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Preclinical Research in McArdle Disease: A Review of Research Models and Therapeutic Strategies. Genes (Basel) 2021; 13:genes13010074. [PMID: 35052414 PMCID: PMC8774685 DOI: 10.3390/genes13010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
McArdle disease is an autosomal recessive disorder of muscle glycogen metabolism caused by pathogenic mutations in the PYGM gene, which encodes the skeletal muscle-specific isoform of glycogen phosphorylase. Clinical symptoms are mainly characterized by transient acute “crises” of early fatigue, myalgia and contractures, which can be accompanied by rhabdomyolysis. Owing to the difficulty of performing mechanistic studies in patients that often rely on invasive techniques, preclinical models have been used for decades, thereby contributing to gain insight into the pathophysiology and pathobiology of human diseases. In the present work, we describe the existing in vitro and in vivo preclinical models for McArdle disease and review the insights these models have provided. In addition, despite presenting some differences with the typical patient’s phenotype, these models allow for a deep study of the different features of the disease while representing a necessary preclinical step to assess the efficacy and safety of possible treatments before they are tested in patients.
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Identification of Differentially Expressed Genes in Different Types of Broiler Skeletal Muscle Fibers Using the RNA-seq Technique. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:9478949. [PMID: 32695825 PMCID: PMC7362283 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9478949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The difference in muscle fiber types is very important to the muscle development and meat quality of broilers. At present, the molecular regulation mechanisms of skeletal muscle fiber-type transformation in broilers are still unclear. In this study, differentially expressed genes between breast and leg muscles in broilers were analyzed using RNA-seq. A total of 767 DEGs were identified. Compared with leg muscle, there were 429 upregulated genes and 338 downregulated genes in breast muscle. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment indicated that these DEGs were mainly involved in cellular processes, single organism processes, cells, and cellular components, as well as binding and catalytic activity. KEGG analysis shows that a total of 230 DEGs were mapped to 126 KEGG pathways and significantly enriched in the four pathways of glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, insulin signalling pathways, and the biosynthesis of amino acids. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to verify the differential expression of 7 selected DEGs, and the results were consistent with RNA-seq data. In addition, the expression profile of MyHC isoforms in chicken skeletal muscle cells showed that with the extension of differentiation time, the expression of fast fiber subunits (types IIA and IIB) gradually increased, while slow muscle fiber subunits (type I) showed a downward trend after 4 days of differentiation. The differential genes screened in this study will provide some new ideas for further understanding the molecular mechanism of skeletal muscle fiber transformation in broilers.
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3
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García-Consuegra I, Asensio-Peña S, Ballester-Lopez A, Francisco-Velilla R, Pinos T, Pintos-Morell G, Coll-Cantí J, González-Quintana A, Andreu AL, Arenas J, Lucia A, Nogales-Gadea G, Martín MA. Missense mutations have unexpected consequences: The McArdle disease paradigm. Hum Mutat 2018; 39:1338-1343. [PMID: 30011114 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
McArdle disease is a disorder of muscle glycogen metabolism caused by mutations in the PYGM gene, encoding for the muscle-specific isoform of glycogen phosphorylase (M-GP). The activity of this enzyme is completely lost in patients' muscle biopsies, when measured with a standard biochemical test which, does not allow to determine M-GP protein levels. We aimed to determine M-GP protein levels in the muscle of McArdle patients, by studying biopsies of 40 patients harboring a broad spectrum of PYGM mutations and 22 controls. Lack of M-GP protein was found in muscle in the vast majority (95%) of patients, irrespective of the PYGM genotype, including those carrying missense mutations, with few exceptions. M-GP protein biosynthesis is not being produced by PYGM mutations inducing premature termination codons (PTC), neither by most PYGM missense mutations. These findings explain the lack of PYGM genotype-phenotype correlation and have important implications for the design of molecular-based therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés García-Consuegra
- Grupo de Investigación de Enfermedades Mitocondriales y Neuromusculares, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Asensio-Peña
- Grupo de Investigación de Enfermedades Mitocondriales y Neuromusculares, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfonsina Ballester-Lopez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Grup de Recerca en Malalties Neuromusculars i Neuropediatriques, Department of Neurosciences, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | | | - Tomás Pinos
