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Lillo A, Serrano-Marín J, Lillo J, Raïch I, Navarro G, Franco R. Differential Gene Expression in Activated Microglia Treated with Adenosine A 2A Receptor Antagonists Highlights Olfactory Receptor 56 and T-Cell Activation GTPase-Activating Protein 1 as Potential Biomarkers of the Polarization of Activated Microglia. Cells 2023; 12:2213. [PMID: 37759436 PMCID: PMC10526142 DOI: 10.3390/cells12182213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglial activation often accompanies the plastic changes occurring in the brain of patients with neurodegenerative diseases. A2A and A3 adenosine receptors have been proposed as therapeutic targets to combat neurodegeneration. RNAseq was performed using samples isolated from lipopolysaccharide/interferon-γ activated microglia treated with SCH 58261, a selective A2A receptor antagonist, and with both SCH 58261 and 2-Cl-IB-MECA, a selective A3 receptor agonist. None of the treatments led to any clear microglial phenotype when gene expression for classical biomarkers of microglial polarization was assessed. However, many of the downregulated genes were directly or indirectly related to immune system-related events. Searching for genes whose expression was both significantly and synergistically affected when treated with the two adenosine receptor ligands, the AC122413.1 and Olfr56 were selected among those that were, respectively, upregulated and downregulated. We therefore propose that the products of these genes, olfactory receptor 56 and T-cell activation GTPase-activating protein 1, deserve attention as potential biomarkers of phenotypes that occur upon microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Lillo
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Science, Universitat de Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain; (A.L.); (J.L.); (I.R.); (G.N.)
- CiberNed, Network Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Spanish Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Joan Serrano-Marín
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Jaume Lillo
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Science, Universitat de Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain; (A.L.); (J.L.); (I.R.); (G.N.)
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Iu Raïch
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Science, Universitat de Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain; (A.L.); (J.L.); (I.R.); (G.N.)
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Gemma Navarro
- Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, School of Pharmacy and Food Science, Universitat de Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain; (A.L.); (J.L.); (I.R.); (G.N.)
- CiberNed, Network Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Spanish Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Franco
- CiberNed, Network Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Spanish Health Institute Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- School of Chemistry, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Li W, Zhou J, Zhang Y, Zhang J, Li X, Yan Q, Han J, Hu F. Echinacoside exerts anti-tumor activity via the miR-503-3p/TGF-β1/Smad aixs in liver cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:304. [PMID: 34112163 PMCID: PMC8191129 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-01890-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Echinacoside (ECH) is the main active ingredient of Cistanches Herba, which is known to have therapeutic effects on metastatic tumors. However, the effects of ECH on liver cancer are still unclear. This study was to investigate the effects of ECH on the aggression of liver cancer cells. Methods Two types of liver cancer cells Huh7 and HepG2 were treated with different doses of ECH at different times and gradients. MTT and colony formation assays were used to determine the effects of ECH on the viability of Huh7 and HepG2 cells. Transwell assays and flow cytometry assays were used to detect the effects of ECH treatment on the invasion, migration, apoptosis and cell cycle of Huh7 and HepG2 cells. Western blot analysis was used to detect the effects of ECH on the expression levels of TGF-β1, smad3, smad7, apoptosis-related proteins (Caspase-3, Caspase-8), and Cyto C in liver cancer cells. The relationship between miR-503-3p and TGF-β1 was detected using bioinformatics analysis and Luciferase reporter assay. Results The results showed that ECH inhibited the proliferation, invasion and migration of Huh7 and HepG2 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Moreover, we found that ECH caused Huh7 and HepG2 cell apoptosis by blocking cells in S phase. Furthermore, the expression of miR-503-3p was found to be reduced in liver tumor tissues, but ECH treatment increased the expression of miR-503-3p in Huh7 and HepG2 cells. In addition, we found that TGF-β1 was identified as a potential target of miR-503-3p. ECH promoted the activation of the TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway and increased the expression levels of Bax/Bcl-2. Moreover, ECH could trigger the release of mitochondrial Cyto C, and cause the reaction Caspases grade. Conclusions This study demonstrates that ECH exerts anti-tumor activity via the miR-503-3p/TGF-β1/Smad aixs in liver cancer, and provides a safe and effective anti-tumor agent for liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Li
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, No. 199 Donggang West Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China.
| | - Jing Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, No. 199 Donggang West Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Yajie Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, No. 199 Donggang West Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, No. 199 Donggang West Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Xue Li
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, No. 199 Donggang West Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Qiao Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, No. 199 Donggang West Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Jiabing Han
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, No. 199 Donggang West Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Fangdi Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, No. 199 Donggang West Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China.
