1
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Zhang T, Li S, Tan YA, Chen X, Zhang C, Chen Z, Mishra B, Na JH, Choi S, Shin SJ, Damle P, Chougoni KK, Grossman SR, Wang D, Jiang X, Li Y, Hissong E, Chen YT, Xiang JZ, Du YCN. Bcl-xL is translocated to the nucleus via CtBP2 to epigenetically promote metastasis. Cancer Lett 2024; 604:217240. [PMID: 39265800 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.217240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 09/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/14/2024]
Abstract
Nuclear Bcl-xL is found to promote cancer metastasis independently of its mitochondria-based anti-apoptotic activity. How Bcl-xL is translocated into the nucleus and how nuclear Bcl-xL regulates histone H3 trimethyl Lys4 (H3K4me3) modification have yet to be understood. Here, we report that C-terminal Binding Protein 2 (CtBP2) binds to Bcl-xL via its N-terminus and translocates Bcl-xL into the nucleus. Knockdown of CtBP2 by shRNA decreases the nuclear portion of Bcl-xL and reverses Bcl-xL-induced invasion and metastasis in mouse models. Furthermore, knockout of CtBP2 not only reduces the nuclear portion of Bcl-xL but also suppresses Bcl-xL transcription. The binding between Bcl-xL and CtBP2 is required for their interaction with MLL1, a histone H3K4 methyltransferase. Pharmacologic inhibition of the MLL1 enzymatic activity reverses Bcl-xL-induced H3K4me3 and TGFβ mRNA upregulation, as well as invasion. Moreover, the cleavage under targets and release using nuclease (CUT&RUN) assay coupled with next-generation sequencing reveals that H3K4me3 modifications are particularly enriched in the promotor regions of genes encoding TGFβ and its signaling pathway members in cancer cells overexpressing Bcl-xL. Altogether, the metastatic function of Bcl-xL is mediated by its interaction with CtBP2 and MLL1 and this study offers new therapeutic strategies to treat Bcl-xL-overexpressing cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Sha Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Yingcai Adrian Tan
- Genomics Resources Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Cheryl Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Zhengming Chen
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Bikash Mishra
- Immunology & Microbial Pathogenesis Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Joseph HyungJoon Na
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Soyoung Choi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Sandra J Shin
- Department of Pathology, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA
| | - Priyadarshan Damle
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Kranthi Kumar Chougoni
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Steven R Grossman
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Dunrui Wang
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Xuejun Jiang
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Yi Li
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Erika Hissong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Yao-Tseng Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Jenny Z Xiang
- Genomics Resources Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Yi-Chieh Nancy Du
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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2
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Zhang T, Li S, Tan YA, Na JH, Chen Z, Damle P, Chen X, Choi S, Mishra B, Wang D, Grossman SR, Jiang X, Li Y, Chen YT, Xiang JZ, Du YCN. Bcl-xL is translocated to the nucleus via CtBP2 to epigenetically promote metastasis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.26.538373. [PMID: 37163116 PMCID: PMC10168309 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.26.538373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Besides its mitochondria-based anti-apoptotic role, Bcl-xL also travels to the nucleus to promote cancer metastasis by upregulating global histone H3 trimethyl Lys4 (H3K4me3) and TGFβ transcription. How Bcl-xL is translocated into the nucleus and how nuclear Bcl-xL regulates H3K4me3 modification are not understood. Here, we report that C-terminal Binding Protein 2 (CtBP2) binds Bcl-xL via its N-terminus and translocates Bcl-xL into the nucleus. Knockdown of CtBP2 by shRNA decreases the nuclear portion of Bcl-xL and reverses Bcl-xL-induced cell migration and metastasis in mouse models. Furthermore, knockout of CtBP2 suppresses Bcl-xL transcription. The binding between Bcl-xL and CtBP2 is required for their interaction with MLL1, a histone H3K4 methyltransferase. Pharmacologic inhibition of MLL1 enzymatic activity reverses Bcl-xL-induced H3K4me3 and TGFβ mRNA upregulation as well as cell invasion. Moreover, cleavage under targets and release using nuclease (CUT&RUN) coupled with next generation sequencing reveals that H3K4me3 modifications are particularly enriched in the promotor region of genes encoding TGFβ and its signaling pathway in the cancer cells overexpressing Bcl-xL. Altogether, the metastatic function of Bcl-xL is mediated by its interaction with CtBP2 and MLL1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sha Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yingcai Adrian Tan
- Genomics Resources Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Joseph HyungJoon Na
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Zhengming Chen
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Population Health Sciences, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Priyadarshan Damle
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Soyoung Choi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Bikash Mishra
- Immunology & Microbial Pathogenesis Graduate Program, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Dunrui Wang
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Steven R. Grossman
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center and Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Xuejun Jiang
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yi Li
