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Roles of tRNA metabolism in aging and lifespan. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:548. [PMID: 34039958 PMCID: PMC8154886 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03838-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) mainly function as adapter molecules that decode messenger RNAs (mRNAs) during protein translation by delivering amino acids to the ribosome. Traditionally, tRNAs are considered as housekeepers without additional functions. Nevertheless, it has become apparent from biological research that tRNAs are involved in various physiological and pathological processes. Aging is a form of gradual decline in physiological function that ultimately leads to increased vulnerability to multiple chronic diseases and death. Interestingly, tRNA metabolism is closely associated with aging and lifespan. In this review, we summarize the emerging roles of tRNA-associated metabolism, such as tRNA transcription, tRNA molecules, tRNA modifications, tRNA aminoacylation, and tRNA derivatives, in aging and lifespan, aiming to provide new ideas for developing therapeutics and ultimately extending lifespan in humans.
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Marcos AT, Martín‐Doncel E, Morejón‐García P, Marcos‐Alcalde I, Gómez‐Puertas P, Segura‐Puimedon M, Armengol L, Navarro‐Pando JM, Lazo PA. VRK1 (Y213H) homozygous mutant impairs Cajal bodies in a hereditary case of distal motor neuropathy. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2020; 7:808-818. [PMID: 32365420 PMCID: PMC7261760 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Distal motor neuropathies with a genetic origin have a heterogeneous clinical presentation with overlapping features affecting distal nerves and including spinal muscular atrophies and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. This indicates that their genetic background is heterogeneous. PATIENT AND METHODS In this work, we have identified and characterized the genetic and molecular base of a patient with a distal sensorimotor neuropathy of unknown origin. For this study, we performed whole-exome sequencing, molecular modelling, cloning and expression of mutant gene, and biochemical and cell biology analysis of the mutant protein. RESULTS A novel homozygous recessive mutation in the human VRK1 gene, coding for a chromatin kinase, causing a substitution (c.637T > C; p.Tyr213His) in exon 8, was detected in a patient presenting since childhood a progressive distal sensorimotor neuropathy and spinal muscular atrophy syndrome, with normal intellectual development. Molecular modelling predicted this mutant VRK1 has altered the kinase activation loop by disrupting its interaction with the C-terminal regulatory region. The p.Y213H mutant protein has a reduced kinase activity with different substrates, including histones H3 and H2AX, proteins involved in DNA damage responses, such as p53 and 53BP1, and coilin, the scaffold for Cajal bodies. The mutant VRK1(Y213H) protein is unable to rescue the formation of Cajal bodies assembled on coilin, in the absence of wild-type VRK1. CONCLUSION The VRK1(Y213H) mutant protein alters the activation loop, impairs the kinase activity of VRK1 causing a functional insufficiency that impairs the formation of Cajal bodies assembled on coilin, a protein that regulates SMN1 and Cajal body formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana T. Marcos
- Unidad de GenéticaInstituto para el Estudio de la Biología de la Reproducción Humana (INEBIR)SevillaSpain
| | - Elena Martín‐Doncel
- Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer ProgramInstituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del CáncerConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Universidad de SalamancaSalamancaSpain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL)Hospital Universitario de SalamancaSalamancaSpain
| | - Patricia Morejón‐García
- Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer ProgramInstituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del CáncerConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Universidad de SalamancaSalamancaSpain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL)Hospital Universitario de SalamancaSalamancaSpain
| | - Iñigo Marcos‐Alcalde
- Molecular Modelling GroupCentro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”CSIC‐Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, CantoblancoMadridSpain
- School of Experimental SciencesBiosciences Research InstituteUniversidad Francisco de VitoriaPozuelo de Alarcón, MadridSpain
| | - Paulino Gómez‐Puertas
- Molecular Modelling GroupCentro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa”CSIC‐Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, CantoblancoMadridSpain
| | - María Segura‐Puimedon
- Quantitative Genomic Medicine Laboratories, qGenomicsEspluges de LlobregatBarcelonaSpain
| | - Lluis Armengol
- Quantitative Genomic Medicine Laboratories, qGenomicsEspluges de LlobregatBarcelonaSpain
| | - José M. Navarro‐Pando
- Unidad de GenéticaInstituto para el Estudio de la Biología de la Reproducción Humana (INEBIR)SevillaSpain
- Cátedra de Reproducción y Genética HumanaFacultad de Ciencias de la SaludUniversidad Europea del AtlánticoSantanderSpain
- Fundación Universitaria Iberoamericana (FUNIBER)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Pedro A. Lazo