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Nadhan R, Vaman JV, Sengodan SK, Hemalatha SK, Chellappan N, Sadasivan S, Pasuthottiyil Varkey A, Yesodharan S, Raji Sathyanpillai K, Bhuvaneswari Venugopal AK, Prameelakumari Sreenivasan S, Rajan A, Latha NR, Varghese GR, Thankappan R, Achyutuni S, Sreekumar Usha JD, Vijayamma Anilkumar T, Srinivas P. BRCA1 promoter hypermethylation in human placenta: a hidden link with β-hCG expression. Carcinogenesis 2020; 41:611-624. [PMID: 31219560 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgz117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Gestational trophoblastic diseases (GTD) are group of pregnancy-related tumors characterized by abnormal levels of 'β-hCG' with higher incidence in South-East Asia, especially India. Our laboratory has reported that wild-type BRCA1 transcriptionally regulates β-hCG in triple negative breast cancers (TNBCs). These factors culminated into analysis of BRCA1 status in GTD, which would emanate into elucidation of BRCA1- β-hCG relationship and unraveling etio-pathology of GTD. BRCA1 level in GTD is down-regulated due to the over-expression of DNMT3b and subsequent promoter hypermethylation, when compared to the normal placentae accompanied with its shift in localization. There is an inverse correlation of serum β-hCG levels with BRCA1 mRNA expression. The effects of methotrexate (MTX), which is the first-line chemotherapeutic used for GTD treatment, when analyzed in comparison with plumbagin (PB) revealed that PB alone is efficient than MTX alone or MTX-PB in combination, in showing selective cytotoxicity against GTD. Interestingly, PB increases BRCA1 levels post-treatment, altering DNMT3b levels and resultant BRCA1 promoter methylation. Also, cohort study analyzed the incidence of GTD at Sree Avittom Thirunal (SAT) Hospital, Thiruvananthapuram, which points out that 11.5% of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) cases were referred to Regional Cancer Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, for examination of breast lumps. This has lend clues to supervene the risk of GTD patients towards BRCA1-associated diseases and unveil novel therapeutic for GTD, a plant-derived naphthoquinone, PB, already reported as selectively cytotoxic against BRCA1 defective tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Revathy Nadhan
- Cancer Research Program 6, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Jayashree Vijaya Vaman
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, SAT Hospital, Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Satheesh Kumar Sengodan
- Cancer Research Program 6, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.,Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, USA
| | - Sreelatha Krishnakumar Hemalatha
- Cancer Research Program 6, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.,Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Nirmala Chellappan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, SAT Hospital, Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Santha Sadasivan
- Department of Pathology, Government Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | | | - Sreelekha Yesodharan
- Cancer Research Program 6, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | | | | | | | - Arathi Rajan
- Cancer Research Program 6, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Neetha Rajan Latha
- Cancer Research Program 6, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Geetu Rose Varghese
- Cancer Research Program 6, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Ratheeshkumar Thankappan
- Cancer Research Program 6, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.,Research and Development Wing, Life Cell International Pvt Ltd, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sarada Achyutuni
- Cancer Research Program 6, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | | | - Thapasimuthu Vijayamma Anilkumar
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - Priya Srinivas
- Cancer Research Program 6, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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Wang Y, Xiang J, Wang J, Ji Y. Downregulation of TGF-β1 suppressed proliferation and increased chemosensitivity of ovarian cancer cells by promoting BRCA1/Smad3 signaling. Biol Res 2018; 51:58. [PMID: 30594239 PMCID: PMC6310971 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-018-0205-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have demonstrated that transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-β1) exhibits oncogenic activity in different types of cancer, including ovarian cancer (OC). However, its regulatory mechanism in OC and whether TGF-β1 is involved in chemosensitivity regulation remains unclear. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the role of TGF-β1 in OC. METHODS The OC cell line SKOV3 was employed, and TGF-β1 overexpression or knockdown vectors were constructed. The cell proliferation of SKOV3 was evaluated with the cell counting kit (CCK8) kit after treatment with different concentrations of cis-platinum. Western blot and protein immunoprecipitation were employed to detect changes in BRCA1 and Smad3 expression and their interactions. Tumor growth in nude mice was evaluated. RESULTS The results showed that TGF-β1 knockdown increased chemosensitivity by promoting BRCA1 expression and Smad3 phosphorylation. In vivo studies showed that TGF-β1 knockdown significantly inhibited the growth of tumors, also by upregulating BRCA1 expression and Smad3 phosphorylation. CONCLUSION Taken together, our results suggest that TGF-β1 knockdown inhibits tumor growth and increases chemosensitivity by promotion of BRCA1/Smad3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiu Wang
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Xiang
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianjun Wang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yazhong Ji
- Reproductive Medical Center, Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Abbadie C, Pluquet O, Pourtier A. Epithelial cell senescence: an adaptive response to pre-carcinogenic stresses? Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:4471-4509. [PMID: 28707011 PMCID: PMC11107641 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2587-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Senescence is a cell state occurring in vitro and in vivo after successive replication cycles and/or upon exposition to various stressors. It is characterized by a strong cell cycle arrest associated with several molecular, metabolic and morphologic changes. The accumulation of senescent cells in tissues and organs with time plays a role in organismal aging and in several age-associated disorders and pathologies. Moreover, several therapeutic interventions are able to prematurely induce senescence. It is, therefore, tremendously important to characterize in-depth, the mechanisms by which senescence is induced, as well as the precise properties of senescent cells. For historical reasons, senescence is often studied with fibroblast models. Other cell types, however, much more relevant regarding the structure and function of vital organs and/or regarding pathologies, are regrettably often neglected. In this article, we will clarify what is known on senescence of epithelial cells and highlight what distinguishes it from, and what makes it like, replicative senescence of fibroblasts taken as a standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne Abbadie
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8161-M3T-Mechanisms of Tumorigenesis and Targeted Therapies, 59000, Lille, France.
