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González-Arzola K. The nucleolus: Coordinating stress response and genomic stability. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2024; 1867:195029. [PMID: 38642633 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2024.195029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
The perception that the nucleoli are merely the organelles where ribosome biogenesis occurs is challenged. Only around 30 % of nucleolar proteins are solely involved in producing ribosomes. Instead, the nucleolus plays a critical role in controlling protein trafficking during stress and, according to its dynamic nature, undergoes continuous protein exchange with nucleoplasm under various cellular stressors. Hence, the concept of nucleolar stress has evolved as cellular insults that disrupt the structure and function of the nucleolus. Considering the emerging role of this organelle in DNA repair and the fact that rDNAs are the most fragile genomic loci, therapies targeting the nucleoli are increasingly being developed. Besides, drugs that target ribosome synthesis and induce nucleolar stress can be used in cancer therapy. In contrast, agents that regulate nucleolar activity may be a potential treatment for neurodegeneration caused by abnormal protein accumulation in the nucleolus. Here, I explore the roles of nucleoli beyond their ribosomal functions, highlighting the factors triggering nucleolar stress and their impact on genomic stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katiuska González-Arzola
- Centro Andaluz de Biología Molecular y Medicina Regenerativa (CABIMER), Universidad de Sevilla, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Junta de Andalucía, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41092 Seville, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica Vegetal y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain.
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2
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Hwang SP, Denicourt C. The impact of ribosome biogenesis in cancer: from proliferation to metastasis. NAR Cancer 2024; 6:zcae017. [PMID: 38633862 PMCID: PMC11023387 DOI: 10.1093/narcan/zcae017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The dysregulation of ribosome biogenesis is a hallmark of cancer, facilitating the adaptation to altered translational demands essential for various aspects of tumor progression. This review explores the intricate interplay between ribosome biogenesis and cancer development, highlighting dynamic regulation orchestrated by key oncogenic signaling pathways. Recent studies reveal the multifaceted roles of ribosomes, extending beyond protein factories to include regulatory functions in mRNA translation. Dysregulated ribosome biogenesis not only hampers precise control of global protein production and proliferation but also influences processes such as the maintenance of stem cell-like properties and epithelial-mesenchymal transition, contributing to cancer progression. Interference with ribosome biogenesis, notably through RNA Pol I inhibition, elicits a stress response marked by nucleolar integrity loss, and subsequent G1-cell cycle arrest or cell death. These findings suggest that cancer cells may rely on heightened RNA Pol I transcription, rendering ribosomal RNA synthesis a potential therapeutic vulnerability. The review further explores targeting ribosome biogenesis vulnerabilities as a promising strategy to disrupt global ribosome production, presenting therapeutic opportunities for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sseu-Pei Hwang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Catherine Denicourt
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Houston Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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3
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Metge BJ, Alsheikh HAM, Kammerud SC, Chen D, Das D, Nebane NM, Bostwick JR, Shevde LA, Samant RS. Targeting EMT using low-dose Teniposide by downregulating ZEB2-driven activation of RNA polymerase I in breast cancer. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:322. [PMID: 38719798 PMCID: PMC11079014 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06694-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Metastatic dissemination from the primary tumor is a complex process that requires crosstalk between tumor cells and the surrounding milieu and involves the interplay between numerous cellular-signaling programs. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) remains at the forefront of orchestrating a shift in numerous cellular programs, such as stemness, drug resistance, and apoptosis that allow for successful metastasis. Till date, there is limited success in therapeutically targeting EMT. Utilizing a high throughput screen of FDA-approved compounds, we uncovered a novel role of the topoisomerase inhibitor, Teniposide, in reversing EMT. Here, we demonstrate Teniposide as a potent modulator of the EMT program, specifically through an IRF7-NMI mediated response. Furthermore, Teniposide significantly reduces the expression of the key EMT transcriptional regulator, Zinc Finger E-Box Binding Homeobox 2 (ZEB2). ZEB2 downregulation by Teniposide inhibited RNA polymerase I (Pol I) activity and rRNA biogenesis. Importantly, Teniposide treatment markedly reduced pulmonary colonization of breast cancer cells. We have uncovered a novel role of Teniposide, which when used at a very low concentration, mitigates mesenchymal-like invasive phenotype. Overall, its ability to target EMT and rRNA biogenesis makes Teniposide a viable candidate to be repurposed as a therapeutic option to restrict breast cancer metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Metge
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Sarah C Kammerud
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Dongquan Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Devika Das
- Birmingham VA Health Care System, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Parexel Biotech, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - N Miranda Nebane
- High-Throughput Screening Center, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - J Robert Bostwick
- High-Throughput Screening Center, Southern Research, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Lalita A Shevde
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rajeev S Samant
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- Birmingham VA Health Care System, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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4
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Espinoza JA, Kanellis DC, Saproo S, Leal K, Martinez J, Bartek J, Lindström M. Chromatin damage generated by DNA intercalators leads to degradation of RNA Polymerase II. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:4151-4166. [PMID: 38340348 PMCID: PMC11077059 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In cancer therapy, DNA intercalators are mainly known for their capacity to kill cells by inducing DNA damage. Recently, several DNA intercalators have attracted much interest given their ability to inhibit RNA Polymerase I transcription (BMH-21), evict histones (Aclarubicin) or induce chromatin trapping of FACT (Curaxin CBL0137). Interestingly, these DNA intercalators lack the capacity to induce DNA damage while still retaining cytotoxic effects and stabilize p53. Herein, we report that these DNA intercalators impact chromatin biology by interfering with the chromatin stability of RNA polymerases I, II and III. These three compounds have the capacity to induce degradation of RNA polymerase II and they simultaneously enable the trapping of Topoisomerases TOP2A and TOP2B on the chromatin. In addition, BMH-21 also acts as a catalytic inhibitor of Topoisomerase II, resembling Aclarubicin. Moreover, BMH-21 induces chromatin trapping of the histone chaperone FACT and propels accumulation of Z-DNA and histone eviction, similarly to Aclarubicin and CBL0137. These DNA intercalators have a cumulative impact on general transcription machinery by inducing accumulation of topological defects and impacting nuclear chromatin. Therefore, their cytotoxic capabilities may be the result of compounding deleterious effects on chromatin homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime A Espinoza
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 21 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dimitris C Kanellis
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 21 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sheetanshu Saproo
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 21 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karla Leal
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 21 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johana Fernandez Martinez
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 21 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jiri Bartek
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 21 Stockholm, Sweden
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikael S Lindström
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, S-171 21 Stockholm, Sweden
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5
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Jacobs RQ, Schneider DA. Transcription elongation mechanisms of RNA polymerases I, II, and III and their therapeutic implications. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:105737. [PMID: 38336292 PMCID: PMC10907179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.105737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Transcription is a tightly regulated, complex, and essential cellular process in all living organisms. Transcription is comprised of three steps, transcription initiation, elongation, and termination. The distinct transcription initiation and termination mechanisms of eukaryotic RNA polymerases I, II, and III (Pols I, II, and III) have long been appreciated. Recent methodological advances have empowered high-resolution investigations of the Pols' transcription elongation mechanisms. Here, we review the kinetic similarities and differences in the individual steps of Pol I-, II-, and III-catalyzed transcription elongation, including NTP binding, bond formation, pyrophosphate release, and translocation. This review serves as an important summation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) Pol I, II, and III kinetic investigations which reveal that transcription elongation by the Pols is governed by distinct mechanisms. Further, these studies illustrate how basic, biochemical investigations of the Pols can empower the development of chemotherapeutic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Q Jacobs
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - David A Schneider
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
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Lu Y, Wang S, Jiao Y. The Effects of Deregulated Ribosomal Biogenesis in Cancer. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1593. [PMID: 38002277 PMCID: PMC10669593 DOI: 10.3390/biom13111593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribosomes are macromolecular ribonucleoprotein complexes assembled from RNA and proteins. Functional ribosomes arise from the nucleolus, require ribosomal RNA processing and the coordinated assembly of ribosomal proteins (RPs), and are frequently hyperactivated to support the requirement for protein synthesis during the self-biosynthetic and metabolic activities of cancer cells. Studies have provided relevant information on targeted anticancer molecules involved in ribosome biogenesis (RiBi), as increased RiBi is characteristic of many types of cancer. The association between unlimited cell proliferation and alterations in specific steps of RiBi has been highlighted as a possible critical driver of tumorigenesis and metastasis. Thus, alterations in numerous regulators and actors involved in RiBi, particularly in cancer, significantly affect the rate and quality of protein synthesis and, ultimately, the transcriptome to generate the associated proteome. Alterations in RiBi in cancer cells activate nucleolar stress response-related pathways that play important roles in cancer-targeted interventions and immunotherapies. In this review, we focus on the association between alterations in RiBi and cancer. Emphasis is placed on RiBi deregulation and its secondary consequences, including changes in protein synthesis, loss of RPs, adaptive transcription and translation, nucleolar stress regulation, metabolic changes, and the impaired ribosome biogenesis checkpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shizhuo Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110055, China;
| | - Yisheng Jiao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110055, China;
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Princiotto S, Karelou M, Ioannidi R, Beretta GL, Zaffaroni N, Artali R, Kostakis IK, Mazzini S, Dallavalle S. Exploring the Interaction of New Pyridoquinazoline Derivatives with G-Quadruplex in the c-MYC Promoter Region. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14346. [PMID: 37762650 PMCID: PMC10531603 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel amino-substituted pyridoquinazolinone derivatives have been designed and synthesized as potential c-MYC G-quadruplex (G4) ligands, employing an efficient methodology. All the new compounds exhibited moderate to good antiproliferative activity against the human osteosarcoma U2OS cell line. NMR and docking experiments revealed that the recently synthesized compounds interact with the Pu22 G-quadruplex in the c-MYC promoter region, establishing a 2:1 complex, with each molecule positioned over the tetrads at the 3'- and 5'-ends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Princiotto
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.P.); (S.D.)
| | - Maria Karelou
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (M.K.); (R.I.)
| | - Rachel Ioannidi
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (M.K.); (R.I.)
| | - Giovanni Luca Beretta
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.L.B.); (N.Z.)
| | - Nadia Zaffaroni
- Molecular Pharmacology Unit, Department of Experimental Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, Via Amadeo 42, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.L.B.); (N.Z.)
| | | | - Ioannis K. Kostakis
- Department of Pharmacy, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece; (M.K.); (R.I.)
| | - Stefania Mazzini
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.P.); (S.D.)
| | - Sabrina Dallavalle
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy; (S.P.); (S.D.)