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yao-Tseng Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jenny Z. Xiang
- Genomics Resources Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yi-Chieh Nancy Du
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
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3
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Zhang T, Zhang G, Chen X, Chen Z, Tan AY, Lin A, Zhang C, Torres LK, Bajrami S, Zhang T, Zhang G, Xiang JZ, Hissong EM, Chen YT, Li Y, Du YCN. Low-dose carbon monoxide suppresses metastatic progression of disseminated cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2022; 546:215831. [PMID: 35868533 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Low-dose carbon monoxide (CO) is under investigation in clinical trials to treat non-cancerous diseases and has excellent safety profiles. Due to the early detection and cancer awareness, increasing cancer patients are diagnosed at early stages and potentially curative surgical resection can be done. However, many patients ultimately experience recurrence. Here, we evaluate the therapeutic effect of CO on cancer metastatic progression. We show that 250 ppm CO inhibits migration of multiple types of cancer cell lines including breast, pancreatic, colon, prostate, liver, and lung cancer and reduces the ability to adhere to fibronectin. We demonstrate that in mouse models, 250 ppm inhaled CO inhibits lung metastasis of breast cancer and liver metastasis of pancreatic cancer. Moreover, low-dose CO suppresses recurrence and increases survival after surgical removal of primary pancreatic cancer in mice. Mechanistically, low-dose CO blocks transcription of heme importers, leading to diminished intracellular heme levels and a heme-regulated enzyme, cytochrome P4501B1 (CYP1B1). Either supplementing heme or overexpressing CYP1B1 reverses the anti-migration effect of low-dose CO. Taken together, low-dose CO therapy inhibits cell migration, reduces adhesion to fibronectin, prevents disseminated cancer cells from expanding into gross metastases, and improves survival in pre-clinical mouse models of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - George Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Zhengming Chen
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Healthcare Policy and Research, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Adrian Y Tan
- Genomics Resources Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Anthony Lin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Cheryl Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Lisa K Torres
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Sandi Bajrami
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Tuo Zhang
- Genomics Resources Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Guoan Zhang
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Jenny Z Xiang
- Genomics Resources Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Erika M Hissong
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Yao-Tseng Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Yi Li
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Yi-Chieh Nancy Du
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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4
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Detjen K, Hammerich L, Özdirik B, Demir M, Wiedenmann B, Tacke F, Jann H, Roderburg C. Models of Gastroenteropancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms: Current Status and Future Directions. Neuroendocrinology 2021; 111:217-236. [PMID: 32615560 DOI: 10.1159/000509864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (GEP-NENs) are a rare, heterogeneous group of tumors that originate from the endocrine system of the gastrointestinal tract and pancreas. GEP-NENs are subdivided according to their differentiation into well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) and poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs). Since GEP-NENs represent rare diseases, only limited data from large prospective, randomized clinical trials are available, and recommendations for treatment of GEP-NEN are in part based on data from retrospective analyses or case series. In this context, tractable disease models that reflect the situation in humans and that allow to recapitulate the different clinical aspects and disease stages of GEP-NET or GEP-NEC are urgently needed. In this review, we highlight available data on mouse models for GEP-NEN. We discuss how these models reflect tumor biology of human disease and whether these models could serve as a tool for understanding the pathogenesis of GEP-NEN and for disease modeling and pharmacosensitivity assays, facilitating prediction of treatment response in patients. In addition, open issues applicable for future developments will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Detjen
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Linda Hammerich
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Burcin Özdirik
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Münevver Demir
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bertram Wiedenmann
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henning Jann
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Roderburg
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum and Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany,
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5
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Buicko JL, Finnerty BM, Zhang T, Kim BJ, Fahey TJ, Nancy Du YC. Insights into the biology and treatment strategies of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 2. [PMID: 31535089 DOI: 10.21037/apc.2019.06.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) are the second most common primary pancreatic neoplasms after pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. PNETs present with widely various clinical manifestation and unfavorable survival rate. The recent advances in next generation sequencing have significantly increased our understanding of the molecular landscape of PNETs and help guide the development of targeted therapies. This review intends to outline a holistic picture of the tumors by discussing current understanding of clinical presentations, up-to-date treatment strategies, novel mouse models, and molecular biology of PNETs. Furthermore, we will provide insight into the future development of more effective targeted therapies that are necessary to manage PNETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Buicko