| | - Olivier Pluquet
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8161-M3T-Mechanisms of Tumorigenesis and Targeted Therapies, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Albin Pourtier
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8161-M3T-Mechanisms of Tumorigenesis and Targeted Therapies, 59000, Lille, France
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6
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Bui AT, Huang ME, Havard M, Laurent-Tchenio F, Dautry F, Tchenio T. Transient exposure to androgens induces a remarkable self-sustained quiescent state in dispersed prostate cancer cells. Cell Cycle 2017; 16:879-893. [PMID: 28426320 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1310345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular quiescence is a reversible cell growth arrest that is often assumed to require a persistence of non-permissive external growth conditions for its maintenance. In this work, we showed that androgen could induce a quiescent state that is self-sustained in a cell-autonomous manner through a "hit and run" mechanism in androgen receptor-expressing prostate cancer cells. This phenomenon required the set-up of a sustained redox imbalance and TGFβ/BMP signaling that were dependent on culturing cells at low density. At medium cell density, androgens failed to induce such a self-sustained quiescent state, which correlated with a lesser induction of cell redox imbalance and oxidative stress markers like CDKN1A. These effects of androgens could be mimicked by transient overexpression of CDKN1A that triggered its own expression and a sustained SMAD phosphorylation in cells cultured at low cell density. Overall, our data suggest that self-sustained but fully reversible quiescent states might constitute a general response of dispersed cancer cells to stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anh Thu Bui
- a LBPA , UMR8113 ENS Cachan - CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan , Cachan, Cedex , France
| | - Meng-Er Huang
- b Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR3348, Université Paris-Saclay , Orsay , France
| | - Maryline Havard
- a LBPA , UMR8113 ENS Cachan - CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan , Cachan, Cedex , France
| | - Fanny Laurent-Tchenio
- a LBPA , UMR8113 ENS Cachan - CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan , Cachan, Cedex , France
| | - François Dautry
- a LBPA , UMR8113 ENS Cachan - CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan , Cachan, Cedex , France
| | - Thierry Tchenio
- a LBPA , UMR8113 ENS Cachan - CNRS, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Cachan , Cachan, Cedex , France
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Chen CL, Kao YC, Yang PH, Sung PJ, Wen ZH, Chen JJ, Huang YB, Chen PY. A Small Dibromotyrosine Derivative Purified From Pseudoceratina Sp. Suppresses TGF-β Responsiveness by Inhibiting TGF-β Type I Receptor Serine/Threonine Kinase Activity. J Cell Biochem 2016; 117:2800-2814. [PMID: 27153151 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
For clinical application, there is a great need for small-molecule inhibitors (SMIs) that could control pathogenic effects of transforming growth factor (TGF-β) and/or modulate effects of TGF-β in normal responses. Selective SMIs of the TGF-β signaling pathway developed for therapeutics will also be powerful tools in experimentally dissecting this complex pathway, especially its cross-talk with other signaling pathways. In this study, we characterized (1'R,5'S,6'S)-2-(3',5'-dibromo-1',6'-dihydroxy-4'-oxocyclohex-2'-enyl) acetonitrile (DT), a member of a new class of small-molecule inhibitors related to bromotyrosine derivate from Pseudoceratina sp., which inhibits the TGF-β type I receptor serine/threonine kinase known as activin receptor-like kinase (ALK) 5. The inhibitory effects of DT on TGF-β-induced Smad signaling and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were investigated in epithelial cells using in vitro kinase assay, luciferase reporter assays, immunoblotting, confocal microscopy, and wound healing assays. The novel ALK5 inhibitor, DT, inhibited the TGF-β-stimulated transcriptional activations of 3TP-Lux. In addition, DT decreased phosphorylated Smad2/3 levels and the nuclear translocation of Smad2/3 increased by TGF-β. In addition, DT inhibited TGF-β-induced EMT and wound healing of A549 cells. Our results suggest that DT is a potential therapeutic agent for fibrotic disease and cancer treatment. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 2800-2814, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Lin Chen
- Department of Biological Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan, ROC. .,Doctoral Degree Program in Marine Biotechnology, National Sun Yat-sen University and Academia Sinica, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Yu-Chen Kao
- Department of Biological Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pei-Hua Yang
- Department of Biological Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ping-Jyun Sung
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan, ROC.,National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Zhi-Hong Wen
- Department of Marine Biotechnology and Resources, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jih-Jung Chen