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8
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Yang XM, Wang XQ, Hu LP, Feng MX, Zhou YQ, Li DX, Li J, Miao XC, Zhang YL, Yao LL, Nie HZ, Huang S, Xia Q, Zhang XL, Jiang SH, Zhang ZG. Nucleolar HEAT Repeat Containing 1 Up-regulated by the Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Complex 1 Signaling Promotes Hepatocellular Carcinoma Growth by Dominating Ribosome Biogenesis and Proteome Homeostasis. Gastroenterology 2023; 165:629-646. [PMID: 37247644 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2023.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hyperactivation of ribosome biogenesis leads to hepatocyte transformation and plays pivotal roles in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. We aimed to identify critical ribosome biogenesis proteins that are overexpressed and crucial in HCC progression. METHODS HEAT repeat containing 1 (HEATR1) expression and clinical correlations were analyzed using The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus databases and further evaluated by immunohistochemical analysis of an HCC tissue microarray. Gene expression was knocked down by small interfering RNA. HEATR1-knockdown cells were subjected to viability, cell cycle, and apoptosis assays and used to establish subcutaneous and orthotopic tumor models. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and quantitative polymerase chain reaction were performed to detect the association of candidate proteins with specific DNA sequences. Endogenous coimmunoprecipitation combined with mass spectrometry was used to identify protein interactions. We performed immunoblot and immunofluorescence assays to detect and localize proteins in cells. The nucleolus ultrastructure was detected by transmission electron microscopy. Click-iT (Thermo Fisher Scientific) RNA imaging and puromycin incorporation assays were used to measure nascent ribosomal RNA and protein synthesis, respectively. Proteasome activity, 20S proteasome foci formation, and protein stability were evaluated in HEATR1-knockdown HCC cells. RESULTS HEATR1 was the most up-regulated gene in a set of ribosome biogenesis mediators in HCC samples. High expression of HEATR1 was associated with poor survival and malignant clinicopathologic features in patients with HCC and contributed to HCC growth in vitro and in vivo. HEATR1 expression was regulated by the transcription factor specificity protein 1, which can be activated by insulin-like growth factor 1-mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 signaling in HCC cells. HEATR1 localized predominantly in the nucleolus, bound to ribosomal DNA, and was associated with RNA polymerase I transcription/processing factors. Knockdown of HEATR1 disrupted ribosomal RNA biogenesis and impaired nascent protein synthesis, leading to reduced cytoplasmic proteasome activity and inhibitory-κB/nuclear factor-κB signaling. Moreover, HEATR1 knockdown induced nucleolar stress with increased nuclear proteasome activity and inactivation of the nucleophosmin 1-MYC axis. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed that HEATR1 is up-regulated by insulin-like growth factor 1-mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1-specificity protein 1 signaling in HCC and functions as a crucial regulator of ribosome biogenesis and proteome homeostasis to promote HCC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Mei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Qi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Peng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-Xuan Feng
- Department of Transplantation and Hepatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao-Qi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong-Xue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Cao Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin-Li Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-Zhen Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Xia
- Department of Transplantation and Hepatic Surgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue-Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shu-Heng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhi-Gang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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Harold C. All these screens that we've done: how functional genetic screens have informed our understanding of ribosome biogenesis. Biosci Rep 2023; 43:BSR20230631. [PMID: 37335083 PMCID: PMC10329186 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20230631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribosome biogenesis is the complex and essential process that ultimately leads to the synthesis of cellular proteins. Understanding each step of this essential process is imperative to increase our understanding of basic biology, but also more critically, to provide novel therapeutic avenues for genetic and developmental diseases such as ribosomopathies and cancers which can arise when this process is impaired. In recent years, significant advances in technology have made identifying and characterizing novel human regulators of ribosome biogenesis via high-content, high-throughput screens. Additionally, screening platforms have been used to discover novel therapeutics for cancer. These screens have uncovered a wealth of knowledge regarding novel proteins involved in human ribosome biogenesis, from the regulation of the transcription of the ribosomal RNA to global protein synthesis. Specifically, comparing the discovered proteins in these screens showed interesting connections between large ribosomal subunit (LSU) maturation factors and earlier steps in ribosome biogenesis, as well as overall nucleolar integrity. In this review, a discussion of the current standing of screens for human ribosome biogenesis factors through the lens of comparing the datasets and discussing the biological implications of the areas of overlap will be combined with a look toward other technologies and how they can be adapted to discover more factors involved in ribosome synthesis, and answer other outstanding questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecelia M. Harold
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, U.S.A
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10
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Corman A, Sirozh O, Lafarga V, Fernandez-Capetillo O. Targeting the nucleolus as a therapeutic strategy in human disease. Trends Biochem Sci 2023; 48:274-287. [PMID: 36229381 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2022.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The nucleolus is the site of ribosome biogenesis, one of the most resource-intensive processes in eukaryotic cells. Accordingly, nucleolar morphology and activity are highly responsive to growth signaling and nucleolar insults which are collectively included in the actively evolving concept of nucleolar stress. Importantly, nucleolar alterations are a prominent feature of multiple human pathologies, including cancer and neurodegeneration, as well as being associated with aging. The past decades have seen numerous attempts to isolate compounds targeting different facets of nucleolar activity. We provide an overview of therapeutic opportunities for targeting nucleoli in different pathologies and currently available therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Corman
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Oleksandra Sirozh
- Genomic Instability Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Vanesa Lafarga
- Genomic Instability Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain.
| | - Oscar Fernandez-Capetillo
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden; Genomic Instability Group, Spanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO), Madrid 28029, Spain.
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11
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Regulation of RNA Polymerase I Stability and Function. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235776. [PMID: 36497261 PMCID: PMC9737084 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA polymerase I is a highly processive enzyme with fast initiation and elongation rates. The structure of Pol I, with its in-built RNA cleavage ability and incorporation of subunits homologous to transcription factors, enables it to quickly and efficiently synthesize the enormous amount of rRNA required for ribosome biogenesis. Each step of Pol I transcription is carefully controlled. However, cancers have highjacked these control points to switch the enzyme, and its transcription, on permanently. While this provides an exceptional benefit to cancer cells, it also creates a potential cancer therapeutic vulnerability. We review the current research on the regulation of Pol I transcription, and we discuss chemical biology efforts to develop new targeted agents against this process. Lastly, we highlight challenges that have arisen from the introduction of agents with promiscuous mechanisms of action and provide examples of agents with specificity and selectivity against Pol I.
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12
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Jacobs RQ, Carter ZI, Lucius AL, Schneider DA. Uncovering the mechanisms of transcription elongation by eukaryotic RNA polymerases I, II, and III. iScience 2022; 25:105306. [PMID: 36304104 PMCID: PMC9593817 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotes express three nuclear RNA polymerases (Pols I, II, and III) that are essential for cell survival. Despite extensive investigation of the three Pols, significant knowledge gaps regarding their biochemical properties remain because each Pol has been evaluated independently under disparate experimental conditions and methodologies. To advance our understanding of the Pols, we employed identical in vitro transcription assays for direct comparison of their elongation rates, elongation complex (EC) stabilities, and fidelities. Pol I is the fastest, most likely to misincorporate, forms the least stable EC, and is most sensitive to alterations in reaction buffers. Pol II is the slowest of the Pols, forms the most stable EC, and negligibly misincorporated an incorrect nucleotide. The enzymatic properties of Pol III were intermediate between Pols I and II in all assays examined. These results reveal unique enzymatic characteristics of the Pols that provide new insights into their evolutionary divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Q. Jacobs
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Zachariah I. Carter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Aaron L. Lucius
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - David A. Schneider
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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13
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Jacobs RQ, Fuller KB, Cooper SL, Carter ZI, Laiho M, Lucius AL, Schneider DA. RNA Polymerase I Is Uniquely Vulnerable to the Small-Molecule Inhibitor BMH-21. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5544. [PMID: 36428638 PMCID: PMC9688676 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells require robust ribosome biogenesis to maintain rapid cell growth during tumorigenesis. Because RNA polymerase I (Pol I) transcription of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) is the first and rate-limiting step of ribosome biogenesis, it has emerged as a promising anti-cancer target. Over the last decade, novel cancer therapeutics targeting Pol I have progressed to clinical trials. BMH-21 is a first-in-class small molecule that inhibits Pol I transcription and represses cancer cell growth. Several recent studies have uncovered key mechanisms by which BMH-21 inhibits ribosome biosynthesis but the selectivity of BMH-21 for Pol I has not been directly measured. Here, we quantify the effects of BMH-21 on Pol I, RNA polymerase II (Pol II), and RNA polymerase III (Pol III) in vitro using purified components. We found that BMH-21 directly impairs nucleotide addition by Pol I, with no or modest effect on Pols II and III, respectively. Additionally, we found that BMH-21 does not affect the stability of any of the Pols' elongation complexes. These data demonstrate that BMH-21 directly exploits unique vulnerabilities of Pol I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Q. Jacobs
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Kaila B. Fuller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Stephanie L. Cooper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | | | - Marikki Laiho
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Aaron L. Lucius
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - David A. Schneider
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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14
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Temaj G, Saha S, Dragusha S, Ejupi V, Buttari B, Profumo E, Beqa L, Saso L. Ribosomopathies and cancer: pharmacological implications. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2022; 15:729-746. [PMID: 35787725 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2022.2098110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The ribosome is a ribonucleoprotein organelle responsible for protein synthesis, and its biogenesis is a highly coordinated process that involves many macromolecular components. Any acquired or inherited impairment in ribosome biogenesis or ribosomopathies is associated with the development of different cancers and rare genetic diseases. Interference with multiple steps of protein synthesis has been shown to promote tumor cell death. AREAS COVERED We discuss the current insights about impaired ribosome biogenesis and their secondary consequences on protein synthesis, transcriptional and translational responses, proteotoxic stress, and other metabolic pathways associated with cancer and rare diseases. Studies investigating the modulation of different therapeutic chemical entities targeting cancer in in vitro and in vivo models have also been detailed. EXPERT OPINION Despite the association between inherited mutations affecting ribosome biogenesis and cancer biology, the development of therapeutics targeting the essential cellular machinery has only started to emerge. New chemical entities should be designed to modulate different checkpoints (translating oncoproteins, dysregulation of specific ribosome-assembly machinery, ribosomal stress, and rewiring ribosomal functions). Although safe and effective therapies are lacking, consideration should also be given to using existing drugs alone or in combination for long-term safety, with known risks for feasibility in clinical trials and synergistic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarmistha Saha
- Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-metabolic Diseases, and Aging, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Valon Ejupi
- College UBT, Faculty of Pharmacy, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Brigitta Buttari
- Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-metabolic Diseases, and Aging, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Profumo
- Department of Cardiovascular, Endocrine-metabolic Diseases, and Aging, Italian National Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Lule Beqa
- College UBT, Faculty of Pharmacy, Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
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15
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Elhamamsy AR, Metge BJ, Alsheikh HA, Shevde LA, Samant RS. Ribosome Biogenesis: A Central Player in Cancer Metastasis and Therapeutic Resistance. Cancer Res 2022; 82:2344-2353. [PMID: 35303060 PMCID: PMC9256764 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-4087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Ribosomes are a complex ensemble of rRNA and ribosomal proteins that function as mRNA translation machines. Ribosome biogenesis is a multistep process that begins in the nucleolus and concludes in the cytoplasm. The process is tightly controlled by multiple checkpoint and surveillance pathways. Perturbations in these checkpoints and pathways can lead to hyperactivation of ribosome biogenesis. Emerging evidence suggests that cancer cells harbor a specialized class of ribosomes (onco-ribosomes) that facilitates the oncogenic translation program, modulates cellular functions, and promotes metabolic rewiring. Mutations in ribosomal proteins, rRNA processing, and ribosome assembly factors result in ribosomopathies that are associated with an increased risk of developing malignancies. Recent studies have linked mutations in ribosomal proteins and aberrant ribosomes with poor prognosis, highlighting ribosome-targeted therapy as a promising approach for treating patients with cancer. Here, we summarize various aspects of dysregulation of ribosome biogenesis and the impact of resultant onco-ribosomes on malignant tumor behavior, therapeutic resistance, and clinical outcome. Ribosome biogenesis is a promising therapeutic target, and understanding the important determinants of this process will allow for improved and perhaps selective therapeutic strategies to target ribosome biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amr R. Elhamamsy
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Brandon J. Metge
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Heba A. Alsheikh
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Lalita A. Shevde
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Rajeev S. Samant
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,O’Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, Alabama.,Corresponding Author: Rajeev S. Samant, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, WTI 320E, 1824 6th Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35233. Phone: 205-975-6262; E-mail:
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16
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SIRT1 regulates mitotic catastrophe via autophagy and BubR1 signaling. Mol Cell Biochem 2022; 477:2787-2799. [PMID: 35639235 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-022-04470-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Mitotic catastrophe (MC) is a suppressive mechanism that mediates the elimination of mitosis-deficient cells through apoptosis, necrosis or senescence after M phase block. SIRT1 is involved in the regulation of several cellular processes, including autophagy. However, the relationship between SIRT1 and MC has been largely obscure. Our study highlights that SIRT1 might be involved in the regulation of MC. We have shown that degradation of the SIRT1 protein via proteasome and lysosomal pathway was accompanied by MC induced via BMH-21. Overexpression of SIRT1 alleviated MC by decreasing the proportion of apoptotic and multinuclear cells induced by G2/M block and triggered autophagy whereas knockdown of SIRT1 aggravated MC and repressed autophagy. Furthermore, we found that serum starvation triggered autophagy evidently generated lower MC whereas siRNA of ATG5/7 suppressed autophagy leading to higher MC. ChIP analysis revealed that SIRT1 could bind to the promoter of BubR1, a component of spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), to upregulate its expression. Overexpression of BubR1 decreased MC whereas knockdown of BubR1 increased it. These results reveal that SIRT1 regulates MC through autophagy and BubR1 signaling, and provide evidence for SIRT1, autophagy and BubR1 being the potential cancer therapeutic targets.
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17
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Targeting Ribosome Biogenesis in Cancer: Lessons Learned and Way Forward. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14092126. [PMID: 35565259 PMCID: PMC9100539 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Cells need to produce ribosomes to sustain continuous proliferation and expand in numbers, a feature that is even more prominent in uncontrollably proliferating cancer cells. Certain cancer cell types are expected to depend more on ribosome biogenesis based on their genetic background, and this potential vulnerability can be exploited in designing effective, targeted cancer therapies. This review provides information on anti-cancer molecules that target the ribosome biogenesis machinery and indicates avenues for future research. Abstract Rapid growth and unrestrained proliferation is a hallmark of many cancers. To accomplish this, cancer cells re-wire and increase their biosynthetic and metabolic activities, including ribosome biogenesis (RiBi), a complex, highly energy-consuming process. Several chemotherapeutic agents used in the clinic impair this process by interfering with the transcription of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in the nucleolus through the blockade of RNA polymerase I or by limiting the nucleotide building blocks of RNA, thereby ultimately preventing the synthesis of new ribosomes. Perturbations in RiBi activate nucleolar stress response pathways, including those controlled by p53. While compounds such as actinomycin D and oxaliplatin effectively disrupt RiBi, there is an ongoing effort to improve the specificity further and find new potent RiBi-targeting compounds with improved pharmacological characteristics. A few recently identified inhibitors have also become popular as research tools, facilitating our advances in understanding RiBi. Here we provide a comprehensive overview of the various compounds targeting RiBi, their mechanism of action, and potential use in cancer therapy. We discuss screening strategies, drug repurposing, and common problems with compound specificity and mechanisms of action. Finally, emerging paths to discovery and avenues for the development of potential biomarkers predictive of therapeutic outcomes across cancer subtypes are also presented.
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18
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Jamroskovic J, Deiana M, Sabouri N. Probing the folding pathways of four-stranded intercalated cytosine-rich motifs at single base-pair resolution. Biochimie 2022; 199:81-91. [PMID: 35452743 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cytosine-rich DNA can fold into four-stranded intercalated structures called i-motifs (iMs) under acidic conditions through the formation of hemi-protonated C:C+ base pairs. However, the folding and stability of iMs rely on many other factors that are not yet fully understood. Here, we combined biochemical and biophysical approaches to determine the factors influencing iM stability under a wide range of experimental conditions. By using high-resolution primer extension assays, circular dichroism, and absorption spectroscopies, we demonstrate that the stabilities of three different biologically relevant iMs are not dependent on molecular crowding agents. Instead, some of the crowding agents affected overall DNA synthesis. We also tested a range of small molecules to determine their effect on iM stabilization at physiological temperature and demonstrated that the G-quadruplex-specific molecule CX-5461 is also a promising candidate for selective iM stabilization. This work provides important insights into the requirements needed for different assays to accurately study iM stabilization, which will serve as important tools for understanding the contribution of iMs in cell regulation and their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Jamroskovic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Marco Deiana
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Nasim Sabouri
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
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19
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Dorado TE, de León P, Begum A, Liu H, Chen D, Rajeshkumar NV, Rey-Rodriguez R, Hoareau-Aveilla C, Alcouffe C, Laiho M, Barrow JC. Discovery and Evaluation of Novel Angular Fused Pyridoquinazolinonecarboxamides as RNA Polymerase I Inhibitors. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:608-614. [PMID: 35450366 PMCID: PMC9014438 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA polymerase I (Pol I) transcribes ribosomal DNA (rDNA) into the 47S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) precursor. Further processing produces the 28S, 5.8S, and 18S rRNAs that are assembled into mature ribosomes. Many cancers exhibit higher Pol I transcriptional activity, reflecting a need for increased ribosome biogenesis and protein synthesis and making the inhibition of this process an attractive therapeutic strategy. Lead molecule BMH-21 (1) has been established as a Pol I inhibitor by affecting the destruction of RPA194, the Pol I large catalytic subunit. A previous structure-activity relationship (SAR) study uncovered key pharmacophores, but activity was constrained within a tight chemical space. This work details further SAR efforts that have yielded new scaffolds and improved off-target activity while retaining the desired RPA194 degradation potency. Pharmacokinetic profiling was obtained and provides a starting point for further optimization. New compounds present additional opportunities for the development of Pol I inhibitory cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony E. Dorado
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Pablo de León
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, 855 North Wolfe Street Suite 300, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - Asma Begum
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Hester Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Daming Chen
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, 855 North Wolfe Street Suite 300, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
| | - N. V. Rajeshkumar
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | | | | | - Chantal Alcouffe
- Department of Chemistry, Evotec, 195 route d’Espagne, 31036 Toulouse, France
| | - Marikki Laiho
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - James C. Barrow
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development and Department of Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 855 North Wolfe Street Suite 300, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, United States
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20
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Liu Q, Zhang B, Wang Y, Wang X, Gou S. Discovery of phthalazino[1,2-b]-quinazolinone derivatives as multi-target HDAC inhibitors for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma via activating the p53 signal pathway. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 229:114058. [PMID: 34954595 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.114058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In view of histone deacetylases (HDACs) as a promising target for cancer therapy, a series of phthalazino[1,2-b]-quinazolinone units were hybrided with ortho-aminoanilide or hydroxamic acid to serve as multi-target HDAC inhibitors for the treatment of solid tumors. Among the target compounds, 8h possessed nano-molar IC50 values toward the tested cancer cells and HDAC subtypes, which was more potent than the HDAC inhibitor SAHA (vorinostat). Mechanism study revealed that compound 8h could suppress the HepG2 cell proliferation via prompting the acetylation of histone 3 (H3) and α-tubulin, and activating the p53 signal pathway as designed. In addition, compound 8h exhibited much stronger in vivo antitumor efficacy than SAHA in the HepG2 xenograft tumor model with negligible toxicity. As a novel multi-target HDAC inhibitor, compound 8h deserves further development as a potential anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Liu
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China; Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China; Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Yuanjiang Wang
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China; Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Xinyi Wang
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China; Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China
| | - Shaohua Gou
- Pharmaceutical Research Center and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China; Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 211189, China.