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Departament de Patologia Mitocondrial i Neuromuscular, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillem Pintos-Morell
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Grup de Recerca en Malalties Neuromusculars i Neuropediatriques, Department of Neurosciences, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.,Division of Rare Diseases, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Coll-Cantí
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Grup de Recerca en Malalties Neuromusculars i Neuropediatriques, Department of Neurosciences, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.,Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrián González-Quintana
- Grupo de Investigación de Enfermedades Mitocondriales y Neuromusculares, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antoni L Andreu
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Departament de Patologia Mitocondrial i Neuromuscular, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquín Arenas
- Grupo de Investigación de Enfermedades Mitocondriales y Neuromusculares, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Universidad Europea, Faculty of Sport Sciences & Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Gisela Nogales-Gadea
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Grup de Recerca en Malalties Neuromusculars i Neuropediatriques, Department of Neurosciences, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Miguel A Martín
- Grupo de Investigación de Enfermedades Mitocondriales y Neuromusculares, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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Santalla A, Nogales-Gadea G, Ørtenblad N, Brull A, de Luna N, Pinós T, Lucia A. McArdle disease: a unique study model in sports medicine. Sports Med 2015; 44:1531-44. [PMID: 25028051 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-014-0223-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
McArdle disease is arguably the paradigm of exercise intolerance in humans. This disorder is caused by inherited deficiency of myophosphorylase, the enzyme isoform that initiates glycogen breakdown in skeletal muscles. Because patients are unable to obtain energy from their muscle glycogen stores, this disease provides an interesting model of study for exercise physiologists, allowing insight to be gained into the understanding of glycogen-dependent muscle functions. Of special interest in the field of muscle physiology and sports medicine are also some specific (if not unique) characteristics of this disorder, such as the so-called 'second wind' phenomenon, the frequent exercise-induced rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria episodes suffered by patients (with muscle damage also occurring under basal conditions), or the early appearance of fatigue and contractures, among others. In this article we review the main pathophysiological features of this disorder leading to exercise intolerance as well as the currently available therapeutic possibilities. Patients have been traditionally advised by clinicians to refrain from exercise, yet sports medicine and careful exercise prescription are their best allies at present because no effective enzyme replacement therapy is expected to be available in the near future. As of today, although unable to restore myophosphorylase deficiency, the 'simple' use of exercise as therapy seems probably more promising and practical for patients than more 'complex' medical approaches.
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Nogales-Gadea G, Brull A, Santalla A, Andreu AL, Arenas J, Martín MA, Lucia A, de Luna N, Pinós T. McArdle Disease: Update of Reported Mutations and Polymorphisms in the PYGM Gene. Hum Mutat 2015; 36:669-78. [PMID: 25914343 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
McArdle disease is an autosomal-recessive disorder caused by inherited deficiency of the muscle isoform of glycogen phosphorylase (or "myophosphorylase"), which catalyzes the first step of glycogen catabolism, releasing glucose-1-phosphate from glycogen deposits. As a result, muscle metabolism is impaired, leading to different degrees of exercise intolerance. Patients range from asymptomatic to severely affected, including in some cases, limitations in activities of daily living. The PYGM gene codifies myophosphoylase and to date 147 pathogenic mutations and 39 polymorphisms have been reported. Exon 1 and 17 are mutational hot-spots in PYGM and 50% of the described mutations are missense. However, c.148C>T (commonly known as p.R50X) is the most frequent mutation in the majority of the studied populations. No genotype-phenotype correlation has been reported and no mutations have been described in the myophosphorylase domains affecting the phosphorylated Ser-15, the 280's loop, the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, and the nucleoside inhibitor binding sites. A newly generated knock-in mouse model is now available, which renders the main clinical and molecular features of the disease. Well-established methods for diagnosing patients in laboratories around the world will shorten the frequent ∼20-year period stretching from first symptoms appearance to the genetic diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Nogales-Gadea