- Department of Pharmacy and Graduate Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Tajen University, Pingtung 907, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yaw-Bin Huang
- Department of Biological Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Pei-Yu Chen
- Department of Biological Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan, ROC
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Wang F, Reece EA, Yang P. Oxidative stress is responsible for maternal diabetes-impaired transforming growth factor beta signaling in the developing mouse heart. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2015; 212:650.e1-11. [PMID: 25595579 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2015.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oxidative stress plays a causal role in diabetic embryopathy. Maternal diabetes induces heart defects and impaired transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signaling, which is essential for cardiogenesis. We hypothesize that mitigating oxidative stress through superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) overexpression in transgenic (Tg) mice reverses maternal hyperglycemia-impaired TGFβ signaling and its downstream effectors. STUDY DESIGN Day 12.5 embryonic hearts from wild-type (WT) and SOD1 overexpressing embryos of nondiabetic (ND) and diabetic mellitus (DM) dams were used for the detection of oxidative stress markers: 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and malondlaldehyde (MDA), and TGFβ1, 2, and 3, phosphor (p)-TGFβ receptor II (TβRII), p-phosphorylated mothers against decapentaplegic (Smad)2, and p-Smad3. The expression of 3 TGFβ-responsive genes was also assessed. Day 11.5 embryonic hearts were explanted and cultured ex vivo, with or without treatments of a SOD1 mimetic (Tempol; Enzo Life Science, Farmingdale, NY) or a TGFβ recombinant protein for the detection of TGFβ signaling intermediates. RESULTS Levels of 4-HNE and MDA were significantly increased by maternal diabetes, and SOD1 overexpression blocked the increase of these 2 oxidative stress markers. Maternal diabetes suppresses the TGFβ signaling pathway by down-regulating TGFβ1 and TGFβ3 expression. Consequently, phosphorylation of TβRII, Smad2, and Smad3, downstream effectors of TGFβ, and expression of 3 TGFβ-responsive genes were reduced by maternal diabetes, and these reductions were prevented by SOD1 overexpression. Treatment with Tempol or TGFβ recombinant protein restored high-glucose-suppressed TGFβ signaling intermediates and responsive gene expression. CONCLUSION Oxidative stress mediates the inhibitory effect of hyperglycemia in the developing heart. Antioxidants, TGFβ recombinant proteins, or TGFβ agonists may have potential therapeutic values in the prevention of heart defects in diabetic pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - E Albert Reece
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Peixin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
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Oxidative stress mediates the conversion of endothelial cells into myofibroblasts via a TGF-β1 and TGF-β2-dependent pathway. J Transl Med 2014; 94:1068-82. [PMID: 25068653 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2014.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
During the pathogenesis of systemic inflammation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) circulate in the bloodstream and interact with endothelial cells (ECs), increasing intracellular oxidative stress. Although endothelial dysfunction is crucial in the pathogenesis of systemic inflammation, little is known about the effects of oxidative stress on endothelial dysfunction. Oxidative stress induces several functions, including cellular transformation. A singular process of cell conversion is tendothelial-to-mesenchymal transition, in which ECs become myofibroblasts, thus losing their endothelial properties and gaining fibrotic behavior. However, the participation of oxidative stress as an inductor of conversion of ECs into myofibroblasts is not known. Thus, we studied the role played by oxidative stress in this conversion and investigated the underlying mechanism. Our results show that oxidative stress induces conversion of ECs into myofibroblasts through decreasing the levels of endothelial markers and increasing those of fibrotic and ECM proteins. The underlying mechanism depends on the ALK5/Smad3/NF-κB pathway. Oxidative stress induces the expression and secretion of TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 and p38 MAPK phosphorylation. Downregulation of TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 by siRNA technology abolished the H2O2-induced conversion. To our knowledge, this is the first report showing that oxidative stress is able to induce conversion of ECs into myofibroblasts via TGF-β secretion, emerging as a source for oxidative stress-based vascular dysfunction. Thus, oxidative stress emerges as a decisive factor in inducing conversion of ECs into myofibroblasts through a TGF-β-dependent mechanism, changing the ECs protein expression profile, and converting normal ECs into pathological ones. This information will be useful in designing new and improved therapeutic strategies against oxidative stress-mediated systemic inflammatory diseases.