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21
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Jacobs RQ, Huffines AK, Laiho M, Schneider DA. The small-molecule BMH-21 directly inhibits transcription elongation and DNA occupancy of RNA polymerase I in vivo and in vitro. J Biol Chem 2021; 298:101450. [PMID: 34838819 PMCID: PMC8683726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells are dependent upon an abundance of ribosomes to maintain rapid cell growth and proliferation. The rate-limiting step of ribosome biogenesis is ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis by RNA polymerase I (Pol I). Therefore, a goal of the cancer therapeutic field is to develop and characterize Pol I inhibitors. Here, we elucidate the mechanism of Pol I inhibition by a first-in-class small-molecule BMH-21. To characterize the effects of BMH-21 on Pol I transcription, we leveraged high-resolution in vitro transcription assays and in vivo native elongating transcript sequencing (NET-seq). We find that Pol I transcription initiation, promoter escape, and elongation are all inhibited by BMH-21 in vitro. In particular, the transcription elongation phase is highly sensitive to BMH-21 treatment, as it causes a decrease in transcription elongation rate and an increase in paused Pols on the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) template. In vivo NET-seq experiments complement these findings by revealing a reduction in Pol I occupancy on the template and an increase in sequence-specific pausing upstream of G-rich rDNA sequences after BMH-21 treatment. Collectively, these data reveal the mechanism of action of BMH-21, which is a critical step forward in the development of this compound and its derivatives for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Q Jacobs
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
| | - Abigail K Huffines
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA
| | - Marikki Laiho
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David A Schneider
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, 35294, USA.
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22
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Kammerud SC, Metge BJ, Elhamamsy AR, Weeks SE, Alsheikh HA, Mattheyses AL, Shevde LA, Samant RS. Novel role of the dietary flavonoid fisetin in suppressing rRNA biogenesis. J Transl Med 2021; 101:1439-1448. [PMID: 34267320 PMCID: PMC8510891 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-021-00642-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleolus of a cell is a critical cellular compartment that is responsible for ribosome biogenesis and plays a central role in tumor progression. Fisetin, a nutraceutical, is a naturally occurring flavonol from the flavonoid group of polyphenols that has anti-cancer effects. Fisetin negatively impacts several signaling pathways that support tumor progression. However, effect of fisetin on the nucleolus and its functions were unknown. We observed that fisetin is able to physically enter the nucleolus. In the nucleolus, RNA polymerase I (RNA Pol I) mediates the biogenesis of ribosomal RNA. Thus, we investigated the impacts of fisetin on the nucleolus. We observed that breast tumor cells treated with fisetin show a 20-30% decreased nucleolar abundance per cell and a 30-60% downregulation of RNA Pol I transcription activity, as well as a 50-70% reduction in nascent rRNA synthesis, depending on the cell line. Our studies show that fisetin negatively influences MAPK/ERK pathway to impair RNA Pol I activity and rRNA biogenesis. Functionally, we demonstrate that fisetin acts synergistically (CI = 0.4) with RNA Pol I inhibitor, BMH-21 and shows a noteworthy negative impact (60% decrease) on lung colonization of breast cancer cells. Overall, our findings highlight the potential of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) biogenesis as a target for secondary prevention and possible treatment of metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Kammerud
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Brandon J Metge
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Amr R Elhamamsy
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Shannon E Weeks
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Heba A Alsheikh
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Alexa L Mattheyses
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Lalita A Shevde
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Rajeev S Samant
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- O'Neal Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
- Birmingham VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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23
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Lehman SL, Wilson ED, Camphausen K, Tofilon PJ. Translation Initiation Machinery as a Tumor Selective Target for Radiosensitization. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910664. [PMID: 34639005 PMCID: PMC8508945 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Towards improving the efficacy of radiotherapy, one approach is to target the molecules and processes mediating cellular radioresponse. Along these lines, translational control of gene expression has been established as a fundamental component of cellular radioresponse, which suggests that the molecules participating in this process (i.e., the translational machinery) can serve as determinants of radiosensitivity. Moreover, the proteins comprising the translational machinery are often overexpressed in tumor cells suggesting the potential for tumor specific radiosensitization. Studies to date have shown that inhibiting proteins involved in translation initiation, the rate-limiting step in translation, specifically the three members of the eIF4F cap binding complex eIF4E, eIF4G, and eIF4A as well as the cap binding regulatory kinases mTOR and Mnk1/2, results in the radiosensitization of tumor cells. Because ribosomes are required for translation initiation, inhibiting ribosome biogenesis also appears to be a strategy for radiosensitization. In general, the radiosensitization induced by targeting the translation initiation machinery involves inhibition of DNA repair, which appears to be the consequence of a reduced expression of proteins critical to radioresponse. The availability of clinically relevant inhibitors of this component of the translational machinery suggests opportunities to extend this approach to radiosensitization to patient care.
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24
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Non-Coding RNAs and Splicing Activity in Testicular Germ Cell Tumors. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11080736. [PMID: 34440480 PMCID: PMC8399856 DOI: 10.3390/life11080736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) are the most common tumors in adolescent and young men. Recently, genome-wide studies have made it possible to progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of tumors. It is becoming increasingly clear that aberrant regulation of RNA metabolism can drive tumorigenesis and influence chemotherapeutic response. Notably, the expression of non-coding RNAs as well as specific splice variants is deeply deregulated in human cancers. Since these cancer-related RNA species are considered promising diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic targets, understanding their function in cancer development is becoming a major challenge. Here, we summarize how the different expression of RNA species repertoire, including non-coding RNAs and protein-coding splicing variants, impacts on TGCTs’ onset and progression and sustains therapeutic resistance. Finally, the role of transcription-associated R-loop misregulation in the maintenance of genomic stability in TGCTs is also discussed.
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25
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Sutton EC, DeRose VJ. Early nucleolar responses differentiate mechanisms of cell death induced by oxaliplatin and cisplatin. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100633. [PMID: 33819479 PMCID: PMC8131322 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent reports provide evidence that the platinum chemotherapeutic oxaliplatin causes cell death via ribosome biogenesis stress, while cisplatin causes cell death via the DNA damage response (DDR). Underlying differences in mechanisms that might initiate disparate routes to cell death by these two broadly used platinum compounds have not yet been carefully explored. Additionally, prior studies had demonstrated that cisplatin can also inhibit ribosome biogenesis. Therefore, we sought to directly compare the initial influences of oxaliplatin and cisplatin on nucleolar processes and on the DDR. Using pulse-chase experiments, we found that at equivalent doses, oxaliplatin but not cisplatin significantly inhibited ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis by Pol I, but neither compound affected rRNA processing. Inhibition of rRNA synthesis occurred as early as 90 min after oxaliplatin treatment in A549 cells, concurrent with the initial redistribution of the nucleolar protein nucleophosmin (NPM1). We observed that the nucleolar protein fibrillarin began to redistribute by 6 h after oxaliplatin treatment and formed canonical nucleolar caps by 24 h. In cisplatin-treated cells, DNA damage, as measured by γH2AX immunofluorescence, was more extensive, whereas nucleolar organization was unaffected. Taken together, our results demonstrate that oxaliplatin causes early nucleolar disruption via inhibition of rRNA synthesis accompanied by NPM1 relocalization and subsequently causes extensive nucleolar reorganization, while cisplatin causes early DNA damage without significant nucleolar disruption. These data support a model in which, at clinically relevant doses, cisplatin kills cells via the canonical DDR, and oxaliplatin kills cells via ribosome biogenesis stress, specifically via rapid inhibition of rRNA synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily C Sutton
- Department of Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA; Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA
| | - Victoria J DeRose
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, USA.
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Ribosomal RNA Transcription Regulation in Breast Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12040502. [PMID: 33805424 PMCID: PMC8066022 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosome biogenesis is a complex process that is responsible for the formation of ribosomes and ultimately global protein synthesis. The first step in this process is the synthesis of the ribosomal RNA in the nucleolus, transcribed by RNA Polymerase I. Historically, abnormal nucleolar structure is indicative of poor cancer prognoses. In recent years, it has been shown that ribosome biogenesis, and rDNA transcription in particular, is dysregulated in cancer cells. Coupled with advancements in screening technology that allowed for the discovery of novel drugs targeting RNA Polymerase I, this transcriptional machinery is an increasingly viable target for cancer therapies. In this review, we discuss ribosome biogenesis in breast cancer and the different cellular pathways involved. Moreover, we discuss current therapeutics that have been found to affect rDNA transcription and more novel drugs that target rDNA transcription machinery as a promising avenue for breast cancer treatment.
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Zaib S, Khan I. Synthetic and medicinal chemistry of phthalazines: Recent developments, opportunities and challenges. Bioorg Chem 2020; 105:104425. [PMID: 33157344 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fused diaza-heterocycles constitute the core structure of numerous bioactive natural products and effective therapeutic drugs. Among them, phthalazines have been recognized as remarkable structural leads in medicinal chemistry due to their wide application in pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. Accessing such challenging pharmaceutical agents/drug candidates with high chemical complexity through synthetically efficient approaches remains an attractive goal in the contemporary medicinal chemistry and drug discovery arena. In this review, we focus on the recent developments in the synthetic routes towards the generation of phthalazine-based active pharmaceutical ingredients and their biological potential against various targets. The general reaction scope of these innovative and easily accessible strategies was emphasized focusing on the functional group tolerance, substrate and coupling partner compatibility/limitation, the choice of catalyst, and product diversification. These processes were also accompanied by the mechanistic insights where deemed appropriate to demonstrate meaningful information. Moreover, the rapid examination of the structure-activity relationship analyses around the phthalazine core enabled by the pharmacophore replacement/integration revealed the generation of robust, efficient, and more selective compounds with pronounced biological effects. A large variety of in silico methods and ADME profiling tools were also employed to provide a global appraisal of the pharmacokinetics profile of diaza-heterocycles. Thus, the discovery of new structural leads offers the promise of improving treatments for various tropical diseases such as tuberculosis, leishmaniasis, malaria, Chagas disease, among many others including various cancers, atherosclerosis, HIV, inflammatory, and cardiovascular diseases. We hope this review would serve as an informative collection of structurally diverse molecules enabling the generation of mature, high-quality, and innovative routes to support the drug discovery endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumera Zaib
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Central Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan
| | - Imtiaz Khan
- Department of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, United Kingdom.