- Molecular Mechanisms of Cancer ProgramInstituto de Biología Molecular y Celular del CáncerConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)Universidad de SalamancaSalamancaSpain
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL)Hospital Universitario de SalamancaSalamancaSpain
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Effect of Electroacupuncture on the Expression of Glycyl-tRNA Synthetase and Ultrastructure Changes in Atrophied Rat Peroneus Longus Muscle Induced by Sciatic Nerve Injection Injury. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:7536234. [PMID: 27274754 PMCID: PMC4870356 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7536234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Glycyl-tRNA synthetase (GlyRS) is one of the key enzymes involved in protein synthesis. Its mutations have been reported to cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease which demonstrates muscular atrophy in distal extremities, particularly manifested in peroneus muscles. In this situation, the dysfunctions of mitochondria and sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) affect energy supply and excitation-contraction coupling of muscle fibers, therefore resulting in muscular atrophy. Although the treatment of muscular atrophy is a global urgent problem, it can be improved by electroacupuncture (EA) treatment. To investigate the mechanism underlying EA treatment improving muscular atrophy, we focused on the perspective of protein synthesis by establishing a penicillin injection-induced sciatic nerve injury model. In our model, injured rats without treatment showed decreased sciatic functional index (SFI), decreased peroneus longus muscle weight and muscle fiber cross-sectional area, aggregated mitochondria with vacuoles appearing, swollen SR, and downregulated mRNA and protein expression levels of GlyRS and myosin heavy chain IIb (MHC-IIb). The injured rats with EA treatment showed significant recovery. These results indicated that EA stimulation can alleviate peroneus longus muscular atrophy induced by iatrogenic sciatic nerve injury through promoting the recovery of GlyRS and muscle ultrastructure and increasing muscle protein synthesis.
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Pfohl SR, Halicek MT, Mitchell CS. Characterization of the Contribution of Genetic Background and Gender to Disease Progression in the SOD1 G93A Mouse Model of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: A Meta-Analysis. J Neuromuscul Dis 2015; 2:137-150. [PMID: 26594635 PMCID: PMC4652798 DOI: 10.3233/jnd-140068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background: The SOD1 G93A mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most frequently used model to examine ALS pathophysiology. There is a lack of homogeneity in usage of the SOD1 G93A mouse, including differences in genetic background and gender, which could confound the field’s results. Objective: In an analysis of 97 studies, we characterized the ALS progression for the high transgene copy control SOD1 G93A mouse on the basis of disease onset, overall lifespan, and disease duration for male and female mice on the B6SJL and C57BL/6J genetic backgrounds and quantified magnitudes of differences between groups. Methods: Mean age at onset, onset assessment measure, disease duration, and overall lifespan data from each study were extracted and statistically modeled as the response of linear regression with the sex and genetic background factored as predictors. Additional examination was performed on differing experimental onset and endpoint assessment measures. Results: C57BL/6 background mice show delayed onset of symptoms, increased lifespan, and an extended disease duration compared to their sex-matched B6SJL counterparts. Female B6SJL generally experience extended lifespan and delayed onset compared to their male counterparts, while female mice on the C57BL/6 background show delayed onset but no difference in survival compared to their male counterparts. Finally, different experimental protocols (tremor, rotarod, etc.) for onset determination result in notably different onset means. Conclusions: Overall, the observed effect of sex on disease endpoints was smaller than that which can be attributed to the genetic background. The often-reported increase in lifespan for female mice was observed only for mice on the B6SJL background, implicating a strain-dependent effect of sex on disease progression that manifests despite identical mutant SOD1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R Pfohl
- Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Martin T Halicek
- Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cassie S Mitchell
- Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Datt M, Sharma A. Evolutionary and structural annotation of disease-associated mutations in human aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:1063. [PMID: 25476837 PMCID: PMC4298046 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-1063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mutation(s) in proteins are a natural byproduct of evolution but can also cause serious diseases. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) are indispensable components of all cellular protein translational machineries, and in humans they drive translation in both cytoplasm and mitochondria. Mutations in aaRSs have been implicated in a plethora of diseases including neurological conditions, metabolic disorders and cancer. Results We have developed an algorithmic approach for genome-wide analyses of sequence substitutions that combines evolutionary, structural and functional information. This pipeline enabled us to super-annotate human aaRS mutations and analyze their linkage to health disorders. Our data suggest that in some but not all cases, aaRS mutations occur in functional and structural sectors where they can manifest their pathological effects by altering enzyme activity or causing structural instability. Further, mutations appear in both solvent exposed and buried regions of aaRSs indicating that these alterations could lead to dysfunctional enzymes resulting in abnormal protein translation routines by affecting inter-molecular interactions or by disruption of non-bonded interactions. Overall, the prevalence of mutations is much higher in mitochondrial aaRSs, and the two most often mutated aaRSs are mitochondrial glutamyl-tRNA synthetase and dual localized glycyl-tRNA synthetase. Out of 63 mutations annotated in this work, only 12 (~20%) were observed in regions that could directly affect aminoacylation activity via either binding to ATP/amino-acid, tRNA or by involvement in dimerization. Mutations in structural cores or at potential biomolecular interfaces account for ~55% mutations while remaining mutations (~25%) remain structurally un-annotated. Conclusion This work provides a comprehensive structural framework within which most defective human aaRSs have been structurally analyzed. The methodology described here could be employed to annotate mutations in other protein families in a high-throughput manner. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-1063) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amit Sharma
- Structural and Computational Biology group, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, New Delhi 110067, India.
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Ruan ZR, Fang ZP, Ye Q, Lei HY, Eriani G, Zhou XL, Wang ED. Identification of lethal mutations in yeast threonyl-tRNA synthetase revealing critical residues in its human homolog. J Biol Chem 2014; 290:1664-78. [PMID: 25416776 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.599886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) are a group of ancient enzymes catalyzing aminoacylation and editing reactions for protein biosynthesis. Increasing evidence suggests that these critical enzymes are often associated with mammalian disorders. Therefore, complete determination of the enzymes functions is essential for informed diagnosis and treatment. Here, we show that a yeast knock-out strain for the threonyl-tRNA synthetase (ThrRS) gene is an excellent platform for such an investigation. Saccharomyces cerevisiae ThrRS has a unique modular structure containing four structural domains and a eukaryote-specific N-terminal extension. Using randomly mutated libraries of the ThrRS gene (thrS) and a genetic screen, a set of loss-of-function mutants were identified. The mutations affected the synthetic and editing activities and influenced the dimer interface. The results also highlighted the role of the N-terminal extension for enzymatic activity and protein stability. To gain insights into the pathological mechanisms induced by mutated aaRSs, we systematically introduced the loss-of-function mutations into the human cytoplasmic ThrRS gene. All mutations induced similar detrimental effects, showing that the yeast model could be used to study pathology-associated point mutations in mammalian aaRSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Rong Ruan
- From the Center for RNA Research, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhi-Peng Fang
- From the Center for RNA Research, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Qing Ye
- From the Center for RNA Research, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Hui-Yan Lei
- From the Center for RNA Research, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Gilbert Eriani
- Architecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 15 Rue René Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Xiao-Long Zhou
- From the Center for RNA Research, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China,
| | - En-Duo Wang
- From the Center for RNA Research, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China, the School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai 200031, China, and
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Schiavo G, Greensmith L, Hafezparast M, Fisher EMC. Cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain: the servant of many masters. Trends Neurosci 2013; 36:641-51. [PMID: 24035135 PMCID: PMC3824068 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The cytoplasmic dynein complex is the main retrograde motor in all eukaryotic cells. This complex is built around a dimer of cytoplasmic dynein heavy chains (DYNC1H1). Mouse DYNC1H1 mutants have sensory defects, but motor defects have been controversial. Now human DYNC1H1 mutations with sensory, motor, and cognitive deficits are being found. The study of these mutations will give us new insight into DYNC1H1 function in the nervous system.