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Li M, Vattulainen S, Aho J, Orcholski M, Rojas V, Yuan K, Helenius M, Taimen P, Myllykangas S, De Jesus Perez V, Koskenvuo JW, Alastalo TP. Loss of bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2 is associated with abnormal DNA repair in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 50:1118-28. [PMID: 24433082 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0349oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Occlusive vasculopathy with intimal hyperplasia and plexogenic arteriopathy are severe histopathological changes characteristic of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Although a phenotypic switch in pulmonary endothelial cells (ECs) has been suggested to play a critical role in the formation of occlusive lesions, the pathobiology of this process is poorly understood. The goal of this study was to identify novel molecular mechanisms associated with EC dysfunction and PAH-associated bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2 (BMPR2) deficiency during PAH pathogenesis. A bioinfomatics approach, patient samples, and in vitro experiments were used. By combining a metaanalysis of human idiopathic PAH (iPAH)-associated gene-expression microarrays and a unique gene expression-profiling technique in rat endothelium, our bioinformatics approach revealed a PAH-associated dysregulation of genes involving chromatin organization, DNA metabolism, and repair. Our hypothesis that altered DNA repair and loss of genomic stability play a role in PAH was supported by in vitro assays where pulmonary ECs from patients with iPAH and BMPR2-deficient ECs were highly susceptible to DNA damage. Furthermore, we showed that BMPR2 expression is tightly linked to DNA damage control because excessive DNA damage leads to rapid down-regulation of BMPR2 expression. Moreover, we identified breast cancer 1 (BRCA1) as a novel target for BMPR2 signaling and a novel modulator of pulmonary EC homeostasis. We show here that BMPR2 signaling plays a critical role in the regulation of genomic integrity in pulmonary ECs via genes such as BRCA1. We propose that iPAH-associated EC dysfunction and genomic instability are mediated through BMPR2 deficiency-associated loss of DNA damage control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molong Li
- 1 The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Enroth S, Andersson R, Bysani M, Wallerman O, Termén S, Tuch BB, De La Vega FM, Heldin CH, Moustakas A, Komorowski J, Wadelius C. Nucleosome regulatory dynamics in response to TGFβ. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:6921-34. [PMID: 24771338 PMCID: PMC4066760 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleosomes play important roles in a cell beyond their basal functionality in chromatin compaction. Their placement affects all steps in transcriptional regulation, from transcription factor (TF) binding to messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) synthesis. Careful profiling of their locations and dynamics in response to stimuli is important to further our understanding of transcriptional regulation by the state of chromatin. We measured nucleosome occupancy in human hepatic cells before and after treatment with transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFβ1), using massively parallel sequencing. With a newly developed method, SuMMIt, for precise positioning of nucleosomes we inferred dynamics of the nucleosomal landscape. Distinct nucleosome positioning has previously been described at transcription start site and flanking TF binding sites. We found that the average pattern is present at very few sites and, in case of TF binding, the double peak surrounding the sites is just an artifact of averaging over many loci. We systematically searched for depleted nucleosomes in stimulated cells compared to unstimulated cells and identified 24 318 loci. Depending on genomic annotation, 44–78% of them were over-represented in binding motifs for TFs. Changes in binding affinity were verified for HNF4α by qPCR. Strikingly many of these loci were associated with expression changes, as measured by RNA sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Enroth
- The Linnaeus Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Robin Andersson
- The Linnaeus Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Madhusudhan Bysani
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, BMC, Box 815, Uppsala University, SE-75108 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ola Wallerman
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, BMC, Box 815, Uppsala University, SE-75108 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stefan Termén
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 595, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Brian B Tuch
- Applied Biosystems, part of Life Technologies, Foster City, CA 94404, USA
| | | | - Carl-Henrik Heldin
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 595, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aristidis Moustakas
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 595, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 582, SE-75123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan Komorowski
- The Linnaeus Centre for Bioinformatics, Biomedical Center, Uppsala University, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden Institute of Computer Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Jana Kazimierza 5, 01-248 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Claes Wadelius
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, BMC, Box 815, Uppsala University, SE-75108 Uppsala, Sweden