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Tiantian Zhang
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Bu Jung Kim
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Thomas J Fahey
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yi-Chieh Nancy Du
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
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6
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Tissue-specific induced DNA methyltransferase 1 (Dnmt1) in endocrine pancreas by RCAS-TVA-based somatic gene transfer system promotes β-cell proliferation. Cancer Gene Ther 2018; 26:94-102. [PMID: 30190513 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-018-0046-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We reported that inactivation of menin (the protein product of MEN1) increases activity of Dnmt1 and mediates DNA hypermethylation in the development of multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) syndrome. We have developed a RCAS-TVA-based somatic gene transfer system that enables tissue-specific delivery of Dnmt1 to individual β-cells of the pancreas in a RIP-TVA mouse model. In the present study, we mediated Dnmt1 expression in islet β-cells in RIP-TVA mice by utilizing the RCAS-TVA system to test if the upregulation of Dnmt1 can promote β-cell proliferation. In vitro, we demonstrated that upregulation of Dnmt1 increased β-cell proliferation. In vivo, our results showed that the levels of serum insulin were increased in the RIP-TVA mice with RCASBP-Dnmt1 infection compared with wild-type control mice with RCASBP-Dnmt1 infection. Furthermore, we confirmed that mRNA and protein expression of Dnmt1 as well as Dnmt1 enzyme activity were upregulated in the RIP-TVA mice with RCASBP-Dnmt1 infection compared with wild-type control mice with RCASBP-Dnmt1 infection. Finally, we demonstrated that upregulation of Dnmt1 resulted in hyperplasia through β-cell proliferation. We conclude that the upregulation of Dnmt1 promotes islet β-cell proliferation and targeting Dnmt1 may be a promising therapy for patients suffering from pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors.
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7
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Azzopardi S, Pang S, Klimstra DS, Du YCN. p53 and p16 Ink4a/p19 Arf Loss Promotes Different Pancreatic Tumor Types from PyMT-Expressing Progenitor Cells. Neoplasia 2016; 18:610-617. [PMID: 27664376 PMCID: PMC5035259 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In human studies and mouse models, the contributions of p53 and p16Ink4a/p19Arf loss are well established in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Although loss of functional p53 pathway and loss of Ink4a/Arf in human pancreatic acinar cell carcinoma (PACC) and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (PanNET) are identified, their direct roles in tumorigenesis of PACC and PanNET remain to be determined. Using transgenic mouse models expressing the viral oncogene polyoma middle T antigen (PyMT), we demonstrate that p53 loss in pancreatic Pdx1+ progenitor cells results in aggressive PACC, whereas Ink4a/Arf loss results in PanNETs. Concurrent loss of p53 and Ink4a/Arf resembles loss of p53 alone, suggesting that Ink4a/Arf loss has no additive effect to PACC progression. Our results show that specific tumor suppressor genotypes provocatively influence the tumor biological phenotypes in pancreatic progenitor cells. Additionally, in a mouse model of β-cell hyperplasia, we demonstrate that p53 and Ink4a/Arf play cooperative roles in constraining the progression of PanNETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Azzopardi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sharon Pang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - David S Klimstra
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yi-Chieh Nancy Du
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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8
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Bcl-xL promotes metastasis independent of its anti-apoptotic activity. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10384. [PMID: 26785948 PMCID: PMC4735924 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bcl-xL suppresses mitochondria-mediated apoptosis and is frequently overexpressed in cancer to promote cancer cell survival. Bcl-xL also promotes metastasis. However, it is unclear whether this metastatic function is dependent on its anti-apoptotic activity in the mitochondria. Here we demonstrate that Bcl-xL promotes metastasis independent of its anti-apoptotic activity. We show that apoptosis-defective Bcl-xL mutants and an engineered Bcl-xL targeted to the nucleus promote epithelial–mesenchymal transition, migration, invasion and stemness in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour (panNET) and breast cancer cell lines. However, Bcl-xL proteins targeted to the mitochondria or outside of the nucleus do not have these functions. We confirm our findings in spontaneous and xenograft mouse models. Furthermore, Bcl-xL exerts metastatic function through epigenetic modification of the TGFβ promoter to increase TGFβ signalling. Consistent with these findings, we detect nuclear Bcl-xL in human metastatic panNETs. Taken together, the metastatic function of Bcl-xL is independent of its anti-apoptotic activity and its residence in the mitochondria. Bcl-xL is an anti-apoptotic protein that has also been implicated in metastasis. In this study, the authors show that nuclear Bcl-xL promotes metastasis by regulating TGFβ signaling, which is independent of the anti-apoptotic activity of Bcl-xL.