- Department of Neurosciences, Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol I Campus Can Ruti, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Spain
| | - Astrid Brull
- Departament de Patologia Mitocondrial i Neuromuscular, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), , Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfredo Santalla
- Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain.,Laboratorio de Enfermedades Mitocondriales y Neuromusculares, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antoni L Andreu
- Departament de Patologia Mitocondrial i Neuromuscular, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), , Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquin Arenas
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Mitocondriales y Neuromusculares, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Martín
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Laboratorio de Enfermedades Mitocondriales y Neuromusculares, Hospital 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain.,Universidad Europea, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noemi de Luna
- Departament de Patologia Mitocondrial i Neuromuscular, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), , Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tomàs Pinós
- Departament de Patologia Mitocondrial i Neuromuscular, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), , Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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de Luna N, Brull A, Guiu JM, Lucia A, Martin MA, Arenas J, Martí R, Andreu AL, Pinós T. Sodium valproate increases the brain isoform of glycogen phosphorylase: looking for a compensation mechanism in McArdle disease using a mouse primary skeletal-muscle culture in vitro. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:467-72. [PMID: 25762569 PMCID: PMC4415898 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.020230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
McArdle disease, also termed ‘glycogen storage disease type V’, is a disorder of skeletal muscle carbohydrate metabolism caused by inherited deficiency of the muscle-specific isoform of glycogen phosphorylase (GP-MM). It is an autosomic recessive disorder that is caused by mutations in the PYGM gene and typically presents with exercise intolerance, i.e. episodes of early exertional fatigue frequently accompanied by rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuria. Muscle biopsies from affected individuals contain subsarcolemmal deposits of glycogen. Besides GP-MM, two other GP isoforms have been described: the liver (GP-LL) and brain (GP-BB) isoforms, which are encoded by the PYGL and PYGB genes, respectively; GP-BB is the main GP isoform found in human and rat foetal tissues, including the muscle, although its postnatal expression is dramatically reduced in the vast majority of differentiated tissues with the exception of brain and heart, where it remains as the major isoform. We developed a cell culture model from knock-in McArdle mice that mimics the glycogen accumulation and GP-MM deficiency observed in skeletal muscle from individuals with McArdle disease. We treated mouse primary skeletal muscle cultures in vitro with sodium valproate (VPA), a histone deacetylase inhibitor. After VPA treatment, myotubes expressed GP-BB and a dose-dependent decrease in glycogen accumulation was also observed. Thus, this in vitro model could be useful for high-throughput screening of new drugs to treat this disease. The immortalization of these primary skeletal muscle cultures could provide a never-ending source of cells for this experimental model. Furthermore, VPA could be considered as a gene-expression modulator, allowing compensatory expression of GP-BB and decreased glycogen accumulation in skeletal muscle of individuals with McArdle disease. Summary: Use of this in vitro model showed that sodium valproate (VPA) can reverse the muscle phenotype from a McArdle-like to a normal histological and biochemical profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemí de Luna
- Mitochondrial Pathology and Neuromuscular Disorders Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Astrid Brull
- Mitochondrial Pathology and Neuromuscular Disorders Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Josep Maria Guiu
- Mitochondrial Pathology and Neuromuscular Disorders Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Universidad Europea, Madrid 28670, Spain Instituto de Investigación 'i+12', Madrid 28041, Spain
| | | | | | - Ramon Martí
- Mitochondrial Pathology and Neuromuscular Disorders Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Antoni L Andreu
- Mitochondrial Pathology and Neuromuscular Disorders Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Tomàs Pinós
- Mitochondrial Pathology and Neuromuscular Disorders Laboratory, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona 08035, Spain Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid 28029, Spain
