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Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the pathogen responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Of particular interest for this topic are the signaling cascades that regulate cell survival and death, two opposite cell programs whose control is hijacked by viral infections. The AKT and the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) pathways, which maintain cell homeostasis by regulating these two programs, have been shown to be deregulated during SARS-CoVs infection as well as in the development of cancer, one of the most important comorbidities in relation to COVID-19. Recent evidence revealed two way crosstalk mechanisms between the AKT and the UPR pathways, suggesting that they might constitute a unified homeostatic control system. Here, we review the role of the AKT and UPR pathways and their interaction in relation to SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as in tumor onset and progression. Feedback regulation between AKT and UPR pathways emerges as a master control mechanism of cell decision making in terms of survival or death and therefore represents a key potential target for developing treatments for both viral infection and cancer. In particular, drug repositioning, the investigation of existing drugs for new therapeutic purposes, could significantly reduce time and costs compared to de novo drug discovery.
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Peng C, Zhou Y, Cao S, Pant A, Campos Guerrero ML, McDonald P, Roy A, Yang Z. Identification of Vaccinia Virus Inhibitors and Cellular Functions Necessary for Efficient Viral Replication by Screening Bioactives and FDA-Approved Drugs. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030401. [PMID: 32708182 PMCID: PMC7564539 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Four decades after the eradication of smallpox, poxviruses continue to threaten the health of humans and other animals. Vaccinia virus (VACV) was used as the vaccine that successfully eradicated smallpox and is a prototypic member of the poxvirus family. Many cellular pathways play critical roles in productive poxvirus replication. These pathways provide opportunities to expand the arsenal of poxvirus antiviral development by targeting the cellular functions required for efficient poxvirus replication. In this study, we developed and optimized a secreted Gaussia luciferase-based, simplified assay procedure suitable for high throughput screening. Using this procedure, we screened a customized compound library that contained over 3200 bioactives and FDA (Food and Drug Administration)-approved chemicals, most having known cellular targets, for their inhibitory effects on VACV replication. We identified over 140 compounds that suppressed VACV replication. Many of these hits target cellular pathways previously reported to be required for efficient VACV replication, validating the effectiveness of our screening. Importantly, we also identified hits that target cellular functions with previously unknown roles in the VACV replication cycle. Among those in the latter category, we verified the antiviral role of several compounds targeting the janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (JAK/STAT3) signaling pathway by showing that STAT3 inhibitors reduced VACV replication. Our findings identify pathways that are candidates for use in the prevention and treatment of poxvirus infections and additionally provide a foundation to investigate diverse cellular pathways for their roles in poxvirus replications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Peng
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (C.P.); (Y.Z.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (M.L.C.G.)
| | - Yanan Zhou
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (C.P.); (Y.Z.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (M.L.C.G.)
| | - Shuai Cao
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (C.P.); (Y.Z.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (M.L.C.G.)
| | - Anil Pant
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (C.P.); (Y.Z.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (M.L.C.G.)
| | - Marlene L. Campos Guerrero
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (C.P.); (Y.Z.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (M.L.C.G.)
| | - Peter McDonald
- High Throughput Screening Laboratory, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA; (P.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Anuradha Roy
- High Throughput Screening Laboratory, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA; (P.M.); (A.R.)
| | - Zhilong Yang
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; (C.P.); (Y.Z.); (S.C.); (A.P.); (M.L.C.G.)
- Correspondence:
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Segovia D, Haouz A, Porley D, Olivero N, Martínez M, Mariadassou M, Berois M, André-Leroux G, Villarino A. OH1 from Orf Virus: A New Tyrosine Phosphatase that Displays Distinct Structural Features and Triple Substrate Specificity. J Mol Biol 2017; 429:2816-2824. [PMID: 28754374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2017.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Viral tyrosine phosphatases such as VH1 from Vaccinia and Variola virus are recognized as important effectors of host-pathogen interactions. While proteins sharing sequence to VH1 have been identified in other viruses, their structural and functional characterization is not known. In this work, we determined the crystal structure of the VH1 homolog in the Orf virus, herein named OH1. Similarly to Variola and Vaccinia VH1, the structure of OH1 shows a dimer with the typical dual-specificity phosphatase fold. In contrast to VH1, the OH1 dimer is covalently stabilized by a disulfide bond involving residue Cys15 in the N-terminal helix alpha-1 of both monomers, and Cys15 is a conserved residue within the Parapoxvirus genus. The in vitro functional characterization confirms that OH1 is a dual-specificity phosphatase and reveals its ability to dephosphorylate phosphatidylinositol 3,5-bisphosphate, a new activity potentially relevant in phosphoinositide recycling during virion maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Segovia
- Sección Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, UdelaR, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Ahmed Haouz
- Institut Pasteur, Plate-forme de Cristallographie, CNRS-UMR 3528, 75724 Paris, France
| | - Darío Porley
- Sección Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, UdelaR, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay; Sección Virología, Facultad de Ciencias, UdelaR, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Natalia Olivero
- Sección Virología, Facultad de Ciencias, UdelaR, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mariano Martínez
- Institut Pasteur, UMS, CNRS-UMR 3528 and Université Paris Diderot, 75724 Paris, France
| | | | - Mabel Berois
- Sección Virología, Facultad de Ciencias, UdelaR, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay.