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Ríos-Arrabal S, Artacho-Cordón F, León J, Román-Marinetto E, del Mar Salinas-Asensio M, Calvente I, Núñez MI. Involvement of free radicals in breast cancer. SPRINGERPLUS 2013; 2:404. [PMID: 24024092 PMCID: PMC3765596 DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Researchers have recently shown an increased interest in free radicals and their role in the tumor microenvironment. Free radicals are molecules with high instability and reactivity due to the presence of an odd number of electrons in the outermost orbit of their atoms. Free radicals include reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, which are key players in the initiation and progression of tumor cells and enhance their metastatic potential. In fact, they are now considered a hallmark of cancer. However, both reactive species may contribute to improve the outcomes of radiotherapy in cancer patients. Besides, high levels of reactive oxygen species may be indicators of genotoxic damage in non-irradiated normal tissues. The purpose of this article is to review recent research on free radicals and carcinogenesis in order to understand the pathways that contribute to tumor malignancy. This review outlines the involvement of free radicals in relevant cellular events, including their effects on genetic instability through (growth factors and tumor suppressor genes, their enhancement of mitogenic signals, and their participation in cell remodeling, proliferation, senescence, apoptosis, and autophagy processes; the possible relationship between free radicals and inflammation is also explored. This knowledge is crucial for evaluating the relevance of free radicals as therapeutic targets in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Ríos-Arrabal
- />Departamento de Radiología y Medicina Física, Universidad de Granada, Av. Madrid s/n, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Francisco Artacho-Cordón
- />Departamento de Radiología y Medicina Física, Universidad de Granada, Av. Madrid s/n, 18012 Granada, Spain
- />Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Josefa León
- />Ciber de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas CIBERehd, Granada, Spain
| | - Elisa Román-Marinetto
- />Departamento de Radiología y Medicina Física, Universidad de Granada, Av. Madrid s/n, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | | | - Irene Calvente
- />Departamento de Radiología y Medicina Física, Universidad de Granada, Av. Madrid s/n, 18012 Granada, Spain
| | - Maria Isabel Núñez
- />Departamento de Radiología y Medicina Física, Universidad de Granada, Av. Madrid s/n, 18012 Granada, Spain
- />Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria de Granada, Granada, Spain
- />Instituto de Biopatología y Medicina Regenerativa (IBIMER), Universidad de Granada, Av. Conocimiento, s/n, 18100 Armilla Granada, Spain
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13
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Kobayashi GS, Alvizi L, Sunaga DY, Francis-West P, Kuta A, Almada BVP, Ferreira SG, de Andrade-Lima LC, Bueno DF, Raposo-Amaral CE, Menck CF, Passos-Bueno MR. Susceptibility to DNA damage as a molecular mechanism for non-syndromic cleft lip and palate. PLoS One 2013; 8:e65677. [PMID: 23776525 PMCID: PMC3680497 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0065677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-syndromic cleft lip/palate (NSCL/P) is a complex, frequent congenital malformation, determined by the interplay between genetic and environmental factors during embryonic development. Previous findings have appointed an aetiological overlap between NSCL/P and cancer, and alterations in similar biological pathways may underpin both conditions. Here, using a combination of transcriptomic profiling and functional approaches, we report that NSCL/P dental pulp stem cells exhibit dysregulation of a co-expressed gene network mainly associated with DNA double-strand break repair and cell cycle control (p = 2.88×10(-2)-5.02×10(-9)). This network included important genes for these cellular processes, such as BRCA1, RAD51, and MSH2, which are predicted to be regulated by transcription factor E2F1. Functional assays support these findings, revealing that NSCL/P cells accumulate DNA double-strand breaks upon exposure to H2O2. Furthermore, we show that E2f1, Brca1 and Rad51 are co-expressed in the developing embryonic orofacial primordia, and may act as a molecular hub playing a role in lip and palate morphogenesis. In conclusion, we show for the first time that cellular defences against DNA damage may take part in determining the susceptibility to NSCL/P. These results are in accordance with the hypothesis of aetiological overlap between this malformation and cancer, and suggest a new pathogenic mechanism for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerson Shigeru Kobayashi
- Human Genome Research Center, Institute for Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Alvizi
- Human Genome Research Center, Institute for Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniele Yumi Sunaga
- Human Genome Research Center, Institute for Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Philippa Francis-West
- Dental Institute, Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Kuta
- Dental Institute, Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Simone Gomes Ferreira
- Human Genome Research Center, Institute for Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Daniela Franco Bueno
- Human Genome Research Center, Institute for Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- SOBRAPAR Institute, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maria Rita Passos-Bueno
- Human Genome Research Center, Institute for Biosciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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14
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Yamamoto R, Shimamoto K, Ishii Y, Kimura M, Fujii Y, Morita R, Suzuki K, Shibutani M, Mitsumori K. Involvement of PTEN/Akt signaling and oxidative stress on indole-3-carbinol (I3C)-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 65:845-52. [PMID: 23290887 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that indole-3-carbinol (I3C) had hepatocellular tumor-promoting activity in a short-term (8 weeks) two-stage liver carcinogenesis model in rats. It was suggested that this effect was related to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) caused by cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) induction. In the present study, 0.5% I3C was administered to DEN-initiated rats for 26 weeks to examine the effect of prolonged administration of I3C and to clarify the possible mechanisms of I3C-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. The number and area of GST-P positive foci, ROS production, TBARS level, 8-OHdG content and mRNA levels of Ahr and Nrf2 gene batteries significantly increased in the DEN-I3C group compared with the DEN-alone group. Furthermore, some