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7
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Nogales-Gadea G, Santalla A, Brull A, de Luna N, Lucia A, Pinós T. The pathogenomics of McArdle disease--genes, enzymes, models, and therapeutic implications. J Inherit Metab Dis 2015; 38:221-30. [PMID: 25053163 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-014-9743-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Numerous biomedical advances have been made since Carl and Gerty Cori discovered the enzyme phosphorylase in the 1940s and the Scottish physician Brian McArdle reported in 1951 a previously 'undescribed disorder characterized by a gross failure of the breakdown in muscle of glycogen'. Today we know that this disorder, commonly known as 'McArdle disease', is caused by inherited deficiency of the muscle isoform of glycogen phosphorylase (GP). Here we review the main aspects of the 'pathogenomics' of this disease including, among others: the spectrum of mutations in the gene (PYGM) encoding muscle GP; the interplay between the different tissue GP isoforms in cellular cultures and in patients; what can we learn from naturally occurring and recently laboratory-generated animal models of the disease; and potential therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Nogales-Gadea
- Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Institut de Recerca del Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Av. Maria Claret 167, 08025, Barcelona, Spain,
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8
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Xu X, Mathieu C, Boitard SE, Dairou J, Dupret JM, Agbulut O, Rodrigues-Lima F. Skeletal muscle glycogen phosphorylase is irreversibly inhibited by mercury: molecular, cellular and kinetic aspects. FEBS Lett 2013; 588:138-42. [PMID: 24269889 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Muscle glycogen phosphorylase (GP) plays an important role in muscle functions. Mercury has toxic effects in skeletal muscle leading to muscle weakness or cramps. However, the mechanisms underlying these toxic effects are poorly understood. We report that GP is irreversibly inhibited by inorganic (Hg(2+)) and organic (CH3Hg(+)) mercury (IC50=380 nM and kinact=600 M(-1) s(-1) for Hg(2+) and IC50=43 μM and kinact=13 M(-1) s(-1) for CH3Hg(+)) through reaction of these compounds with cysteine residues of the enzyme. Our data suggest that the irreversible inhibition of GP could represent one of the mechanisms that contribute to mercury-dependent muscle toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ximing Xu
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS EAC 4413, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Cécile Mathieu
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS EAC 4413, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Solène Emmanuelle Boitard
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS EAC 4413, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Julien Dairou
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS EAC 4413, 75013 Paris, France; UFR des Sciences du Vivant, Univ Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marie Dupret
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS EAC 4413, 75013 Paris, France; UFR des Sciences du Vivant, Univ Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Onnik Agbulut
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS EAC 4413, 75013 Paris, France; UFR des Sciences du Vivant, Univ Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Fernando Rodrigues-Lima
- Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, CNRS EAC 4413, 75013 Paris, France; UFR des Sciences du Vivant, Univ Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France.
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9
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Cell models for McArdle disease and aminoglycoside-induced read-through of a premature termination codon. Neuromuscul Disord 2012; 23:43-51. [PMID: 22818872 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2012.06.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
McArdle disease results from mutations in the gene encoding muscle glycogen phosphorylase (PYGM) protein and the two most common mutations are a premature termination codon (R50X) and a missense mutation (G205S). Myoblasts from patients cannot be used to create a cell model of McArdle disease because even normal myoblasts produce little or no PYGM protein in cell culture. We therefore created cell models by expressing wild-type or mutant (R50X or G205S) PYGM from cDNA integrated into the genome of Chinese hamster ovary cells. These cell lines enable the study of McArdle mutations in the absence of nonsense-mediated decay of mRNA transcripts. Although all cell lines produced stable mRNA, only wild-type produced detectable PYGM protein. Our data suggest that the G205S mutation affects PYGM by causing misfolding and accelerated protein turnover. Using the N-terminal region of PYGM containing the R50X mutation fused to green fluorescent protein, we were able to demonstrate both small amounts of truncated protein production and read-through of the R50X premature termination codon induced by the aminoglycoside, G418.