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Nait Slimane S, Marcel V, Fenouil T, Catez F, Saurin JC, Bouvet P, Diaz JJ, Mertani HC. Ribosome Biogenesis Alterations in Colorectal Cancer. Cells 2020; 9:E2361. [PMID: 33120992 PMCID: PMC7693311 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have focused on understanding the regulation and functions of aberrant protein synthesis in colorectal cancer (CRC), leaving the ribosome, its main effector, relatively underappreciated in CRC. The production of functional ribosomes is initiated in the nucleolus, requires coordinated ribosomal RNA (rRNA) processing and ribosomal protein (RP) assembly, and is frequently hyperactivated to support the needs in protein synthesis essential to withstand unremitting cancer cell growth. This elevated ribosome production in cancer cells includes a strong alteration of ribosome biogenesis homeostasis that represents one of the hallmarks of cancer cells. None of the ribosome production steps escape this cancer-specific dysregulation. This review summarizes the early and late steps of ribosome biogenesis dysregulations described in CRC cell lines, intestinal organoids, CRC stem cells and mouse models, and their possible clinical implications. We highlight how this cancer-related ribosome biogenesis, both at quantitative and qualitative levels, can lead to the synthesis of ribosomes favoring the translation of mRNAs encoding hyperproliferative and survival factors. We also discuss whether cancer-related ribosome biogenesis is a mere consequence of cancer progression or is a causal factor in CRC, and how altered ribosome biogenesis pathways can represent effective targets to kill CRC cells. The association between exacerbated CRC cell growth and alteration of specific steps of ribosome biogenesis is highlighted as a key driver of tumorigenesis, providing promising perspectives for the implementation of predictive biomarkers and the development of new therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Nait Slimane
- Cancer Initiation and Tumor Cell Identity, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR5286 Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France; (S.N.S.); (V.M.); (F.C.); (P.B.)
| | - Virginie Marcel
- Cancer Initiation and Tumor Cell Identity, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR5286 Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France; (S.N.S.); (V.M.); (F.C.); (P.B.)
| | - Tanguy Fenouil
- Institute of Pathology EST, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Site-Est Groupement Hospitalier- Est, 69677 Bron, France;
| | - Frédéric Catez
- Cancer Initiation and Tumor Cell Identity, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR5286 Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France; (S.N.S.); (V.M.); (F.C.); (P.B.)
| | - Jean-Christophe Saurin
- Gastroenterology and Genetic Department, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69008 Lyon, France;
| | - Philippe Bouvet
- Cancer Initiation and Tumor Cell Identity, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR5286 Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France; (S.N.S.); (V.M.); (F.C.); (P.B.)
| | - Jean-Jacques Diaz
- Cancer Initiation and Tumor Cell Identity, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR5286 Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France; (S.N.S.); (V.M.); (F.C.); (P.B.)
| | - Hichem C. Mertani
- Cancer Initiation and Tumor Cell Identity, Cancer Research Center of Lyon, Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR5286 Centre Léon Bérard, 69008 Lyon, France; (S.N.S.); (V.M.); (F.C.); (P.B.)
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van Schie JJM, Faramarz A, Balk JA, Stewart GS, Cantelli E, Oostra AB, Rooimans MA, Parish JL, de Almeida Estéves C, Dumic K, Barisic I, Diderich KEM, van Slegtenhorst MA, Mahtab M, Pisani FM, Te Riele H, Ameziane N, Wolthuis RMF, de Lange J. Warsaw Breakage Syndrome associated DDX11 helicase resolves G-quadruplex structures to support sister chromatid cohesion. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4287. [PMID: 32855419 PMCID: PMC7452896 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18066-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Warsaw Breakage Syndrome (WABS) is a rare disorder related to cohesinopathies and Fanconi anemia, caused by bi-allelic mutations in DDX11. Here, we report multiple compound heterozygous WABS cases, each displaying destabilized DDX11 protein and residual DDX11 function at the cellular level. Patient-derived cell lines exhibit sensitivity to topoisomerase and PARP inhibitors, defective sister chromatid cohesion and reduced DNA replication fork speed. Deleting DDX11 in RPE1-TERT cells inhibits proliferation and survival in a TP53-dependent manner and causes chromosome breaks and cohesion defects, independent of the expressed pseudogene DDX12p. Importantly, G-quadruplex (G4) stabilizing compounds induce chromosome breaks and cohesion defects which are strongly aggravated by inactivation of DDX11 but not FANCJ. The DNA helicase domain of DDX11 is essential for sister chromatid cohesion and resistance to G4 stabilizers. We propose that DDX11 is a DNA helicase protecting against G4 induced double-stranded breaks and concomitant loss of cohesion, possibly at DNA replication forks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne J M van Schie
- Section of Oncogenetics, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Atiq Faramarz
- Section of Oncogenetics, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jesper A Balk
- Section of Oncogenetics, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Grant S Stewart
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Erika Cantelli
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anneke B Oostra
- Section of Oncogenetics, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Martin A Rooimans
- Section of Oncogenetics, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joanna L Parish
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | | | - Katja Dumic
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, University of Zagreb Medical School, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ingeborg Barisic
- Children's Hospital Zagreb, Center of Excellence for Reproductive and Regenerative Medicine, Medical School University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Karin E M Diderich
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mohammad Mahtab
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biologia Cellulare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca M Pisani
- Istituto di Biochimica e Biologia Cellulare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Naples, Italy
| | - Hein Te Riele
- Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Tumor Biology and Immunology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Najim Ameziane
- Section of Oncogenetics, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Centogene, Am Strande 7, 18055, Rostock, Germany
| | - Rob M F Wolthuis
- Section of Oncogenetics, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Job de Lange
- Section of Oncogenetics, Cancer Center Amsterdam and Department of Clinical Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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30
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From Snapshots to Flipbook-Resolving the Dynamics of Ribosome Biogenesis with Chemical Probes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082998. [PMID: 32340379 PMCID: PMC7215809 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of ribosomes is one of the central and most resource demanding processes in each living cell. As ribosome biogenesis is tightly linked with the regulation of the cell cycle, perturbation of ribosome formation can trigger severe diseases, including cancer. Eukaryotic ribosome biogenesis starts in the nucleolus with pre-rRNA transcription and the initial assembly steps, continues in the nucleoplasm and is finished in the cytoplasm. From start to end, this process is highly dynamic and finished within few minutes. Despite the tremendous progress made during the last decade, the coordination of the individual maturation steps is hard to unravel by a conventional methodology. In recent years small molecular compounds were identified that specifically block either rDNA transcription or distinct steps within the maturation pathway. As these inhibitors diffuse into the cell rapidly and block their target proteins within seconds, they represent excellent tools to investigate ribosome biogenesis. Here we review how the inhibitors affect ribosome biogenesis and discuss how these effects can be interpreted by taking the complex self-regulatory mechanisms of the pathway into account. With this we want to highlight the potential of low molecular weight inhibitors to approach the dynamic nature of the ribosome biogenesis pathway.
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31
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Laham-Karam N, Pinto GP, Poso A, Kokkonen P. Transcription and Translation Inhibitors in Cancer Treatment. Front Chem 2020; 8:276. [PMID: 32373584 PMCID: PMC7186406 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription and translation are fundamental cellular processes that govern the protein production of cells. These processes are generally up regulated in cancer cells, to maintain the enhanced metabolism and proliferative state of these cells. As such cancerous cells can be susceptible to transcription and translation inhibitors. There are numerous druggable proteins involved in transcription and translation which make lucrative targets for cancer drug development. In addition to proteins, recent years have shown that the "undruggable" transcription factors and RNA molecules can also be targeted to hamper the transcription or translation in cancer. In this review, we summarize the properties and function of the transcription and translation inhibitors that have been tested and developed, focusing on the advances of the last 5 years. To complement this, we also discuss some of the recent advances in targeting oncogenes tightly controlling transcription including transcription factors and KRAS. In addition to natural and synthetic compounds, we review DNA and RNA based approaches to develop cancer drugs. Finally, we conclude with the outlook to the future of the development of transcription and translation inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihay Laham-Karam
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Gaspar P. Pinto
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Antti Poso
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- University Hospital Tübingen, Department of Internal Medicine VIII, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Piia Kokkonen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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32
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Zhou H, Li L, Wang Q, Hu Y, Zhao W, Gautam M, Li L. H3K9 Demethylation-Induced R-Loop Accumulation Is Linked to Disorganized Nucleoli. Front Genet 2020; 11:43. [PMID: 32117455 PMCID: PMC7025566 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleolar structure and integrity are important for a range of cellular functions of the nucleoli. It has been shown that cells lacking histone H3 Lysine 9 (H3K9) methylation form fragmented nucleoli. However, the molecular mechanism involved remains poorly understood. Here, we present evidence suggesting that loss of H3K9 dimethylation (H3K9me2) triggers R-loop accumulation at the rDNA locus, which further leads to the multilobed nucleoli. We reveal that suppression of H3K9 methyltransferase G9a by the inhibitor BIX 01294 causes R-loop accumulation at the rDNA region as well as inducing formation of multiple nucleoli. SiRNA-mediated knockdown of RNase H1 which can hydrolyze the RNA chain in R-loops causes an increase in R-loop formation, which in turn results in multiple nucleoli in one nucleus, whereas H3K9me2 levels are not affected by R-loop accumulation. Inhibition of RNA polymerase I transcription elongation by small molecule inhibitors induces a substantial decrease in H3K9me2 levels, accumulation of R-loops at rDNA sites, and nucleolus fragmentation. These results provide a mechanistic insight into the role of H3K9me2 in the structural integrity and organization of nucleoli via regulating R-loop accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Le Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weiwei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mayank Gautam
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lijia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Hybrid Rice, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Ferreira R, Schneekloth JS, Panov KI, Hannan KM, Hannan RD. Targeting the RNA Polymerase I Transcription for Cancer Therapy Comes of Age. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020266. [PMID: 31973211 PMCID: PMC7072222 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription of the ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA) that encode the three largest ribosomal RNAs (rRNA), is mediated by RNA Polymerase I (Pol I) and is a key regulatory step for ribosomal biogenesis. Although it has been reported over a century ago that the number and size of nucleoli, the site of ribosome biogenesis, are increased in cancer cells, the significance of this observation for cancer etiology was not understood. The realization that the increase in rRNA expression has an active role in cancer progression, not only through increased protein synthesis and thus proliferative capacity but also through control of cellular check points and chromatin structure, has opened up new therapeutic avenues for the treatment of cancer through direct targeting of Pol I transcription. In this review, we discuss the rational of targeting Pol I transcription for the treatment of cancer; review the current cancer therapeutics that target Pol I transcription and discuss the development of novel Pol I-specific inhibitors, their therapeutic potential, challenges and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Ferreira
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton 2601, NSW, Australia; (K.I.P.); (K.M.H.); (R.D.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - John S. Schneekloth
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA;
| | - Konstantin I. Panov
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton 2601, NSW, Australia; (K.I.P.); (K.M.H.); (R.D.H.)