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9
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Methods to study primary tumor cells and residual tumor cells in mouse models of oncogene dependence. Methods Mol Biol 2015. [PMID: 25636480 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2297-0_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
The studies of oncogene dependence are aimed to understand an unfortunate and puzzling aspect of targeted anticancer treatments-their progression to drug resistance. Drug resistance develops from a pool of cells that survive the original treatment, called minimal residual disease. Mouse models based on tetracycline-dependent expression of transgenic oncogenes are used to imitate targeted oncogene blockade and to reproduce minimal residual disease in humans. Here we describe a novel method for generating oncogene-dependent mammary tumors using somatic transfer of transactivator-containing retroviruses into transgenic mice with tetracycline-dependent oncogenes and a method for measuring continuous mitotic activity in epithelial cells in real time.
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10
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Kocher B, Piwnica-Worms D. Illuminating cancer systems with genetically engineered mouse models and coupled luciferase reporters in vivo. Cancer Discov 2013; 3:616-29. [PMID: 23585416 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-12-0503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Bioluminescent imaging (BLI) is a powerful noninvasive tool that has dramatically accelerated the in vivo interrogation of cancer systems and longitudinal analysis of mouse models of cancer over the past decade. Various luciferase enzymes have been genetically engineered into mouse models (GEMM) of cancer, which permit investigation of cellular and molecular events associated with oncogenic transcription, posttranslational processing, protein-protein interactions, transformation, and oncogene addiction in live cells and animals. Luciferase-coupled GEMMs ultimately serve as a noninvasive, repetitive, longitudinal, and physiologic means by which cancer systems and therapeutic responses can be investigated accurately within the autochthonous context of a living animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Kocher
- Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8225, 510 S. Kingshighway Boulevard, Box 8225, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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11
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Pdx1 expression in pancreatic precursor lesions and neoplasms. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2012; 19:444-9. [PMID: 21297446 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0b013e318206d958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic and duodenal homeobox (Pdx1) is a homeobox transcription factor required for the embryonic development of the pancreas. Pdx1 expression has been earlier identified in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas and endocrine neoplasms. This study characterizes Pdx1 protein expression in pancreatic precursor lesions and neoplasms, including pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN, n=32), intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm (IPMN, n=88), mucinous cystic neoplasm (MCN, n=3), acinar cell carcinoma (ACC, n=8), pancreatic endocrine neoplasm (PEN, n=44), pancreatoblastoma (PB, n=1), solid pseudopapillary neoplasm (n=8), invasive ductal adenocarcinoma (n=67), and nondysplastic ductal epithelium. A mouse monoclonal antibody for Pdx1 was used to examine archived surgical pathology cases and tissue microarrays containing >655 tissue cores from more than 250 pancreatic specimens. Immunohistochemical labeling for Pdx1 was performed using standard methods and scored for percentage and intensity of nuclear labeling. Among non-neoplastic pancreatic tissues, Pdx1 nuclear protein was expressed in islet cells, cells of the centroacinar cell compartment, and non-neoplastic ductal epithelium. No expression of Pdx1 was seen in non-neoplastic acinar cells. Among pancreatic neoplasms, Pdx1 consistently labeled >50% of the tumor cells in 87.5% of ACC cases and 38.6% of PEN cases. Pdx1 expression was variable in invasive ductal adenocarcinoma and precursor lesions of ductal adenocarcinomas (PanIN, IPMN, and MCN). A single case of PB was examined and it showed Pdx1 in the acinar component, but no expression in squamoid nests. Solid pseudopapillary neoplasms did not express Pdx1. This study shows Pdx1 expression in precursor lesions of ductal adenocarcinomas, PEN, ACC, and a case of PB. In the immunohistochemical evaluation of neoplasms of the pancreas, Pdx1 expression is not a finding specific to PENs and ductal adenocarcinomas, but also occurs in precursor lesions (PanIN, IPMN, MCN) and other neoplasms of the pancreas.