Cytoplasmic dynein is the main retrograde motor in all eukaryotic cells. This complex comprises different subunits assembled on a cytoplasmic dynein heavy chain 1 (DYNC1H1) dimer. Cytoplasmic dynein is particularly important for neurons because it carries essential signals and organelles from distal sites to the cell body. In the past decade, several mouse models have helped to dissect the numerous functions of DYNC1H1. Additionally, several DYNC1H1 mutations have recently been found in human patients that give rise to a broad spectrum of developmental and midlife-onset disorders. Here, we discuss the effects of mutations of mouse and human DYNC1H1 and how these studies are giving us new insight into the many critical roles DYNC1H1 plays in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giampietro Schiavo
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, Institute of Neurology, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, University College London, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK; Molecular NeuroPathobiology, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3LY, UK.
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Yao P, Fox PL. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases in medicine and disease. EMBO Mol Med 2013; 5:332-43. [PMID: 23427196 PMCID: PMC3598075 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201100626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Revised: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) are essential and ubiquitous 'house-keeping' enzymes responsible for charging amino acids to their cognate tRNAs and providing the substrates for global protein synthesis. Recent studies have revealed a role of multiple ARSs in pathology, and their potential use as pharmacological targets and therapeutic reagents. The ongoing discovery of genetic mutations in human ARSs is increasing exponentially and can be considered an important determinant of disease etiology. Several chemical compounds target bacterial, fungal and human ARSs as antibiotics or disease-targeting medicines. Remarkably, ongoing exploration of noncanonical functions of ARSs has shown important contributions to control of angiogenesis, inflammation, tumourigenesis and other important physiopathological processes. Here, we summarize the roles of ARSs in human diseases and medicine, focusing on the most recent and exciting discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Yao
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Lu L, Gao X, Li Q, Huang J, Liu R, Li H. Comparative phosphoproteomics analysis of the effects of L-methionine on dairy cow mammary epithelial cells. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.4141/cjas2012-063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Lu, L., Gao, X., Li, Q., Huang, J., Liu, R. and Li, H. 2012. Comparative phosphoproteomics analysis of the effects of L-methionine on dairy cow mammary epithelial cells. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 92: 433–442. L-methionine is an essential amino acid that plays fundamental roles in protein synthesis. Many nuclear phosphorylated proteins such as Stat5 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 5) and mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) regulate milk protein synthesis. But a comprehensive understanding of transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of milk protein synthesis is lacking. In the current study, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE)/MS-based proteomics analysis was used to identify phosphoproteins responsible for milk protein synthesis in dairy cow mammary epithelial cells (DCMECs). The effects of L-methionine on DCMECs were analyzed by CASY (Counter Analyser System) technique, reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that rate of cell proliferation and expression of β-casein were increased in DCMECs treated with 0.6 mM L-methionine for 24 h. Five proteins for which expression was significantly increased in DCMECs were selected, and their expression changes were verified by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analysis. The five up-regulated expressed phosphoproteins included Staphylococcal nuclease domain-containing protein 1(SND1), Septin-6, Glycyl-tRNA synthetase (GARS), Twinfilin-1 and eukaryotic elongation factor1-beta (eEF1B). This study revealed that availability of L-methionine influences the levels of nuclear phosphorylated proteins of DCMECs which opens a new avenue for the study of the molecular mechanism linking to milk protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Lu
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xuejun Gao
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Qingzhang Li
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jianguo Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Rong Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Huiming Li
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