- CCRCB and School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast Medical Biology Centre, School of Biological Sciences, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Katherine M. Hannan
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton 2601, NSW, Australia; (K.I.P.); (K.M.H.); (R.D.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Ross D. Hannan
- ACRF Department of Cancer Biology and Therapeutics, The John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Acton 2601, NSW, Australia; (K.I.P.); (K.M.H.); (R.D.H.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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El Hassouni B, Sarkisjan D, Vos JC, Giovannetti E, Peters GJ. Targeting the Ribosome Biogenesis Key Molecule Fibrillarin to Avoid Chemoresistance. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:6020-6032. [PMID: 30501594 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666181203133332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Inherent or acquired chemo resistance in cancer patients has been a perpetual
limitation in cancer treatment. Expanding knowledge on essential cellular processes opens a new
window for therapeutic targeting. Ribosome biogenesis is a process that shows potential due to its
fundamental role in cell development and contribution to tumorigenesis as a result of its upregulation.
Inhibiting components of ribosome biogenesis has been explored and has shown interesting
results. Yet, an important key component, methyltransferase Fibrillarin (FBL), which influences
both the abundance and composition of ribosomes, has not been exploited thus far.
Methods:
In this literature review, we describe relevant aspects of ribosome biogenesis in cancer to
emphasize the potential of FBL as a therapeutic target, in order to lower the genotoxic effects of
anti-cancer treatment.
Results:
Remarkably, the amplification of the 19q13 cytogenetic band, including the gene coding
for FBL, correlated to cell viability and resistance in pancreatic cells as well as to a trend toward a
shorter survival in pancreatic cancer patients.
:
Targeting ribosome biogenesis, more specifically compared to the secondary effects of chemotherapeutics
such as 5-fluorouracil or oxaliplatin, has been achieved by compound CX-5461. The cell
dependent activity of this Pol I inhibitor has been reported in ovarian cancer, melanoma and leukemia
models with active or mutated p53 status, presenting a promising mechanism to evade p53 resistance.
Conclusion:
Targeting critical ribosome biogenesis components in order to decrease the genotoxic
activity in cancer cell looks promising. Hence, we believe that targeting key protein rRNA methyltransferase
FBL shows great potential, due to its pivotal role in ribosome biogenesis, its correlation
to an improved survival rate at low expression in breast cancer patients and its association with p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Btissame El Hassouni
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center- Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dzjemma Sarkisjan
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center- Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - J. Chris Vos
- AIMMS-Division of Molecular Toxicology, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, O
- 2 building, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Elisa Giovannetti
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center- Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Godefridus J. Peters
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center- Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Low JY, Sirajuddin P, Moubarek M, Agarwal S, Rege A, Guner G, Liu H, Yang Z, De Marzo AM, Bieberich C, Laiho M. Effective targeting of RNA polymerase I in treatment-resistant prostate cancer. Prostate 2019; 79:1837-1851. [PMID: 31524299 PMCID: PMC7025478 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advanced prostate cancers depend on protein synthesis for continued survival and accelerated rates of metabolism for growth. RNA polymerase I (Pol I) is the enzyme responsible for ribosomal RNA (rRNA) transcription and a rate-limiting step for ribosome biogenesis. We have shown using a specific and sensitive RNA probe for the 45S rRNA precursor that rRNA synthesis is increased in prostate adenocarcinoma compared to nonmalignant epithelium. We have introduced a first-in-class Pol I inhibitor, BMH-21, that targets cancer cells of multiple origins, and holds potential for clinical translation. METHODS The effect of BMH-21 was tested in prostate cancer cell lines and in prostate cancer xenograft and mouse genetic models. RESULTS We show that BMH-21 inhibits Pol I transcription in metastatic, castration-resistant, and enzalutamide treatment-resistant prostate cancer cell lines. The genetic abrogation of Pol I effectively blocks the growth of prostate cancer cells. Silencing of p53, a pathway activated downstream of Pol I, does not diminish this effect. We find that BMH-21 significantly inhibited tumor growth and reduced the Ki67 proliferation index in an enzalutamide-resistant xenograft tumor model. A decrease in 45S rRNA synthesis demonstrated on-target activity. Furthermore, the Pol I inhibitor significantly inhibited tumor growth and pathology in an aggressive genetically modified Hoxb13-MYC|Hoxb13-Cre|Ptenfl/fl (BMPC) mouse prostate cancer model. CONCLUSION Taken together, BMH-21 is a novel promising molecule for the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Benzamides
- Cell Growth Processes/drug effects
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings/pharmacology
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Molecular Targeted Therapy
- Nitriles
- PC-3 Cells
- Phenylthiohydantoin/analogs & derivatives
- Phenylthiohydantoin/pharmacology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms/enzymology
- Prostatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/drug therapy
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/enzymology
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/genetics
- Prostatic Neoplasms, Castration-Resistant/pathology
- RNA Polymerase I/antagonists & inhibitors
- RNA Polymerase I/genetics
- RNA Polymerase I/metabolism
- RNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- Random Allocation
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Yih Low
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Paul Sirajuddin
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Michael Moubarek
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Shreya Agarwal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Apurv Rege
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Gunes Guner
- Department of Pathology, Urology and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Hester Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Zhiming Yang
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Angelo M. De Marzo
- Department of Pathology, Urology and Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Charles Bieberich
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Marikki Laiho
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Carotenuto P, Pecoraro A, Palma G, Russo G, Russo A. Therapeutic Approaches Targeting Nucleolus in Cancer. Cells 2019; 8:E1090. [PMID: 31527430 PMCID: PMC6770360 DOI: 10.3390/cells8091090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The nucleolus is a distinct sub-cellular compartment structure in the nucleus. First observed more than 200 years ago, the nucleolus is detectable by microscopy in eukaryotic cells and visible during the interphase as a sub-nuclear structure immersed in the nucleoplasm, from which it is not separated from any membrane. A huge number of studies, spanning over a century, have identified ribosome biogenesis as the main function of the nucleolus. Recently, novel functions, independent from ribosome biogenesis, have been proposed by several proteomic, genomic, and functional studies. Several works have confirmed the non-canonical role for nucleoli in regulating important cellular processes including genome stability, cell-cycle control, the cellular senescence, stress responses, and biogenesis of ribonucleoprotein particles (RNPs). Many authors have shown that both canonical and non-canonical functions of the nucleolus are associated with several cancer-related processes. The association between the nucleolus and cancer, first proposed by cytological and histopathological studies showing that the number and shape of nucleoli are commonly altered in almost any type of cancer, has been confirmed at the molecular level by several authors who demonstrated that numerous mechanisms occurring in the nucleolus are altered in tumors. Recently, therapeutic approaches targeting the nucleolus in cancer have started to be considered as an emerging "hallmark" of cancer and several therapeutic interventions have been developed. This review proposes an up-to-date overview of available strategies targeting the nucleolus, focusing on novel targeted therapeutic approaches. Finally, a target-based classification of currently available treatment will be proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Carotenuto
- The Institute of Cancer Research, Cancer Therapeutic Unit, London SM2 5NG, UK.