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12
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Receptor for hyaluronan-mediated motility isoform B promotes liver metastasis in a mouse model of multistep tumorigenesis and a tail vein assay for metastasis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:16753-8. [PMID: 21940500 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1114022108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The gene encoding the receptor for hyaluronan-mediated motility (RHAMM) is overexpressed in many human cancers. However, it is unclear whether RHAMM plays a causal role in tumor initiation or progression. Using somatic gene transfer in a mouse model of islet cell tumorigenesis, we demonstrate that RHAMM isoform B (RHAMM(B)) promotes tumor growth and metastases to lymph nodes and the liver. The propensity of RHAMM(B)-expressing cells to metastasize to the liver was confirmed using an experimental metastasis assay in which cells were injected into the tail vein of immunodeficient mice. However, RHAMM(B) did not increase cell migration or proliferation in culture. In initial efforts to identify signaling pathways activated by RHAMM(B), we found that RHAMM(B) induced phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Erk1/2, and STAT3 and conferred susceptibility to apoptosis after treatment with an EGFR inhibitor, gefitinib. Taken together, the results indicate that RHAMM(B) promotes hepatic metastasis by islet tumor cells, perhaps through growth factor receptor-mediated signaling.
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13
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Balentine CJ, Berger DH, Liu SH, Chen C, Nemunaitis J, Brunicardi FC. Defining the cancer master switch. World J Surg 2011; 35:1738-45. [PMID: 21286716 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-010-0941-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent research has focused on signaling cascades and their interactions yielding considerable insight into which genetic pathways are targeted and how they tend to be altered in tumors. Therapeutic interventions now can be designed based on the knowledge of pathways vital to tumor growth and survival. These critical targets for intervention, master switches for cancer, are termed so because the tumor attempts to "flip the switch" in a way that promotes its survival, whereas molecular therapy aims to "switch off" signals important for tumor-related processes. METHODS Literature review. CONCLUSIONS Defining useful targets for therapy depends on identifying pathways that are crucial for tumor growth, survival, and metastasis. Because not all signaling cascades are created equal, selecting master switches or targets for intervention needs to be done in a systematic fashion. This discussion proposes a set of criteria to define what it means to be a cancer master switch and provides examples to illustrate their application.
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Liu SH, Patel S, Gingras MC, Nemunaitis J, Zhou G, Chen C, Li M, Fisher W, Gibbs R, Brunicardi FC. PDX-1: demonstration of oncogenic properties in pancreatic cancer. Cancer 2010; 117:723-33. [PMID: 20886630 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.25629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic-duodenal homeobox 1 (PDX-1) is a transcription factor that regulates embryologic pancreas development and insulin expression in the adult islet; however, it is overexpressed in many types of cancer, including pancreatic cancer. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of PDX-1 in tumorigenesis in human cells. METHODS In vitro cell proliferation, invasion, and transformation were performed in human embryonic kidney cell line (HEK 293), pancreatic cancer cell line MIA PaCa2, and human pancreatic ductal epithelial (HPDE) cells transiently or stably expressing PDX-1 or green fluorescent protein (GFP) PDX-1, with or without cotransfection of PDX-1 short hairpin RNA (shRNA). In vivo tumor formation was carried out in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice with subcutaneous injection of HEK 293 and MIA PaCa2 stably transfected cells. Cell cycle was analyzed by Western blot or immunostaining. Microarray of RNA from pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells with and without PDX-1 shRNA was performed and analyzed. RESULTS Transient and stable expressing PDX-1 significantly increased cell proliferation and invasion in HEK 293, human pancreatic ductal epithelial (HPDE), and MIA PaCa2 cells versus controls (P < .05), human PDX-1 shRNA reversed these effects. Expression of PDX-1 significantly increased colony formation in HEK 293, HPDE, and MIA PaCa2 cells versus controls in vitro (P < .05). PDX-1 promoted HEK 293 and MIA PaCa2 tumor formation in SCID mice as compared with that of control (P < .05). PDX-1 overexpression disrupted cell cycles proteins. PDX-1 expression was confirmed by Western blot and tracked by viewing of GFP-PDX-1 expression. Microarray data support an oncogenic role of PDX-1 in pancreas cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS PDX-1 induced increased cell proliferation, invasion, and colony formation in vitro, and resulted in markedly increased HEK 293 and MIA PaCa2 tumor formation in SCID mice. These data suggest that PDX-1 is a potential oncogene that regulates tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-He Liu
- Michael E. DeBakey Department of Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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