écologie Évolution Symbiose, 40 avenue du recteur Pineau, F-86022, Poitiers cedex, France
| | - Mathieu Sicard
- Université de Poitiers, Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, Équipe Écologie Évolution Symbiose, 40 avenue du recteur Pineau, F-86022, Poitiers cedex, France
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Le Clec’h W, Chevalier FD, Genty L, Bertaux J, Bouchon D, Sicard M. Cannibalism and predation as paths for horizontal passage of Wolbachia between terrestrial isopods. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60232. [PMID: 23593179 PMCID: PMC3622663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The alpha-proteobacteria Wolbachia are the most widespread endosymbionts in arthropods and nematodes. Mainly maternally inherited, these so-called sex parasites have selected several strategies that increase their vertical dispersion in host populations. However, the lack of congruence between the Wolbachia and their host phylogenies suggests frequent horizontal transfers. One way that could be used for horizontal Wolbachia transfers between individuals is predation. The aim of this study was to test whether horizontal passage of Wolbachia is possible when an uninfected terrestrial isopod eats an infected one. After having eaten Armadillidium vulgare harbouring Wolbachia, the predator-recipients (the two woodlice A. vulgare and Porcellio dilatatus dilatatus) that were initially Wolbachia-free were tested positive for the presence of Wolbachia both by quantitative PCR and Fluorescence in situ Hybridization (FISH). Even if the titers were low compared to vertically infected individuals, this constitutes the first demonstration of Wolbachia occurrence in various organs of an initially uninfected host after eating an infected one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winka Le Clec’h
- Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions, équipe Écologie, Évolution, Symbiose, UMR 7267 CNRS, Bâtiment B8, Poitiers, France
| | - Frédéric D. Chevalier
- Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions, équipe Écologie, Évolution, Symbiose, UMR 7267 CNRS, Bâtiment B8, Poitiers, France
| | - Lise Genty
- Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions, équipe Écologie, Évolution, Symbiose, UMR 7267 CNRS, Bâtiment B8, Poitiers, France
| | - Joanne Bertaux
- Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions, équipe Écologie, Évolution, Symbiose, UMR 7267 CNRS, Bâtiment B8, Poitiers, France
| | - Didier Bouchon
- Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions, équipe Écologie, Évolution, Symbiose, UMR 7267 CNRS, Bâtiment B8, Poitiers, France
| | - Mathieu Sicard
- Laboratoire Écologie et Biologie des Interactions, équipe Écologie, Évolution, Symbiose, UMR 7267 CNRS, Bâtiment B8, Poitiers, France
- * E-mail:
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Le Clec'h W, Braquart-Varnier C, Raimond M, Ferdy JB, Bouchon D, Sicard M. High virulence of Wolbachia after host switching: when autophagy hurts. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002844. [PMID: 22876183 PMCID: PMC3410869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Wolbachia are widespread endosymbionts found in a large variety of arthropods. While these bacteria are generally transmitted vertically and exhibit weak virulence in their native hosts, a growing number of studies suggests that horizontal transfers of Wolbachia to new host species also occur frequently in nature. In transfer situations, virulence variations can be predicted since hosts and symbionts are not adapted to each other. Here, we describe a situation where a Wolbachia strain (wVulC) becomes a pathogen when transfected from its native terrestrial isopod host species (Armadillidium vulgare) to another species (Porcellio d. dilatatus). Such transfer of wVulC kills all recipient animals within 75 days. Before death, animals suffer symptoms such as growth slowdown and nervous system disorders. Neither those symptoms nor mortalities were observed after injection of wVulC into its native host A. vulgare. Analyses of wVulC's densities in main organs including Central Nervous System (CNS) of both naturally infected A. vulgare and transfected P. d. dilatatus and A. vulgare individuals revealed a similar pattern of host colonization suggesting an overall similar resistance of both host species towards this bacterium. However, for only P. d. dilatatus, we observed drastic accumulations of autophagic vesicles and vacuoles in the nerve cells and adipocytes of the CNS from individuals infected by wVulC. The symptoms and mortalities could therefore be explained by this huge autophagic response against wVulC in P. d. dilatatus cells that is not triggered in A. vulgare. Our results show that Wolbachia (wVulC) can lead to a pathogenic interaction when transferred horizontally into species that are phylogenetically close to their native hosts. This change in virulence likely results from the autophagic response of the host, strongly altering its tolerance to the symbiont and turning it into a deadly pathogen. Characterizing the causes of a virulence increase when a parasite jumps from one host species to another is fundamental to the understanding of disease emergence. In this context, we studied the bacterium Wolbachia wVulC, a natural symbiont of one terrestrial isopod species that becomes a pathogen when transfected into individuals of another species. Before