GST-P positive preneoplastic foci progressed to hepatocellular adenomas with the prolongation of I3C administration. Lack of PTEN and phospho-Smad2/3 expression and translocations of PDPK1 and phospho-Akt substrates to underneath the cell membrane were observed in the majority of hepatocellular adenomas. In addition, the number of Ki-67 positive cells increased in adenomas compared with the preneoplastic foci. These results suggest that the administration of I3C for 26 weeks in DEN-initiated rats induces tumor progression from hepatocellular altered foci to hepatocellular adenomas by ROS-mediated Akt activation that inhibits the TGF-β/Smad signaling and results in the increased cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Karve TM, Preet A, Sneed R, Salamanca C, Li X, Xu J, Kumar D, Rosen EM, Saha T. BRCA1 regulates follistatin function in ovarian cancer and human ovarian surface epithelial cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37697. [PMID: 22685544 PMCID: PMC3365892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Follistatin (FST), a folliculogenesis regulating protein, is found in relatively high concentrations in female ovarian tissues. FST acts as an antagonist to Activin, which is often elevated in human ovarian carcinoma, and thus may serve as a potential target for therapeutic intervention against ovarian cancer. The breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1) is a known tumor suppressor gene in human breast cancer; however its role in ovarian cancer is not well understood. We performed microarray analysis on human ovarian carcinoma cell line SKOV3 that stably overexpress wild-type BRCA1 and compared with the corresponding empty vector-transfected clones. We found that stable expression of BRCA1 not only stimulates FST secretion but also simultaneously inhibits Activin expression. To determine the physiological importance of this phenomenon, we further investigated the effect of cellular BRCA1 on the FST secretion in immortalized ovarian surface epithelial (IOSE) cells derived from either normal human ovaries or ovaries of an ovarian cancer patient carrying a mutation in BRCA1 gene. Knock-down of BRCA1 in normal IOSE cells demonstrates down-regulation of FST secretion along with the simultaneous up-regulation of Activin expression. Furthermore, knock-down of FST in IOSE cell lines as well as SKOV3 cell line showed significantly reduced cell proliferation and decreased cell migration when compared with the respective controls. Thus, these findings suggest a novel function for BRCA1 as a regulator of FST expression and function in human ovarian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejaswita M. Karve
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Anju Preet
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Rosie Sneed
- University of District of Columbia, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Clara Salamanca
- Canadian Ovarian Tissue Bank, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics and Biomathematics, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Jingwen Xu
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Deepak Kumar
- University of District of Columbia, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Eliot M. Rosen
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
| | - Tapas Saha
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., United States of America
- * E-mail: (TS)
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Iofrida C, Melissari E, Mariotti V, Guglielmi C, Guidugli L, Caligo MA, Pellegrini S. Effects on human transcriptome of mutated BRCA1 BRCT domain: a microarray study. BMC Cancer 2012; 12:207. [PMID: 22646717 PMCID: PMC3489683 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-12-207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND BRCA1 (breast cancer 1, early onset) missense mutations have been detected in familial breast and ovarian cancers, but the role of these variants in cancer predisposition is often difficult to ascertain. In this work, the molecular mechanisms affected in human cells by two BRCA1 missense variants, M1775R and A1789T, both located in the second BRCT (BRCA1 C Terminus) domain, have been investigated. Both these variants were isolated from familial breast cancer patients and the study of their effect on yeast cell transcriptome has previously provided interesting clues to their possible role in the pathogenesis of breast cancer. METHODS We compared by Human Whole Genome Microarrays the expression profiles of HeLa cells transfected with one or the other variant and HeLa cells transfected with BRCA1 wild-type. Microarray data analysis was performed by three comparisons: M1775R versus wild-type (M1775RvsWT-contrast), A1789T versus wild-type (A1789TvsWT-contrast) and the mutated BRCT domain versus wild-type (MutvsWT-contrast), considering the two variants as a single mutation of BRCT domain. RESULTS 201 differentially expressed genes were found in M1775RvsWT-contrast, 313 in A1789TvsWT-contrast and 173 in MutvsWT-contrast. Most of these genes mapped in pathways deregulated in cancer, such as cell cycle progression and DNA damage response and repair. CONCLUSIONS Our results represent the first molecular evidence of the pathogenetic role of M1775R, already proposed by functional studies, and give support to a similar role for A1789T that we first hypothesized based on the yeast cell experiments. This is in line with the very recently suggested role of BRCT domain as the main effector of BRCA1 tumor suppressor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Iofrida
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Medical Biotechnology, Epidemiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Pisa, Italy
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Zu X, Zhang Q, Cao R, Liu J, Zhong J, Wen G, Cao D. Transforming growth factor-β signaling in tumor initiation, progression and therapy in breast cancer: an update. Cell Tissue Res 2011; 347:73-84. [PMID: 21845401 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-011-1225-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a ubiquitous cytokine playing an essential role in cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, adhesion and invasion, as well as in cellular microenvironment. In malignant diseases, TGF-β signaling features a growth inhibitory effect at an early stage but aggressive oncogenic activity at the advanced malignant state. Here, we update the current understanding of TGF-β signaling in cancer development and progression with a focus on breast cancer. We also review the current approaches of TGF-β signaling-targeted therapeutics for human malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyu Zu
