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Bildziukevich U, Černá L, Trylčová J, Kvasnicová M, Rárová L, Šaman D, Lovecká P, Weber J, Wimmer Z. Amides of moronic acid and morolic acid with the tripeptides MAG and GAM targeting antimicrobial, antiviral and cytotoxic effects. RSC Med Chem 2024:d4md00742e. [PMID: 39568596 PMCID: PMC11575580 DOI: 10.1039/d4md00742e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2024] [Accepted: 10/24/2024] [Indexed: 11/22/2024] Open
Abstract
A series of amides of selected plant triterpenoids, moronic acid and morolic acid, with the tripeptides MAG and GAM, was designed and synthesized. Two required tripeptides 5 and 10 were synthesized by a step-wise chain elongation of the ethyl esters of either glycine or l-methionine at their N-terminus using Boc-protected amino acids in each step. The tripeptides 5 and 10 were used for the synthesis of 13-23, the derivatives of moronic acid (11) and morolic acid (12), to get a series of amide derivatives of the less frequently studied triterpenoids 11 and 12. The target compounds, and their intermediates, were subjected to an investigation of their antimicrobial, antiviral and cytotoxic activity. Selectivity of the pharmacological effects was found. Generally, the target compounds inhibited only the G+ microorganisms. Compound 16 inhibited Staphylococcus aureus (I = 99.6%; c = 62.5 μM) and Enterococcus faecalis (I = 85%; c = 250 μM). Several compounds showed moderate antiviral effects, both anti-HIV-1, 19 (EC50 = 57.0 ± 4.1 μM, CC50 > 100 μM), 20 (EC50 = 17.8 ± 2.1 μM, CC50 = 41.0 ± 5.2 μM) and 23 (EC50 = 12.6 ± 0.82 μM, CC50 = 38.0 ± 4.2 μM), and anti-HSV-1, 22 (EC50 = 27.7 ± 3.5 μM, CC50 > 100 μM) and 23 (EC50 = 30.9 ± 3.3 μM, CC50 > 100 μM). The target compounds showed no cytotoxicity in cancer cells, however, several of their intermediates were cytotoxic. Compound 21 showed cytotoxicity in HeLa (IC50 = 7.9 ± 2.1 μM), G-361 (IC50 = 8.0 ± 0.6 μM) and MCF7 (IC50 = 8.6 ± 0.2 μM) cancer cell lines, while being non-toxic in normal fibroblasts (BJ; IC50 > 50 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Uladzimir Bildziukevich
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Isotope Laboratory Vídeňská 1083 14220 Prague 4 Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Černá
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague Technická 5 16628 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Jana Trylčová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Flemingovo náměstí 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Marie Kvasnicová
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences Šlechtitelů 27 CZ-77900 Olomouc Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Šlechtitelů 27 CZ-77900 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Rárová
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, and Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences Šlechtitelů 27 CZ-77900 Olomouc Czech Republic
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Šlechtitelů 27 CZ-77900 Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - David Šaman
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Flemingovo náměstí 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Petra Lovecká
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague Technická 5 16628 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Jan Weber
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences Flemingovo náměstí 2 16610 Prague 6 Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Wimmer
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Isotope Laboratory Vídeňská 1083 14220 Prague 4 Czech Republic
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, University of Chemistry and Technology in Prague Technická 5 16628 Prague 6 Czech Republic
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Taylor MS, Dempsey DR, Hwang Y, Chen Z, Chu N, Boeke JD, Cole PA. Mechanistic analysis of ghrelin-O-acyltransferase using substrate analogs. Bioorg Chem 2015; 62:64-73. [PMID: 26246082 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ghrelin-O-Acyltransferase (GOAT) is an 11-transmembrane integral membrane protein that octanoylates the metabolism-regulating peptide hormone ghrelin at Ser3 and may represent an attractive target for the treatment of type II diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. Protein octanoylation is unique to ghrelin in humans, and little is known about the mechanism of GOAT or of related protein-O-acyltransferases HHAT or PORC. In this study, we explored an in vitro microsomal ghrelin octanoylation assay to analyze its enzymologic features. Measurement of Km for 10-mer, 27-mer, and synthetic Tat-peptide-containing ghrelin substrates provided evidence for a role of charge interactions in substrate binding. Ghrelin substrates with amino-alanine in place of Ser3 demonstrated that GOAT can catalyze the formation of an octanoyl-amide bond at a similar rate compared with the natural reaction. A pH-rate comparison of these substrates revealed minimal differences in acyltransferase activity across pH 6.0-9.0, providing evidence that these reactions may be relatively insensitive to the basicity of the substrate nucleophile. The conserved His338 residue was required both for Ser3 and amino-Ala3 ghrelin substrates, suggesting that His338 may have a key catalytic role beyond that of a general base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin S Taylor
- Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics and High Throughput Biology Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel R Dempsey
- Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yousang Hwang
- Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zan Chen
- Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nam Chu
- Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jef D Boeke
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics and High Throughput Biology Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Philip A Cole
