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Retraction: A Femtomol Range FRET Biosensor Reports Exceedingly Low Levels of Cell Surface Furin: Implications for the Processing of Anthrax Protective Antigen. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269294. [PMID: 35617259 PMCID: PMC9135242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Weldon JE, Skarzynski M, Therres JA, Ostovitz JR, Zhou H, Kreitman RJ, Pastan I. Designing the furin-cleavable linker in recombinant immunotoxins based on Pseudomonas exotoxin A. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:1120-8. [PMID: 25997032 PMCID: PMC7724502 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant immunotoxins (RITs) are fusion proteins that join antibodies to protein toxins for targeted cell killing. RITs armed with Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE) are undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of cancer. The current design of PE-based RITs joins an antibody fragment to the catalytic domain of PE using a polypeptide linker that is cleaved by the protease furin. Intracellular cleavage of native PE by furin is required for cytotoxicity, yet the PE cleavage site has been shown to be a poor furin substrate. Here we describe the rational design of more efficiently cleaved furin linkers in PE-based RITs, and experiments evaluating their effects on cleavage and cytotoxicity. We found that changes to the furin site could greatly influence both cleavage and cytotoxicity, but the two parameters were not directly correlated. Furthermore, the effects of alterations to the furin linker were not universal. Identical mutations in the anti-CD22 RIT HA22-LR often displayed different cytotoxicity from mutations in the anti-mesothelin RIT SS1-LR/GGS, underscoring the prominent role of the target site in their intoxication pathways. Combining several beneficial mutations in HA22-LR resulted in a variant (HA22-LR/FUR) with a remarkably enhanced cleavage rate and improved cytotoxicity against five B cell lines and similar or enhanced cytotoxicity in five out of six hairy cell leukemia patient samples. This result informs the design of protease-sensitive linkers and suggests that HA22-LR/FUR may be a candidate for further preclinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- John E. Weldon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Jess and Mildred Fisher College of Science and Mathematics, Towson University, Towson, Maryland 21252, United States
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Martin Skarzynski
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Jamy A. Therres
- Department of Biological Sciences, Jess and Mildred Fisher College of Science and Mathematics, Towson University, Towson, Maryland 21252, United States
| | - Joshua R. Ostovitz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Jess and Mildred Fisher College of Science and Mathematics, Towson University, Towson, Maryland 21252, United States
| | - Hong Zhou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Robert J. Kreitman
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Ira Pastan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
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Mu J, Liu F, Rajab MS, Shi M, Li S, Goh C, Lu L, Xu QH, Liu B, Ng LG, Xing B. A Small-Molecule FRET Reporter for the Real-Time Visualization of Cell-Surface Proteolytic Enzyme Functions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201407182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Mu J, Liu F, Rajab MS, Shi M, Li S, Goh C, Lu L, Xu QH, Liu B, Ng LG, Xing B. A Small-Molecule FRET Reporter for the Real-Time Visualization of Cell-Surface Proteolytic Enzyme Functions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:14357-62. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201407182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Shiryaev SA, Chernov AV, Golubkov VS, Thomsen ER, Chudin E, Chee MS, Kozlov IA, Strongin AY, Cieplak P. High-resolution analysis and functional mapping of cleavage sites and substrate proteins of furin in the human proteome. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54290. [PMID: 23335997 PMCID: PMC3545927 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background There is a growing appreciation of the role of proteolytic processes in human health and disease, but tools for analysis of such processes on a proteome-wide scale are limited. Furin is a ubiquitous proprotein convertase that cleaves after basic residues and transforms secretory proproteins into biologically active proteins. Despite this important role, many furin substrates remain unknown in the human proteome. Methodology/Principal Findings We devised an approach for proteinase target identification that combines an in silico discovery pipeline with highly multiplexed proteinase activity assays. We performed in silico analysis of the human proteome and identified over 1,050 secretory proteins as potential furin substrates. We then used a multiplexed protease assay to validate these tentative targets. The assay was carried out on over 3,260 overlapping peptides designed to represent P7-P1’ and P4-P4’ positions of furin cleavage sites in the candidate proteins. The obtained results greatly increased our knowledge of the unique cleavage preferences of furin, revealed the importance of both short-range (P4-P1) and long-range (P7-P6) interactions in defining furin cleavage specificity, demonstrated that the R-X-R/K/X-R↓ motif alone is insufficient for predicting furin proteolysis of the substrate, and identified ∼490 potential protein substrates of furin in the human proteome. Conclusions/Significance The assignment of these substrates to cellular pathways suggests an important role of furin in development, including axonal guidance, cardiogenesis, and maintenance of stem cell pluripotency. The novel approach proposed in this study can be readily applied to other proteinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey A. Shiryaev
