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Zhang XM, Zhang Q, Wu H, Lau TCK, Liu X, Chu H, Zhang K, Zhou J, Chen ZW, Jin DY, Zheng BJ. Novel Mutations L228I and Y232H Cause Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor Resistance in Combinational Pattern. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2016; 32:909-17. [PMID: 27067022 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2015.0359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of drug resistance mutations is increasing after the implementation of highly active antiretroviral therapy. To characterize two novel mutations L228I and Y232H in the primer grip of reverse transcriptase (RT) of HIV-1 circulating recombination form 08_BC (CRF08_BC) subtype, both mutant clones were constructed to determine their impacts on viral phenotypic susceptibility and replication capacity (RC). Results showed that the novel mutation, L228I, conferred a low-level resistance to etravirine by itself. L228I in combination with Y188C displayed a high level of cross-resistance to both nevirapine (NVP) and efavirenz (EFV). The copresence of A139V and Y232H induced a moderate level of resistance to NVP and EFV. Mutations Y188C/L228I, A139V, Y232H, and A139V/Y232H reduced more than 55% of viral RC compared with that of the wild-type (WT) reference virus. Modeling study suggested that the copresence of Y188C/L228I or A139V/Y232H might induce conformational changes to RT, which might result in reduced drug susceptibility and viral RC due to abolished hydrogen bonding or complex interaction with vicinal residues. Our results demonstrated that L228I and Y232H were novel accessory nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance-related mutations and provided valuable information for clinicians to design more effective treatment to patients infected with HIV-1 subtype CRF08_BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Min Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Qiwei Zhang
- Biosafety Level-3 Laboratory, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, China
| | - Terrence Chi-Kong Lau
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hin Chu
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Dong-Yan Jin
- Department of Biochemistry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bo-Jian Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Zhang XM, Wu H, Zhang Q, Lau TCK, Chu H, Chen ZW, Jin DY, Zheng BJ. A novel mutation, D404N, in the connection subdomain of reverse transcriptase of HIV-1 CRF08_BC subtype confers cross-resistance to NNRTIs. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; 70:1381-90. [PMID: 25637519 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dku565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Growing evidence suggests that mutations in the connection domain of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) can contribute to viral resistance to RT inhibitors. This work was designed to determine the effects of a novel mutation, D404N, in the connection subdomain of RT of HIV-1 CRF08_BC subtype on drug resistance, viral replication capacity (RC) and RT activity. METHODS Mutation D404N, alone or together with the other reported mutations, was introduced into an HIV-1 CRF08_BC subtype infectious clone by site-directed mutagenesis. Viral susceptibility to nine RT inhibitors, viral RC and the DNA polymerase activity of viral RT of the constructed virus mutants were investigated. A modelling study using the server SWISS-MODEL was conducted to explore the possible structure-related drug resistance mechanism of the mutation D404N. RESULTS Single mutations D404N and H221Y conferred low-level resistance to nevirapine, efavirenz, rilpivirine and zidovudine. Double mutations Y181C/D404N and Y181C/H221Y significantly reduced susceptibility to NNRTIs. The most pronounced resistance to NNRTIs was observed with the triple mutation Y181C/D404N/H221Y. Virus containing D404N as the only mutation displayed ∼50% RC compared with the WT virus. The modelling study suggested that the D404N mutation might abolish the hydrogen bonds between residues 404 and K30 in p51 or K431 in p66, leading to impaired RT subunit structure and enhanced drug resistance. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that D404N is a novel NNRTI-associated mutation in the HIV-1 subtype CRF08_BC and provides information valuable for the monitoring of clinical RTI resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Min Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Qiwei Zhang
- Biosafety Level-3 Laboratory, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Terrence Chi-Kong Lau
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Hin Chu
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Zhi-Wei Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Dong-Yan Jin
- Department of Biochemistry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Bo-Jian Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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The nature of the N-terminal amino acid residue of HIV-1 RNase H is critical for the stability of reverse transcriptase in viral particles. J Virol 2014; 89:1286-97. [PMID: 25392207 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02312-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Reverse transcriptase (RT) of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is synthesized and packaged into the virion as a part of the GagPol polyprotein. Mature RT is released by the action of viral protease. However, unlike other viral proteins, RT is subject to an internal cleavage event leading to the formation of two subunits in the virion: a p66 subunit and a p51 subunit that lacks the RNase H domain. We have previously identified RNase H to be an HIV-1 protein that has the potential to be a substrate for the N-end rule pathway, which is an ubiquitin-dependent proteolytic system in which the identity of the N-terminal amino acid determines the half-life of a protein. Here we examined the importance of the N-terminal amino acid residue of RNase H in the early life cycle of HIV-1. We show that changing this residue to an amino acid structurally different from the conserved residue leads to the degradation of RT and, in some cases, integrase in the virus particle and this abolishes infectivity. Using intravirion complementation and in vitro protease cleavage assays, we show that degradation of RT in RNase H N-terminal mutants occurs in the absence of active viral protease in the virion. Our results also indicate the importance of the RNase H N-terminal residue in the dimerization of RT subunits. IMPORTANCE HIV-1 proteins are initially made as part of a polyprotein that is cleaved by the viral protease into the proteins that form the virus particle. We were interested in one particular protein, RNase H, that is cleaved from reverse transcriptase. In particular, we found that the first amino acid of RNase H never varied in over 1,850 isolates of HIV-1 that we compared. When we changed the first amino acid, we found that the reverse transcriptase in the virus was degraded. While other studies have implied that the viral protease can degrade mutant RT proteins, we show here that this may not be the case for our mutants. Our results suggest that the presence of active viral protease is not required for the degradation of RT in RNase H N-terminal mutants, suggesting a role for a cellular protease in this process.