| | | | - Andrea Villarino
- Sección Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, UdelaR, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay.
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Rizopoulos Z, Balistreri G, Kilcher S, Martin CK, Syedbasha M, Helenius A, Mercer J. Vaccinia Virus Infection Requires Maturation of Macropinosomes. Traffic 2015; 16:814-31. [PMID: 25869659 PMCID: PMC4973667 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The prototypic poxvirus, vaccinia virus (VACV), occurs in two infectious forms, mature virions (MVs) and extracellular virions (EVs). Both enter HeLa cells by inducing macropinocytic uptake. Using confocal microscopy, live-cell imaging, targeted RNAi screening and perturbants of endosome maturation, we analyzed the properties and maturation pathway of the macropinocytic vacuoles containing VACV MVs in HeLa cells. The vacuoles first acquired markers of early endosomes [Rab5, early endosome antigen 1 and phosphatidylinositol(3)P]. Prior to release of virus cores into the cytoplasm, they contained markers of late endosomes and lysosomes (Rab7a, lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 and sorting nexin 3). RNAi screening of endocytic cell factors emphasized the importance of late compartments for VACV infection. Follow-up perturbation analysis showed that infection required Rab7a and PIKfyve, confirming that VACV is a late-penetrating virus dependent on macropinosome maturation. VACV EV infection was inhibited by depletion of many of the same factors, indicating that both infectious particle forms share the need for late vacuolar conditions for penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaira Rizopoulos
- ETH Zürich Institute of Biochemistry, Otto-Stern-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Balistreri
- ETH Zürich Institute of Biochemistry, Otto-Stern-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Samuel Kilcher
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Caroline K Martin
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | | - Ari Helenius
- ETH Zürich Institute of Biochemistry, Otto-Stern-Weg 3, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jason Mercer
- MRC-Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Structure-function analysis of vaccinia virus H7 protein reveals a novel phosphoinositide binding fold essential for poxvirus replication. J Virol 2014; 89:2209-19. [PMID: 25473060 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03073-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Phosphoinositides and phosphoinositide binding proteins play a critical role in membrane and protein trafficking in eukaryotes. Their critical role in replication of cytoplasmic viruses has just begun to be understood. Poxviruses, a family of large cytoplasmic DNA viruses, rely on the intracellular membranes to develop their envelope, and poxvirus morphogenesis requires enzymes from the cellular phosphoinositide metabolic pathway. However, the role of phosphoinositides in poxvirus replication remains unclear, and no poxvirus proteins show any homology to eukaryotic phosphoinositide binding domains. Recently, a group of poxvirus proteins, termed viral membrane assembly proteins (VMAPs), were identified as essential for poxvirus membrane biogenesis. A key component of VMAPs is the H7 protein. Here we report the crystal structure of the H7 protein from vaccinia virus. The H7 structure displays a novel fold comprised of seven α-helices and a highly curved three-stranded antiparallel β-sheet. We identified a phosphoinositide binding site in H7, comprised of basic residues on a surface patch and the flexible C-terminal tail. These residues were found to be essential for viral replication and for binding of H7 to phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate (PI3P) and phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PI4P). Our studies suggest that phosphoinositide binding by H7 plays an essential role in poxvirus membrane biogenesis. IMPORTANCE Poxvirus viral membrane assembly proteins (VMAPs) were recently shown to be essential for poxvirus membrane biogenesis. One of the key components of VMAPs is the H7 protein. However, no known structural motifs could be identified from its sequence, and there are no homologs of H7 outside the poxvirus family to suggest a biochemical function. We have determined the crystal structure of the vaccinia virus (VACV) H7 protein. The structure displays a novel fold with a distinct and positively charged surface. Our data demonstrate that H7 binds phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate and phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate and that the basic surface patch is indeed required for phosphoinositide binding. In addition, mutation of positively charged residues required for lipid binding disrupted VACV replication. Phosphoinositides and phosphoinositide binding proteins play critical roles in membrane and protein trafficking in eukaryotes. Our study demonstrates that VACV H7 displays a novel fold for phosphoinositide binding, which is essential for poxvirus replication.