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Huang JG, Gao XJ, Li QZ, Lu LM, Liu R, Luo CC, Wang JL, Bin Q, Jin X. Proteomic analysis of the nuclear phosphorylated proteins in dairy cow mammary epithelial cells treated with estrogen. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2012; 48:449-57. [PMID: 22806971 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-012-9531-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen regulates a variety of physiological processes, including mammary gland growth, morphogenesis of the mammary gland, proliferation and differentiation, and elevating the expression of milk proteins. Many nuclear phosphorylated proteins such as pStat5 and mTOR regulate milk protein synthesis. But the detail of milk protein synthesis controlled at the transcript level and posttranslational level is not well-known. To contribute to the understanding of the molecular mechanism underlying estrogen action on the dairy cow mammary epithelial cells (DCMECs), nuclear phosphorylated proteins regulated by estrogen in DCMECs were identified. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization/time of flight mass spectrometry were used to identify the changes of nuclear phosphorylated proteins in DCMECs treated with estrogen. Seven proteins were identified differentially up-expressed in DCMECs after 24-h estrogen exposure: including glycyl-tRNA synthetase, previously reported in milk protein synthesis of DCMECs, belonging to the class-II aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family; proteins involved in other cellular functions, such as translation initiation factors, GTP-binding nuclear proteins, heat-shock proteins, and proteins belonging to ubiquitin-proteasome system. This screening reveals that estrogen influences the levels of nuclear phosphorylated proteins of DCMECs which opens new avenue for the study of the molecular mechanism linking to milk synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Guo Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Dairy Science of Education Ministry, Northeast Agricultural University, Xiangfang District, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province, China
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Hurto RL. Unexpected functions of tRNA and tRNA processing enzymes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 722:137-55. [PMID: 21915787 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0332-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
tRNA and tRNA processing enzymes impact more than protein production. Studies have uncovered roles for tRNA in the regulation of transcription, translation and protein turnover. Induced by stress or as a programmed part of development, nonrandom tRNA fragments can guide mRNA cleavage, inhibit translation and promote morphological changes. Similarly, tRNA processing enzymes, such as RNaseP and tRNA aminoacyl-synthetases participate in tasks affecting more than tRNA function (i.e., mRNA function and cellular signaling). Unraveling the complexities of their functions will increase our understanding of how mutations associated with disease impact these functions and the downstream consequences. This chapter focuses on how tRNA and tRNA processing enzymes influence cellular function and RNA-infrastructure via pathways beyond the decoding activities that tRNA are known for.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Hurto
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA.
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Merner ND, Dion PA, Rouleau GA. Recent advances in the genetics of distal hereditary motor neuropathy give insight to a disease mechanism involving copper homeostasis that may extend to other motor neuron disorders. Clin Genet 2010; 79:23-34. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2010.01591.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Guo M, Schimmel P, Yang XL. Functional expansion of human tRNA synthetases achieved by structural inventions. FEBS Lett 2009; 584:434-42. [PMID: 19932696 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.11.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2009] [Revised: 11/17/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Known as an essential component of the translational apparatus, the aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase family catalyzes the first step reaction in protein synthesis, that is, to specifically attach each amino acid to its cognate tRNA. While preserving this essential role, tRNA synthetases developed other roles during evolution. Human tRNA synthetases, in particular, have diverse functions in different pathways involving angiogenesis, inflammation and apoptosis. The functional diversity is further illustrated in the association with various diseases through genetic mutations that do not affect aminoacylation or protein synthesis. Here we review the accumulated knowledge on how human tRNA synthetases used structural inventions to achieve functional expansions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Guo
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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