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli 80078, Italy.
| | - Annalisa Pecoraro
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Gaetano Palma
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Giulia Russo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Annapina Russo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, University of Naples Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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Corton JC, Witt KL, Yauk CL. Identification of p53 Activators in a Human Microarray Compendium. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:1748-1759. [PMID: 31397557 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Biomarkers predictive of molecular and toxicological effects are needed to interpret emerging high-throughput transcriptomic data streams. The previously characterized 63 gene TGx-DDI biomarker that includes 20 genes known to be regulated by p53 was previously shown to accurately predict DNA damage in chemically treated cells. We comprehensively evaluated whether the molecular basis of the DDI predictions was based on a p53-dependent response. The biomarker was compared to microarray data in a compendium derived from human cells using the Running Fisher test, a nonparametric correlation test. Using the biomarker, we identified conditions that led to p53 activation, including exposure to the chemical nutlin-3 which disrupts interactions between p53 and the negative regulator MDM2 or by knockdown of MDM2. The expression of most of the genes in the biomarker (75%) were found to depend on p53 activation status based on gene behavior after TP53 overexpression or knockdown. The biomarker identified DDI chemicals that were strong inducers of p53 in wild-type cells; these p53 responses were decreased or abolished in cells after p53 knockdown by siRNAs. Using the biomarker, we screened ∼1950 chemicals in ∼9800 human cell line chemical vs control comparisons and identified ∼100 chemicals that caused p53 activation. Among the positive chemicals were many that are known to activate p53 through direct and indirect DNA damaging mechanisms. These results contribute to the evidence that the TGx-DDI biomarker is useful for identifying chemicals that cause DDI and activate p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Christopher Corton
- Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, NHEERL , United States Environmental Protection Agency , Research Triangle Park, Durham , North Carolina 27711 , United States
| | - Kristine L Witt
- Division of the National Toxicology Program , National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences , Research Triangle Park, Durham , North Carolina 27709 , United States
| | - Carole L Yauk
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada , Ottawa , Ontario K1A 0K9 , Canada
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The antimalarial drug amodiaquine stabilizes p53 through ribosome biogenesis stress, independently of its autophagy-inhibitory activity. Cell Death Differ 2019; 27:773-789. [PMID: 31285544 PMCID: PMC7205879 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0387-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacological inhibition of ribosome biogenesis is a promising avenue for cancer therapy. Herein, we report a novel activity of the FDA-approved antimalarial drug amodiaquine which inhibits rRNA transcription, a rate-limiting step for ribosome biogenesis, in a dose-dependent manner. Amodiaquine triggers degradation of the catalytic subunit of RNA polymerase I (Pol I), with ensuing RPL5/RPL11-dependent stabilization of p53. Pol I shutdown occurs in the absence of DNA damage and without the subsequent ATM-dependent inhibition of rRNA transcription. RNAseq analysis revealed mechanistic similarities of amodiaquine with BMH-21, the first-in-class Pol I inhibitor, and with chloroquine, the antimalarial analog of amodiaquine, with well-established autophagy-inhibitory activity. Interestingly, autophagy inhibition caused by amodiaquine is not involved in the inhibition of rRNA transcription, suggesting two independent anticancer mechanisms. In vitro, amodiaquine is more efficient than chloroquine in restraining the proliferation of human cell lines derived from colorectal carcinomas, a cancer type with predicted susceptibility to ribosome biogenesis stress. Taken together, our data reveal an unsuspected activity of a drug approved and used in the clinics for over 30 years, and provide rationale for repurposing amodiaquine in cancer therapy.
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39
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Turi Z, Lacey M, Mistrik M, Moudry P. Impaired ribosome biogenesis: mechanisms and relevance to cancer and aging. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:2512-2540. [PMID: 31026227 PMCID: PMC6520011 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The biosynthesis of ribosomes is a complex process that requires the coordinated action of many factors and a huge energy investment from the cell. Ribosomes are essential for protein production, and thus for cellular survival, growth and proliferation. Ribosome biogenesis is initiated in the nucleolus and includes: the synthesis and processing of ribosomal RNAs, assembly of ribosomal proteins, transport to the cytoplasm and association of ribosomal subunits. The disruption of ribosome biogenesis at various steps, with either increased or decreased expression of different ribosomal components, can promote cell cycle arrest, senescence or apoptosis. Additionally, interference with ribosomal biogenesis is often associated with cancer, aging and age-related degenerative diseases. Here, we review current knowledge on impaired ribosome biogenesis, discuss the main factors involved in stress responses under such circumstances and focus on examples with clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsofia Turi
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Matthew Lacey
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Mistrik
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Moudry
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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40
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Penzo M, Montanaro L, Treré D, Derenzini M. The Ribosome Biogenesis-Cancer Connection. Cells 2019; 8:cells8010055. [PMID: 30650663 PMCID: PMC6356843 DOI: 10.3390/cells8010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Multifaceted relations link ribosome biogenesis to cancer. Ribosome biogenesis takes place in the nucleolus. Clarifying the mechanisms involved in this nucleolar function and its relationship with cell proliferation: (1) allowed the understanding of the reasons for the nucleolar changes in cancer cells and their exploitation in tumor pathology, (2) defined the importance of the inhibition of ribosome biogenesis in cancer chemotherapy and (3) focused the attention on alterations of ribosome biogenesis in the pathogenesis of cancer. This review summarizes the research milestones regarding these relevant relationships between ribosome biogenesis and cancer. The structure and function of the nucleolus will also be briefly described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Penzo
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
- Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Montanaro
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
- Center for Applied Biomedical Research (CRBA), Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Davide Treré
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
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41
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Babikir HA, Afjei R, Paulmurugan R, Massoud TF. Restoring guardianship of the genome: Anticancer drug strategies to reverse oncogenic mutant p53 misfolding. Cancer Treat Rev 2018; 71:19-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Ribosome biogenesis: An emerging druggable pathway for cancer therapeutics. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 159:74-81. [PMID: 30468711 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Ribosomes are nanomachines essential for protein production in all living cells. Ribosome synthesis increases in cancer cells to cope with a rise in protein synthesis and sustain unrestricted growth. This increase in ribosome biogenesis is reflected by severe morphological alterations of the nucleolus, the cell compartment where the initial steps of ribosome biogenesis take place. Ribosome biogenesis has recently emerged as an effective target in cancer therapy, and several compounds that inhibit ribosome production or function, killing preferentially cancer cells, have entered clinical trials. Recent research indicates that cells express heterogeneous populations of ribosomes and that the composition of ribosomes may play a key role in tumorigenesis, exposing novel therapeutic opportunities. Here, we review recent data demonstrating that ribosome biogenesis is a promising druggable pathway in cancer therapy, and discuss future research perspectives.
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43
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Montigaud Y, Ucakar B, Krishnamachary B, Bhujwalla ZM, Feron O, Préat V, Danhier F, Gallez B, Danhier P. Optimized acriflavine-loaded lipid nanocapsules as a safe and effective delivery system to treat breast cancer. Int J Pharm 2018; 551:322-328. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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44
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Wei T, Najmi SM, Liu H, Peltonen K, Kucerova A, Schneider DA, Laiho M. Small-Molecule Targeting of RNA Polymerase I Activates a Conserved Transcription Elongation Checkpoint. Cell Rep 2018; 23:404-414. [PMID: 29642000 PMCID: PMC6016085 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of RNA polymerase I (Pol I) is a promising strategy for modern cancer therapy. BMH-21 is a first-in-class small molecule that inhibits Pol I transcription and induces degradation of the enzyme, but how this exceptional response is enforced is not known. Here, we define key elements requisite for the response. We show that Pol I preinitiation factors and polymerase subunits (e.g., RPA135) are required for BMH-21-mediated degradation of RPA194. We further find that Pol I inhibition and induced degradation by BMH-21 are conserved in yeast. Genetic analyses demonstrate that mutations that induce transcription elongation defects in Pol I result in hypersensitivity to BMH-21. Using a fully reconstituted Pol I transcription assay, we show that BMH-21 directly impairs transcription elongation by Pol I, resulting in long-lived polymerase pausing. These studies define a conserved regulatory checkpoint that monitors Pol I transcription and is activated by therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wei
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Saman M Najmi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Hester Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
| | - Karita Peltonen
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Alena Kucerova
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - David A Schneider
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Marikki Laiho
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy and Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Department of Radiation Oncology and Molecular Radiation Sciences and Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
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45
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Turi Z, Senkyrikova M, Mistrik M, Bartek J, Moudry P. Perturbation of RNA Polymerase I transcription machinery by ablation of HEATR1 triggers the RPL5/RPL11-MDM2-p53 ribosome biogenesis stress checkpoint pathway in human cells. Cell Cycle 2017; 17:92-101. [PMID: 29143558 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1403685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ribosome biogenesis is an energy consuming process which takes place mainly in the nucleolus. By producing ribosomes to fuel protein synthesis, it is tightly connected with cell growth and cell cycle control. Perturbation of ribosome biogenesis leads to the activation of p53 tumor suppressor protein promoting processes like cell cycle arrest, apoptosis or senescence. This ribosome biogenesis stress pathway activates p53 through sequestration of MDM2 by a subset of ribosomal proteins (RPs), thereby stabilizing p53. Here, we identify human HEATR1, as a nucleolar protein which positively regulates ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis. Downregulation of HEATR1 resulted in cell cycle arrest in a manner dependent on p53. Moreover, depletion of HEATR1 also caused disruption of nucleolar structure and activated the ribosomal biogenesis stress pathway - RPL5 / RPL11 dependent stabilization and activation of p53. These findings reveal an important role for HEATR1 in ribosome biogenesis and further support the concept that perturbation of ribosome biosynthesis results in p53-dependent cell cycle checkpoint activation, with implications for human pathologies including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsofia Turi
- a Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine , Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry , Palacky University , 779 00 Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Senkyrikova
- a Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine , Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry , Palacky University , 779 00 Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Martin Mistrik
- a Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine , Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry , Palacky University , 779 00 Olomouc , Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Bartek
- a Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine , Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry , Palacky University , 779 00 Olomouc , Czech Republic.,b Genome Integrity Unit , Danish Cancer Society Research Center , DK-2100 Copenhagen , Denmark.,c Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics , Division of Genome Biology , Science for Life Laboratory , Karolinska Institute , 171 65 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Pavel Moudry
- a Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine , Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry , Palacky University , 779 00 Olomouc , Czech Republic
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46