death, recipient animals suffer various symptoms including nervous system disorders caused by the multiplication of wVulC. Interestingly, the quantification of wVulC loads showed similar titers in the individuals from both the recipient and native species. The difference between the two host species lies in the way they respond to the invasion of wVulC and not in their resistance per se: While the recipient host species exhibits an acute autophagic response leading to central nervous system cells disorganization, this phenomenon was not observed in the native host species, which seems to better tolerate the bacterium. Together, our results show that tolerance can be a better evolutionary strategy to counteract parasite damage than to activate a putative resistance pathway which, as a double-edged sword, can arm the host itself and increase the virulence of a parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winka Le Clec'h
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, Equipe Ecologie Evolution Symbiose, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Christine Braquart-Varnier
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, Equipe Ecologie Evolution Symbiose, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Maryline Raimond
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, Equipe Ecologie Evolution Symbiose, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Ferdy
- Evolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR CNRS 5174, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, Toulouse, France
| | - Didier Bouchon
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, Equipe Ecologie Evolution Symbiose, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Mathieu Sicard
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, UMR CNRS 7267, Equipe Ecologie Evolution Symbiose, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
- * E-mail:
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Schmitz A, Anselme C, Ravallec M, Rebuf C, Simon JC, Gatti JL, Poirié M. The cellular immune response of the pea aphid to foreign intrusion and symbiotic challenge. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42114. [PMID: 22848726 PMCID: PMC3407134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that the pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) has low immune defenses. However, its immune components are largely undescribed, and notably, extensive characterization of circulating cells has been missing. Here, we report characterization of five cell categories in hemolymph of adults of the LL01 pea aphid clone, devoid of secondary symbionts (SS): prohemocytes, plasmatocytes, granulocytes, spherulocytes and wax cells. Circulating lipid-filed wax cells are rare; they otherwise localize at the basis of the cornicles. Spherulocytes, that are likely sub-cuticular sessile cells, are involved in the coagulation process. Prohemocytes have features of precursor cells. Plasmatocytes and granulocytes, the only adherent cells, can form a layer in vivo around inserted foreign objects and phagocytize latex beads or Escherichia coli bacteria injected into aphid hemolymph. Using digital image analysis, we estimated that the hemolymph from one LL01 aphid contains about 600 adherent cells, 35% being granulocytes. Among aphid YR2 lines differing only in their SS content, similar results to LL01 were observed for YR2-Amp (without SS) and YR2-Ss (with Serratia symbiotica), while YR2-Hd (with Hamiltonella defensa) and YR2(Ri) (with Regiella insecticola) had strikingly lower adherent hemocyte numbers and granulocyte proportions. The effect of the presence of SS on A. pisum cellular immunity is thus symbiont-dependent. Interestingly, Buchnera aphidicola (the aphid primary symbiont) and all SS, whether naturally present, released during hemolymph collection, or artificially injected, were internalized by adherent hemocytes. Inside hemocytes, SS were observed in phagocytic vesicles, most often in phagolysosomes. Our results thus raise the question whether aphid symbionts in hemolymph are taken up and destroyed by hemocytes, or actively promote their own internalization, for instance as a way of being transmitted to the next generation. Altogether, we demonstrate here a strong interaction between aphid symbionts and immune cells, depending upon the symbiont, highlighting the link between immunity and symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonin Schmitz
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherches 1355 “Institut Sophia Agrobiotech” (ISA), Sophia Antipolis, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherches 7254, Sophia Antipolis, France
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Caroline Anselme
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherches 1355 “Institut Sophia Agrobiotech” (ISA), Sophia Antipolis, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherches 7254, Sophia Antipolis, France
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Marc Ravallec
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) - Université Montpellier 2, Unité Mixte de Recherches 1333 “Diversité, Génomes et Interactions Microorganismes-Insectes”, Montpellier, France
| | - Christian Rebuf
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherches 1355 “Institut Sophia Agrobiotech” (ISA), Sophia Antipolis, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherches 7254, Sophia Antipolis, France