- Clinical Research Institution, First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, People's Republic of China
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18
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Tram E, Ibrahim-zada I, Briollais L, Knight JA, Andrulis IL, Ozcelik H. Identification of germline alterations of the mad homology 2 domain of SMAD3 and SMAD4 from the Ontario site of the breast cancer family registry (CFR). Breast Cancer Res 2011; 13:R77. [PMID: 21835029 PMCID: PMC3236341 DOI: 10.1186/bcr2926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 07/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A common feature of neoplastic cells is that mutations in SMADs can contribute to the loss of sensitivity to the anti-tumor effects of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β). However, germline mutation analysis of SMAD3 and SMAD4, the principle substrates of the TGF-β signaling pathway, has not yet been conducted in breast cancer. Thus, it is currently unknown whether germline SMAD3 and SMAD4 mutations are involved in breast cancer predisposition. METHODS We performed mutation analysis of the highly conserved mad-homology 2 (MH2) domains for both genes in genomic DNA from 408 non-BRCA1/BRCA2 breast cancer cases and 710 population controls recruited by the Ontario site of the breast cancer family registry (CFR) using denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) and direct DNA sequencing. The results were interpreted in several ways. First, we adapted nucleotide diversity analysis to quantitatively assess whether the frequency of alterations differ between the two genes. Next, in silico tools were used to predict variants' effect on domain function and mRNA splicing. Finally, 37 cases or controls harboring alterations were tested for aberrant splicing using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and real-time PCR statistical comparison of germline expressions by non-parametric Mann-Whitney test of independent samples. RESULTS We identified 27 variants including 2 novel SMAD4 coding variants c.1350G > A (p.Gln450Gln), and c.1701A > G (p.Ile525Val). There were no inactivating mutations even though c.1350G > A was predicted to affect exonic splicing enhancers. However, several additional findings were of note: 1) nucleotide diversity estimate for SMAD3 but not SMAD4 indicated that coding variants of the MH2 domain were more infrequent than expected; 2) in breast cancer cases SMAD3 was significantly over-expressed relative to controls (P < 0.05) while the case harboring SMAD4 c.1350G > A was associated with elevated germline expression (> 5-fold); 3) separate analysis using tissue expression data showed statistically significant over-expression of SMAD3 and SMAD4 in breast carcinomas. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that inactivating germline alterations in SMAD3 and SMAD4 are rare, suggesting a limited role in driving tumorigenesis. Nevertheless, aberrant germline expressions of SMAD3 and SMAD4 may be more common in breast cancer than previously suspected and offer novel insight into their roles in predisposition and/or progression of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Tram
- Fred A. Litwin Centre for Cancer Genetics, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 60 Murray St., Toronto, ON M5T 3L9, Canada
| | - Irada Ibrahim-zada
- Fred A. Litwin Centre for Cancer Genetics, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 60 Murray St., Toronto, ON M5T 3L9, Canada
| | - Laurent Briollais
- Prosserman Centre for Health Research, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Julia A Knight
- Prosserman Centre for Health Research, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, 600 University Avenue, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Irene L Andrulis
- Cancer Care Ontario, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, 60 Murray Street, Toronto, ON M5T 3L9, Canada
| | - Hilmi Ozcelik
- Fred A. Litwin Centre for Cancer Genetics, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 60 Murray St., Toronto, ON M5T 3L9, Canada
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Oxidative stress induced carbonylation in human plasma. J Proteomics 2011; 74:2395-416. [PMID: 21856457 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Revised: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The focus of this study was on the assessment of technology that might be of clinical utility in identification, quantification, characterization of carbonylation in human plasma proteins. Carbonylation is widely associated with oxidative stress diseases. Breast cancer patient samples were chosen as a stress positive case based on the fact that oxidative stress has been reported to be elevated in this disease. Measurements of 8-isoprostane in plasma confirmed that breast cancer patients in this study were indeed experiencing significant oxidative stress. Carbonyl groups in proteins from freshly drawn blood were derivatized with biotin hydrazide after which the samples were dialyzed and the biotinylated proteins subsequently selected, digested and labeled with iTRAQ™ heavy isotope coding reagent(s). Four hundred sixty proteins were identified and quantified, 95 of which changed 1.5 fold or more in concentration. Beyond confirming the utility of the analytical method, association of protein carbonylation was examined as well. Nearly one fourth of the selected proteins were of cytoplasmic, nuclear, or membrane origin. Analysis of the data by unbiased knowledge assembly methods indicated the most likely disease associated with the proteins was breast neoplasm. Pathway analysis showed the proteins which changed in carbonylation were strongly associated with Brca1, the breast cancer type-1 susceptibility protein. Pathway analysis indicated the major molecular functions of these proteins are defense, immunity and nucleic acid binding.
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