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Musso L, Mazzini S, Rossini A, Castagnoli L, Scaglioni L, Artali R, Di Nicola M, Zunino F, Dallavalle S. c-MYC G-quadruplex binding by the RNA polymerase I inhibitor BMH-21 and analogues revealed by a combined NMR and biochemical Approach. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1862:615-629. [PMID: 29229300 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pyridoquinazolinecarboxamides have been reported as RNA polymerase I inhibitors and represent a novel class of potential antitumor agents. BMH-21, was reported to intercalate with GC-rich rDNA, resulting in nucleolar stress as a primary mechanism of cytotoxicity. METHODS The interaction of BMH-21 and analogues with DNA G-quadruplex structures was studied by NMR and molecular modelling. The cellular response was investigated in a panel of human tumor cell lines and protein expression was examined by Western Blot analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We explored the ability of BMH-21 and its analogue 2 to bind to G-quadruplex present in the c-MYC promoter, by NMR and molecular modelling studies. We provide evidence that both compounds are not typical DNA intercalators but are effective binders of the tested G-quadruplex. The interaction with c-MYC G-quadruplex was reflected in down-regulation of c-Myc expression in human tumor cells. The inhibitory effect was almost complete in lymphoma cells SUDHL4 characterized by overexpression of c-Myc protein. This downregulation reflected an early and persistent modulation of cMyc mRNA. Given the relevance of c-MYC in regulation of ribosome biogenesis, it is conceivable that the inhibition of c-MYC contributes to the perturbation of nuclear functions and RNA polymerase I activity. Similar experiments with CX-5461, another RNA polymerase I transcription inhibitor, indicate the same behaviour in G-quadruplex stabilization. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Our results support the hypothesis that BMH-21 and analogue compounds share the same mechanism, i.e. G-quadruplex binding as a primary event of a cascade leading to inhibition of RNA polymerase I and apoptosis.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Benzothiazoles/pharmacology
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Line, Tumor
- DNA, Neoplasm/drug effects
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- G-Quadruplexes/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Genes, myc/drug effects
- Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings/pharmacology
- Humans
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Docking Simulation
- Molecular Structure
- Naphthyridines/pharmacology
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular
- Organelle Biogenesis
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/drug effects
- RNA Polymerase I/antagonists & inhibitors
- Ribosomes/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Loana Musso
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Division of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Stefania Mazzini
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Division of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, I-20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Anna Rossini
- Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, via Venezian 1, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Castagnoli
- Molecular Targeting Unit, Department of Applied Research and Technological Development, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumori, via Venezian 1, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Leonardo Scaglioni
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Division of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto Artali
- Scientia Advice, di Roberto Artali, 20832 Desio, MB, Italy
| | - Massimo Di Nicola
- Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, via Venezian 1, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Franco Zunino
- Fondazione IRCCS, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, via Venezian 1, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Sabrina Dallavalle
- Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences, Division of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Università degli Studi di Milano, via Celoria 2, I-20133 Milano, Italy
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47
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Abstract
The nucleolus is a distinct compartment of the nucleus responsible for ribosome biogenesis. Mis-regulation of nucleolar functions and of the cellular translation machinery has been associated with disease, in particular with many types of cancer. Indeed, many tumor suppressors (p53, Rb, PTEN, PICT1, BRCA1) and proto-oncogenes (MYC, NPM) play a direct role in the nucleolus, and interact with the RNA polymerase I transcription machinery and the nucleolar stress response. We have identified Dicer and the RNA interference pathway as having an essential role in the nucleolus of quiescent Schizosaccharomyces pombe cells, distinct from pericentromeric silencing, by controlling RNA polymerase I release. We propose that this novel function is evolutionarily conserved and may contribute to the tumorigenic pre-disposition of DICER1 mutations in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Roche
- a Martienssen Lab, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory , Cold Spring Harbor , NY , USA
| | - Benoît Arcangioli
- b Genome Dynamics Unit, UMR 3525 CNRS, Institut Pasteur , Paris , France
| | - Rob Martienssen
- a Martienssen Lab, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory , Cold Spring Harbor , NY , USA.,c Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory , Cold Spring Harbor , NY , USA
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48
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Zhang GH, Yuan JM, Qian G, Gu CX, Wei K, Mo DL, Qin JK, Peng Y, Zhou ZP, Pan CX, Su GF. Phthalazino[1,2-b]quinazolinones as p53 Activators: Cell Cycle Arrest, Apoptotic Response and Bak–Bcl-xl Complex Reorganization in Bladder Cancer Cells. J Med Chem 2017; 60:6853-6866. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Hai Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal
Resources, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, School of
Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yu Cai Road, Guilin 541004, China
- Guangxi
Universities Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Biopharmaceutical Technology,
School of Life Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yu Cai Road, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Jing-Mei Yuan
- State
Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal
Resources, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, School of
Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yu Cai Road, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Gang Qian
- State
Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal
Resources, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, School of
Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yu Cai Road, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Chen-Xi Gu
- State
Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal
Resources, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, School of
Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yu Cai Road, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Kai Wei
- State
Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal
Resources, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, School of
Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yu Cai Road, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Dong-Liang Mo
- State
Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal
Resources, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, School of
Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yu Cai Road, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Jiang-Ke Qin
- State
Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal
Resources, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, School of
Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yu Cai Road, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yan Peng
- State
Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal
Resources, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, School of
Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yu Cai Road, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Zu-Ping Zhou
- Guangxi
Universities Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Biopharmaceutical Technology,
School of Life Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yu Cai Road, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Cheng-Xue Pan
- State
Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal
Resources, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, School of
Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yu Cai Road, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Gui-Fa Su
- State
Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal
Resources, Ministry of Science and Technology of China, School of
Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, 15 Yu Cai Road, Guilin 541004, China
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49
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Fu X, Xu L, Qi L, Tian H, Yi D, Yu Y, Liu S, Li S, Xu Y, Wang C. BMH-21 inhibits viability and induces apoptosis by p53-dependent nucleolar stress responses in SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells. Oncol Rep 2017; 38:859-865. [PMID: 28656213 PMCID: PMC5561869 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The nucleolus is a stress sensor associated with cell cycle progression and apoptosis. Studies have shown that nucleolar stress is positively correlated with apoptosis in breast, prostate and lung cancer cells. However, the role and function of nucleolar stress in ovarian cancer has not been reported. In this study, we found that the nucleolar stress inducer BMH-21 inhibited viability of SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, BMH-21 induced the expression of nucleolar stress marker proteins (nucleolin, nucleophosmin and fibrillarin) and promoted the nuclear export of these proteins. BMH-21 also decreased MDM2 proto-oncogene expression and increased protein levels of the tumor suppressor p53 and p53 phosphorylated at serine 15 (p‑p53‑Ser15), which contributed to increased expression of the downstream apoptosis-related protein BCL2 associated X (BAX) and activation of caspase-3. Taken together, these data provide the first reported evidence that induction of p53-dependent nucleolar stress by BMH-21 induces apoptosis in ovarian cancer. Our data suggest that nucleolar stress might be a pathway suitable for targeting in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxu Fu
- Tumor Targeted Therapy and Translational Medicine Laboratory, Basic College of Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
| | - Lu Xu
- Tumor Targeted Therapy and Translational Medicine Laboratory, Basic College of Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
| | - Ling Qi
- Tumor Targeted Therapy and Translational Medicine Laboratory, Basic College of Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
| | - Hongyan Tian
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic College of Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
| | - Dan Yi
- Physical Examination Center, Jilin Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Jilin, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
| | - Yang Yu
- Tumor Targeted Therapy and Translational Medicine Laboratory, Basic College of Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
| | - Shibing Liu
- Tumor Targeted Therapy and Translational Medicine Laboratory, Basic College of Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
| | - Songyan Li
- Tumor Targeted Therapy and Translational Medicine Laboratory, Basic College of Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
| | - Ye Xu
- Tumor Targeted Therapy and Translational Medicine Laboratory, Basic College of Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic College of Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
| | - Chunyan Wang
- Tumor Targeted Therapy and Translational Medicine Laboratory, Basic College of Medicine, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, Jilin 132013, P.R. China
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Selective inhibition of RNA polymerase I transcription as a potential approach to treat African trypanosomiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005432. [PMID: 28263991 PMCID: PMC5354456 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei relies on an essential Variant Surface Glycoprotein (VSG) coat for survival in the mammalian bloodstream. High VSG expression within an expression site body (ESB) is mediated by RNA polymerase I (Pol I), which in other eukaryotes exclusively transcribes ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA). As T. brucei is reliant on Pol I for VSG transcription, we investigated Pol I transcription inhibitors for selective anti-trypanosomal activity. The Pol I inhibitors quarfloxin (CX-3543), CX-5461, and BMH-21 are currently under investigation for treating cancer, as rapidly dividing cancer cells are particularly dependent on high levels of Pol I transcription compared with nontransformed cells. In T. brucei all three Pol I inhibitors have IC50 concentrations for cell proliferation in the nanomolar range: quarfloxin (155 nM), CX-5461 (279 nM) or BMH-21 (134 nM) compared with IC50 concentrations in the MCF10A human breast epithelial cell line (4.44 μM, 6.89 μM or 460 nM, respectively). T. brucei was therefore 29-fold more sensitive to quarfloxin, 25-fold more sensitive to CX-5461 and 3.4-fold more sensitive to BMH-21. Cell death in T. brucei was due to rapid inhibition of Pol I transcription, as within 15 minutes treatment with the inhibitors rRNA precursor transcript was reduced 97-98% and VSG precursor transcript 91-94%. Incubation with Pol I transcription inhibitors also resulted in disintegration of the ESB as well as the nucleolus subnuclear structures, within one hour. Rapid ESB loss following the block in Pol I transcription argues that the ESB is a Pol I transcription nucleated structure, similar to the nucleolus. In addition to providing insight into Pol I transcription and ES control, Pol I transcription inhibitors potentially also provide new approaches to treat trypanosomiasis. Trypanosoma brucei is protected by an essential Variant Surface Glycoprotein (VSG) coat in the mammalian bloodstream. The active VSG gene is transcribed by RNA polymerase I (Pol I), which typically only transcribes rDNA. Pol I transcription inhibitors are under clinical trials for cancer chemotherapy. As T. brucei relies on Pol I for VSG transcription, we investigated its susceptibility to these drugs. We show that quarfloxin (CX-3543), CX-5461, and BMH-21 are effective against T. brucei at nanomolar concentrations. T. brucei death was due to rapid and specific inhibition of Pol I transcription. Incubation with Pol I transcription inhibitors also resulted in disappearance of Pol I subnuclear structures like the nucleolus and the VSG expression site body (ESB). Rapid ESB loss followed the Pol I transcription block, arguing that the ESB is nucleated by Pol I transcription. Pol I transcription inhibitors could therefore potentially function as novel drugs against trypanosomiasis.
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