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Wu H, Zhang HJ, Zhang XM, Xu HF, Wang M, Huang JD, Zheng BJ. Identification of drug resistant mutations in HIV-1 CRF07_BC variants selected by nevirapine in vitro. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44333. [PMID: 22984494 PMCID: PMC3440436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the antiretroviral therapy (ART) was introduced to patients infected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the HIV related mortality and morbidity have been significantly reduced. The major obstacle for long-term successful anti-HIV treatment is the emergence of drug resistant mutants. Current data of drug resistance was mainly obtained on HIV-1 subtype B but rarely on non-B virus, even more rare with newly emerged circulating recombinant forms (CRFs). The lack of such data limits the rational management of ART for the increasing number of patients infected by non-subtype B virus. In this study, a HIV-1 CRF07_BC strain CNGZD was isolated from a HIV patient and its genome was sequenced and deposited in GenBank (JQ423923). Potential drug resistant mutants of this CRF07_BC virus strain were selected in PBMCs cultures in the presence of Nevirapine (NVP), which is the most frequently used antiretroviral drug in China. Four combination profiles of mutations were identified in the NVP-selected mutants, which were initiated with A98G, V108I, Y181C and I135T/I382L and followed by more than two other mutations at the end of the selections, respectively. A total of seven previously reported mutations (A98G, V106M, V108I, I135T, Y181C, V189I, K238N) and seven novel mutations (P4H, T48I, I178M, V314A, I382L/V, T386A) in the reverse transcriptase gene were found in these NVP-selected mutants. Phenotypic analysis in the NVP-selected mutants showed that all the mutations, except P4H, contribute to NVP resistance. Among them, V106M and Y181C reduce NVP susceptibility for more than 20-fold, while the other mutations cause less than 20 folds drug resistance. Although the information obtained in this in vitro selection study may not fully cover resistant mutations which will actually occur in patients, it has still provided useful information for rational management of ART in patients infected with HIV CRF_BC subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Guangzhou CDC, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao-Jie Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Guangzhou CDC, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-min Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Guangzhou CDC, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-fang Xu
- University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Guangzhou CDC, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Wang
- University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Guangzhou CDC, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-dong Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Guangzhou CDC, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo-Jian Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, Guangzhou CDC, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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Extensive mutagenesis of the conserved box E motif in duck hepatitis B virus P protein reveals multiple functions in replication and a common structure with the primer grip in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase. J Virol 2012; 86:6394-407. [PMID: 22514339 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00011-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepadnaviruses, including the pathogenic hepatitis B virus (HBV), replicate their small DNA genomes through protein-primed reverse transcription, mediated by the terminal protein (TP) domain in their P proteins and an RNA stem-loop, ε, on the pregenomic RNA (pgRNA). No direct structural data are available for P proteins, but their reverse transcriptase (RT) domains contain motifs that are conserved in all RTs (box A to box G), implying a similar architecture; however, experimental support for this notion is limited. Exploiting assays available for duck HBV (DHBV) but not the HBV P protein, we assessed the functional consequences of numerous mutations in box E, which forms the DNA primer grip in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) RT. This substructure coordinates primer 3'-end positioning and RT subdomain movements during the polymerization cycle and is a prime target for nonnucleosidic RT inhibitors (NNRTIs) of HIV-1 RT. Box E was indeed critical for DHBV replication, with the mutations affecting the folding, ε RNA interactions, and polymerase activity of the P protein in a position- and amino acid side chain-dependent fashion similar to that of HIV-1 RT. Structural similarity to HIV-1 RT was underlined by molecular modeling and was confirmed by the replication activity of chimeric P proteins carrying box E, or even box C to box E, from HIV-1 RT. Hence, box E in the DHBV P protein and likely the HBV P protein forms a primer grip-like structure that may provide a new target for anti-HBV NNRTIs.
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Zhang Q, Zhang X, Wu H, Seto D, Zhang HJ, Chen Z, Wan C, Zheng BJ. Parental LTRs are important in a construct of a stable and efficient replication-competent infectious molecular clone of HIV-1 CRF08_BC. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31233. [PMID: 22363589 PMCID: PMC3281951 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 01/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) of HIV-1 have been identified in southern China in recent years. CRF08_BC is one of the most predominant subtypes circulating in China. In order to study HIV subtype biology and to provide a tool for biotechnological applications, the first full-length replication-competent infectious molecular clone harboring CRF08_BC is reported. The construction of this clone pBRGX indicates that a moderate-copy number vector is required for its amplification in E. coli. In addition, it is shown that the parental CRF08_BC LTRs are important for generating this efficient replication-competent infectious clone. These observations may aid in the construction of infectious clones from other subtypes. Both the pBRGX-derived virus and its parental isolate contain CCR5 tropism. Their full-length genomes were also sequenced, analyzed, compared and deposited in GenBank (JF719819 and JF719818, respectively). The availability of pBRGX as the first replication-competent molecular clone of CRF08_BC provides a useful tool for a wide range of studies of this newly emergent HIV subtype, including the development of HIV vaccine candidates, antiviral drug screening and drug resistance analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwei Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail: (QZ); (BJZ)
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Donald Seto
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Hao-Jie Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- AIDS Institute, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chengsong Wan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo-Jian Zheng
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- * E-mail: (QZ); (BJZ)
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