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Simon
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR 1349, Institut de Génétique, Environnement et Protection des Plantes, Le Rheu, France
| | - Jean-Luc Gatti
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherches 1355 “Institut Sophia Agrobiotech” (ISA), Sophia Antipolis, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherches 7254, Sophia Antipolis, France
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Marylène Poirié
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Unité Mixte de Recherches 1355 “Institut Sophia Agrobiotech” (ISA), Sophia Antipolis, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherches 7254, Sophia Antipolis, France
- Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
- * E-mail:
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Zélé F, Nicot A, Duron O, Rivero A. Infection with Wolbachia protects mosquitoes against Plasmodium-induced mortality in a natural system. J Evol Biol 2012; 25:1243-52. [PMID: 22533729 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2012.02519.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a shift in the one host-one parasite paradigm with the realization that, in the field, most hosts are coinfected with multiple parasites. Coinfections are particularly relevant when the host is a vector of diseases, because multiple infections can have drastic consequences for parasite transmission at both the ecological and evolutionary timescales. Wolbachia pipientis is the most common parasitic microorganism in insects, and as such, it is of special interest for understanding the role of coinfections in the outcome of parasite infections. Here, we investigate whether Wolbachia can modulate the effect of Plasmodium on what is, arguably, the most important component of the vectorial capacity of mosquitoes: their longevity. For this purpose, and in contrast to recent studies that have focused on mosquito-Plasmodium and/or mosquito-Wolbachia combinations not found in nature, we work on a Wolbachia-mosquito-Plasmodium triad with a common evolutionary history. Our results show that Wolbachia protects mosquitoes from Plasmodium-induced mortality. The results are consistent across two different strains of Wolbachia and repeatable across two different experimental blocks. To our knowledge, this is the first time that such an effect has been shown for Plasmodium-infected mosquitoes and, in particular, in a natural Wolbachia-host combination. We discuss different mechanistic and evolutionary explanations for these results as well as their consequences for Plasmodium transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Zélé
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs: Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle, CNRS (UMR 5290), Centre de Recherche IRD, Montpellier, France.
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Chevalier F, Herbinière-Gaboreau J, Charif D, Mitta G, Gavory F, Wincker P, Grève P, Braquart-Varnier C, Bouchon D. Feminizing Wolbachia: a transcriptomics approach with insights on the immune response genes in Armadillidium vulgare. BMC Microbiol 2012; 12 Suppl 1:S1. [PMID: 22375708 PMCID: PMC3287506 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-12-s1-s1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wolbachia are vertically transmitted bacteria known to be the most widespread endosymbiont in arthropods. They induce various alterations of the reproduction of their host, including feminization of genetic males in isopod crustaceans. In the pill bug Armadillidium vulgare, the presence of Wolbachia is also associated with detrimental effects on host fertility and lifespan. Deleterious effects have been demonstrated on hemocyte density, phenoloxidase activity, and natural hemolymph septicemia, suggesting that infected individuals could have defective immune capacities. Since nothing is known about the molecular mechanisms involved in Wolbachia-A. vulgare interactions and its secondary immunocompetence modulation, we developed a transcriptomics strategy and compared A. vulgare gene expression between Wolbachia-infected animals (i.e., "symbiotic" animals) and uninfected ones (i.e., "asymbiotic" animals) as well as between animals challenged or not challenged by a pathogenic bacteria. RESULTS Since very little genetic data is available on A. vulgare, we produced several EST libraries and generated a total of 28 606 ESTs. Analyses of these ESTs revealed that immune processes were over-represented in most experimental conditions (responses to a symbiont and to a pathogen). Considering canonical crustacean immune pathways, these genes encode antimicrobial peptides or are involved in pathogen recognition, detoxification, and autophagy. By RT-qPCR, we demonstrated a general trend towards gene under-expression in symbiotic whole animals and ovaries whereas the same gene set tends to be over-expressed in symbiotic immune tissues. CONCLUSION This study allowed us to generate the first reference transcriptome ever obtained in the Isopoda group and to identify genes involved in the major known crustacean immune pathways encompassing cellular and humoral responses. Expression of immune-related genes revealed a modulation of host immunity when females are infected by Wolbachia, including in ovaries, the crucial tissue for the Wolbachia route of transmission.
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