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Liu L, Cooper T, Howley PM, Hayball JD. From crescent to mature virion: vaccinia virus assembly and maturation. Viruses 2014; 6:3787-808. [PMID: 25296112 PMCID: PMC4213562 DOI: 10.3390/v6103787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccinia virus (VACV) has achieved unprecedented success as a live viral vaccine for smallpox which mitigated eradication of the disease. Vaccinia virus has a complex virion morphology and recent advances have been made to answer some of the key outstanding questions, in particular, the origin and biogenesis of the virion membrane, the transformation from immature virion (IV) to mature virus (MV), and the role of several novel genes, which were previously uncharacterized, but have now been shown to be essential for VACV virion formation. This new knowledge will undoubtedly contribute to the rational design of safe, immunogenic vaccine candidates, or effective antivirals in the future. This review endeavors to provide an update on our current knowledge of the VACV maturation processes with a specific focus on the initiation of VACV replication through to the formation of mature virions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Liu
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Hanson Institute and Sansom Institute, Adelaide, 5000, SA, Australia.
| | - Tamara Cooper
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Hanson Institute and Sansom Institute, Adelaide, 5000, SA, Australia.
| | - Paul M Howley
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Hanson Institute and Sansom Institute, Adelaide, 5000, SA, Australia.
| | - John D Hayball
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Hanson Institute and Sansom Institute, Adelaide, 5000, SA, Australia.
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RNAi Screening Reveals Proteasome- and Cullin3-Dependent Stages in Vaccinia Virus Infection. Cell Rep 2012; 2:1036-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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García-Arriaza J, Arnáez P, Jiménez JL, Gómez CE, Muñoz-Fernández MÁ, Esteban M. Vector replication and expression of HIV-1 antigens by the HIV/AIDS vaccine candidate MVA-B is not affected by HIV-1 protease inhibitors. Virus Res 2012; 167:391-6. [PMID: 22659488 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2012.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
MVA-B is an attenuated poxvirus vector expressing human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Env, Gag, Pol, and Nef antigens from clade B, and is considered a promising HIV/AIDS vaccine candidate. Recently, a phase I clinical trial in human healthy volunteers has shown that MVA-B is safe and highly immunogenic, inducing broad, polyfunctional, and long-lasting CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses to HIV-1 antigens, with preference for effector memory T cells; and it also triggers the induction of specific antibodies to Env in most of the vaccines. While MVA recombinants expressing HIV-1 antigens are being used or plan to use in therapeutic clinical trials, little is known on the effect of HIV-1 highly active antiretroviral therapy in MVA life cycle. To define this role, here we have evaluated in established cell cultures and human dendritic cells to what extent different HIV-1 protease inhibitors affect virus replication and expression of HIV-1 antigens during MVA-B infection. The results obtained revealed that the most commonly used HIV-1 protease inhibitors (atazanavir, ritonavir, and lopinavir) had no effect on MVA-B virus growth kinetics, even at higher concentrations than those normally used on HAART. Furthermore, expression of gp120 and the fused Gag-Pol-Nef polyprotein in permissive and non-permissive cells infected with MVA-B were also not affected. These findings are relevant information for the therapeutic use of MVA-B as an HIV-1/AIDS vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan García-Arriaza
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Madrid, Spain
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Dunn EF, Connor JH. HijAkt: The PI3K/Akt pathway in virus replication and pathogenesis. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012; 106:223-50. [PMID: 22340720 PMCID: PMC7149925 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-396456-4.00002-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
As obligate parasites of cellular processes, viruses must take over cellular macromolecular machinery. It is also becoming clear that viruses routinely control intracellular signaling pathways through the direct or indirect control of kinases and phosphatases. This control of cellular phosphoproteins is important to promote a variety of viral processes, from control of entry to nuclear function to the stimulation of viral protein synthesis. This review focuses on the takeover of the cellular phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway by a variety of retroviruses, DNA viruses, and RNA viruses, highlighting the functions ascribed to virus activation of PI3K and Akt activity. This review also describes the role that the PI3K/Akt pathway plays in the host response, noting that it that can trigger anti- as well as proviral functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan F Dunn
- Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Keating JA, Striker R. Phosphorylation events during viral infections provide potential therapeutic targets. Rev Med Virol 2011; 22:166-81. [PMID: 22113983 PMCID: PMC3334462 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Revised: 10/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
For many medically relevant viruses, there is now considerable evidence that both viral and cellular kinases play important roles in viral infection. Ultimately, these kinases, and the cellular signaling pathways that they exploit, may serve as therapeutic targets for treating patients. Currently, small molecule inhibitors of kinases are under investigation as therapy for herpes viral infections. Additionally, a number of cellular or host-directed tyrosine kinase inhibitors that have been previously FDA approved for cancer treatment are under study in animal models and clinical trials, as they have shown promise for the treatment of various viral infections as well. This review will highlight the wide range of viral proteins phosphorylated by viral and cellular kinases, and the potential for variability of kinase recognition sites within viral substrates to impact phosphorylation and kinase prediction. Research studying kinase-targeting prophylactic and therapeutic treatments for a number of viral infections will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Keating
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Pereira ACTC, Soares-Martins JAP, Leite FGG, Da Cruz AFP, Torres AA, Souto-Padrón T, Kroon EG, Ferreira PCP, Bonjardim CA. SP600125 inhibits Orthopoxviruses replication in a JNK1/2 -independent manner: Implication as a potential antipoxviral. Antiviral Res 2011; 93:69-77. [PMID: 22068148 PMCID: PMC7114308 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacological inhibitor SP600125 [anthra(1,9-cd)pyrazol-6(2H)-one 1,9-pyrazoloanthrone] has been largely employed as a c-JUN N-terminal kinase (JNK1/2) inhibitor. In this study, we evaluated whether pretreatment with SP600125 was able to prevent Orthopoxviruses Vaccinia virus (VACV), Cowpox virus (CPXV) and modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) replication. We found that incubation with SP600125 not only blocked virus-stimulated JNK phosphorylation, but also, significantly reduced virus production. We observed 1-3 log decline in viral yield depending on the cell line infected (A31, BSC-40 or BHK-21). The reduction in viral yield correlated with a dramatic impact on virus morphogenesis progress, intracellular mature viruses (IMV) were barely detected. Despite the fact that SP600125 can act as an efficient anti-orthopoxviral compound, we also provide evidence that this antiviral effect is not specifically exerted through JNK1/2 inhibition. This conclusion is supported by the fact that viral titers measured after infections of JNK1/2 knockout cells were not altered as compared to those of wild-type cells. In contrast, a decline in viral titers was verified when the infection of KO cells was carried out in the presence of the pharmacological inhibitor. SP600125 has been the focus of recent studies that have evaluated its action on diverse viral infections including DNA viruses. Our data support the notion that SP600125 can be regarded as a potential antipoxviral compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C T C Pereira
- Grupo de Transdução de Sinal/Orthopoxvirus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, 31270-901 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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The host phosphoinositide 5-phosphatase SHIP2 regulates dissemination of vaccinia virus. J Virol 2011; 85:7402-10. [PMID: 21543482 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02391-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
After fusing with the plasma membrane, enveloped poxvirus virions form actin-filled membranous protrusions, called tails, beneath themselves and move toward adjacent uninfected cells. While much is known about the host and viral proteins that mediate formation of actin tails, much less is known about the factors controlling release. We found that the phosphoinositide 5-phosphatase SHIP2 localizes to actin tails. Localization requires phosphotyrosine, Abl and Src family tyrosine kinases, and neural Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (N-WASP) but not the Arp2/Arp3 complex or actin. Cells lacking SHIP2 have normal actin tails but release more virus. Moreover, cells infected with viral strains with mutations in the release inhibitor A34 release more virus but recruit less SHIP2 to tails. Thus, the inhibitory effects of A34 on virus release are mediated by SHIP2. Together, these data suggest that SHIP2 and A34 may act as gatekeepers to regulate dissemination of poxviruses when environmental conditions are conducive.
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