- Department of Pharmacology & Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Taylor MS, Ruch TR, Hsiao PY, Hwang Y, Zhang P, Dai L, Huang CRL, Berndsen CE, Kim MS, Pandey A, Wolberger C, Marmorstein R, Machamer C, Boeke JD, Cole PA. Architectural organization of the metabolic regulatory enzyme ghrelin O-acyltransferase. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:32211-32228. [PMID: 24045953 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.510313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin O-acyltransferase (GOAT) is a polytopic integral membrane protein required for activation of ghrelin, a secreted metabolism-regulating peptide hormone. Although GOAT is a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of obesity and diabetes and plays a key role in other physiologic processes, little is known about its structure or mechanism. GOAT is a member of the membrane-bound O-acyltransferase (MBOAT) family, a group of polytopic integral membrane proteins involved in lipid-biosynthetic and lipid-signaling reactions from prokaryotes to humans. Here we use phylogeny and a variety of bioinformatic tools to predict the topology of GOAT. Using selective permeabilization indirect immunofluorescence microscopy in combination with glycosylation shift immunoblotting, we demonstrate that GOAT contains 11 transmembrane helices and one reentrant loop. Development of the V5Glyc tag, a novel, small, and sensitive dual topology reporter, facilitated these experiments. The MBOAT family invariant residue His-338 is in the ER lumen, consistent with other family members, but conserved Asn-307 is cytosolic, making it unlikely that both are involved in catalysis. Photocross-linking of synthetic ghrelin analogs and inhibitors demonstrates binding to the C-terminal region of GOAT, consistent with a role of His-338 in the active site. This knowledge of GOAT architecture is important for a deeper understanding of the mechanism of GOAT and other MBOATs and could ultimately advance the discovery of selective inhibitors for these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin S Taylor
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences,; the High Throughput Biology Center and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics
| | | | - Po-Yuan Hsiao
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences
| | - Yousang Hwang
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences
| | - Pingfeng Zhang
- the Program in Gene Expression and Regulation, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Lixin Dai
- the High Throughput Biology Center and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics
| | - Cheng Ran Lisa Huang
- the High Throughput Biology Center and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics,; the McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine
| | - Christopher E Berndsen
- the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Min-Sik Kim
- the McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine
| | | | - Cynthia Wolberger
- the Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Ronen Marmorstein
- the Program in Gene Expression and Regulation, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104; the Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | | | - Jef D Boeke
- the High Throughput Biology Center and Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics,.
| | - Philip A Cole
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences,.
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Kirsz K, Zieba DA. Ghrelin-mediated appetite regulation in the central nervous system. Peptides 2011; 32:2256-64. [PMID: 21524673 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The gut hormone and neuropeptide ghrelin was initially identified in the periphery as a compound released in the bloodstream in response to a negative energetic status. In the central nervous system (CNS), ghrelin mainly acts on the hypothalamus and the limbic system, with its best-known biological role being the regulation of appetitive functions. Recent research has shown that ghrelin is not an indispensable factor in the regulation of food intake. However, it plays a key role in the metabolic changes of lipids, mainly those involving hypothalamic NOS, AMPK, CaMKK2, CPT1 and UCP2 proteins. Ghrelin participates in the regulation of memory processes and the feeling of pleasure resulting from eating, both of which are metabolism-dependent and may be essential for the successful achievement of adaptive appetitive behavior. Ghrelin exerts its biological effect through a complicated network of neuroendocrine links, including the melanocortin and endocannabinoid systems. The activity of ghrelin is connected with circadian and annual fluctuations, which depend on seasons and food availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kirsz
- Department of Swine and Small Ruminant Breeding, Laboratory of Genomics and Biotechnology, University of Agriculture, Krakow 30-059, Poland
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Veldhuis JD, Bowers CY. Integrating GHS into the Ghrelin System. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PEPTIDES 2010; 2010:879503. [PMID: 20798846 PMCID: PMC2925380 DOI: 10.1155/2010/879503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 12/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oligopeptide derivatives of metenkephalin were found to stimulate growth-hormone (GH) release directly by pituitary somatotrope cells in vitro in 1977. Members of this class of peptides and nonpeptidyl mimetics are referred to as GH secretagogues (GHSs). A specific guanosine triphosphatate-binding protein-associated heptahelical transmembrane receptor for GHS was cloned in 1996. An endogenous ligand for the GHS receptor, acylghrelin, was identified in 1999. Expression of ghrelin and homonymous receptor occurs in the brain, pituitary gland, stomach, endothelium/vascular smooth muscle, pancreas, placenta, intestine, heart, bone, and other tissues. Principal actions of this peptidergic system include stimulation of GH release via combined hypothalamopituitary mechanisms, orexigenesis (appetitive enhancement), insulinostasis (inhibition of insulin secretion), cardiovascular effects (decreased mean arterial pressure and vasodilation), stimulation of gastric motility and acid secretion, adipogenesis with repression of fat oxidation, and antiapoptosis (antagonism of endothelial, neuronal, and cardiomyocyte death). The array of known and proposed interactions of ghrelin with key metabolic signals makes ghrelin and its receptor prime targets for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes D. Veldhuis
- Department of Medicine, Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education, Clinical Translational Science Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Cyril Y. Bowers
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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