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Andrei V. Chernov
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Vladislav S. Golubkov
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Elliot R. Thomsen
- Prognosys Biosciences Inc., La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Eugene Chudin
- Prognosys Biosciences Inc., La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Mark S. Chee
- Prognosys Biosciences Inc., La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Igor A. Kozlov
- Prognosys Biosciences Inc., La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Alex Y. Strongin
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PC); (AYS)
| | - Piotr Cieplak
- Infectious and Inflammatory Disease Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PC); (AYS)
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Bann JG. Anthrax toxin protective antigen--insights into molecular switching from prepore to pore. Protein Sci 2012; 21:1-12. [PMID: 22095644 DOI: 10.1002/pro.752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The protective antigen is a key component of the anthrax toxin, as it allows entry of the enzymatic components edema factor and lethal factor into the host cell, through the formation of a membrane spanning pore. This event is absolutely critical for the pathogenesis of anthrax, and although we have yet to understand the mechanism of pore formation, recent developments have provided key insights into how this process may occur. Based on the available data, a model is proposed for the kinetic steps for protective antigen conversion from prepore to pore. In this model, the driving force for pore formation is the formation of the phi (ϕ)-clamp, a region that forms a leak-free seal around the translocating polypeptide. Formation of the ϕ-clamp elicits movements within the prepore that provide steric freedom for the subsequent conformational changes required to form the membrane spanning pore.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G Bann
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas 67260-0051, USA.
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Ivarsson ME, Leroux JC, Castagner B. Targeting bacterial toxins. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:4024-45. [PMID: 22441768 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201104384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Protein toxins constitute the main virulence factors of several species of bacteria and have proven to be attractive targets for drug development. Lead candidates that target bacterial toxins range from small molecules to polymeric binders, and act at each of the multiple steps in the process of toxin-mediated pathogenicity. Despite recent and significant advances in the field, a rationally designed drug that targets toxins has yet to reach the market. This Review presents the state of the art in bacterial toxin targeted drug development with a critical consideration of achieved breakthroughs and withstanding challenges. The discussion focuses on A-B-type protein toxins secreted by four species of bacteria, namely Clostridium difficile (toxins A and B), Vibrio cholerae (cholera toxin), enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (Shiga toxin), and Bacillus anthracis (anthrax toxin), which are the causative agents of diseases for which treatments need to be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias E Ivarsson
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, Zurich, Switzerland
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Bernot D, Stalin J, Stocker P, Bonardo B, Scroyen I, Alessi MC, Peiretti F. Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 is an intracellular inhibitor of furin proprotein convertase. J Cell Sci 2011; 124:1224-30. [PMID: 21406565 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.079889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertases (PCs) are a family of serine proteases that are involved in the post-translational processing and activation of a wide range of regulatory proteins. The upstream role of PCs in the control of many physiological and pathological processes generates a growing interest in understanding their regulation. Here, we demonstrate that the serine protease inhibitor plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) forms an SDS-stable complex with the PC furin, which leads to the inhibition of the intra-Golgi activity of furin. It is known that elevated PAI-1 plasma levels are correlated with the occurrence of the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes, and we show that PAI-1 reduces the furin-dependent maturation and activity of the insulin receptor and ADAM17: two proteins involved in the onset of these metabolic disorders. In addition to demonstrating that PAI-1 is an intracellular inhibitor of furin, this study also provides arguments in favor of an active role for PAI-1 in the development of metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Bernot
- Inserm, U626, Université de Méditerranée, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseilles Cedex 5, France
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