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Nogales-Gadea G, Consuegra-García I, Rubio JC, Arenas J, Cuadros M, Camara Y, Torres-Torronteras J, Fiuza-Luces C, Lucia A, Martín MA, García-Arumí E, Andreu AL. A transcriptomic approach to search for novel phenotypic regulators in McArdle disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31718. [PMID: 22347505 PMCID: PMC3276513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
McArdle disease is caused by lack of glycogen phosphorylase (GP) activity in skeletal muscle. Patients experience exercise intolerance, presenting as early fatigue and contractures. In this study, we investigated the effects produced by a lack of GP on several genes and proteins of skeletal muscle in McArdle patients. Muscle tissue of 35 patients and 7 healthy controls were used to identify abnormalities in the patients' transcriptomic profile using low-density arrays. Gene expression was analyzed for the influence of variables such as sex and clinical severity. Differences in protein expression were studied by immunoblotting and 2D electrophoresis analysis, and protein complexes were examined by two-dimensional, blue native gel electrophoresis (BN-PAGE). A number of genes including those encoding acetyl-coA carboxylase beta, m-cadherin, calpain III, creatine kinase, glycogen synthase (GS), and sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase 1 (SERCA1), were found to be downregulated in patients. Specifically, compared to controls, GS and SERCA1 proteins were reduced by 50% and 75% respectively; also, unphosphorylated GS and SERCA1 were highly downregulated. On BN-PAGE analysis, GP was present with GS in two muscle protein complexes. Our findings revealed some issues that could be important in understanding the physiological consequences of McArdle disease: (i) SERCA1 downregulation in patients could result in impaired calcium transport in type II (fast-twitch) muscle fibers, leading to early fatigability during exercise tasks involving type II fibers (which mostly use glycolytic metabolism), i.e. isometric exercise, lifting weights or intense dynamic exercise (stair climbing, bicycling, walking at a very brisk pace), (ii) GP and GS were found together in two protein complexes, which suggests a new regulatory mechanism in the activity of these glycogen enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Nogales-Gadea
- Departament de Patologia Mitocondrial i Neuromuscular, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Experimental Neurology Laboratory, Institut de Recerca HSCSP, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Network for Research in Rare diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain Centro de Investigación, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Consuegra-García
- Spanish Network for Research in Rare diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain Centro de Investigación, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Proteómica, Instituto de Investigación, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan C. Rubio
- Spanish Network for Research in Rare diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain Centro de Investigación, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Unidad de Genómica, Instituto de Investigación, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joaquin Arenas
- Spanish Network for Research in Rare diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain Centro de Investigación, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marc Cuadros
- Departament de Patologia Mitocondrial i Neuromuscular, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Network for Research in Rare diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain Centro de Investigación, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yolanda Camara
- Departament de Patologia Mitocondrial i Neuromuscular, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Network for Research in Rare diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain Centro de Investigación, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Torres-Torronteras
- Departament de Patologia Mitocondrial i Neuromuscular, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Network for Research in Rare diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain Centro de Investigación, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Miguel A. Martín
- Spanish Network for Research in Rare diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain Centro de Investigación, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena García-Arumí
- Departament de Patologia Mitocondrial i Neuromuscular, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Network for Research in Rare diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain Centro de Investigación, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - Antoni L. Andreu
- Departament de Patologia Mitocondrial i Neuromuscular, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish Network for Research in Rare diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain Centro de Investigación, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid, Spain
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Montori-Grau M, Guitart M, García-Martínez C, Orozco A, Gómez-Foix AM. Differential pattern of glycogen accumulation after protein phosphatase 1 glycogen-targeting subunit PPP1R6 overexpression, compared to PPP1R3C and PPP1R3A, in skeletal muscle cells. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2011; 12:57. [PMID: 22054094 PMCID: PMC3240831 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-12-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PPP1R6 is a protein phosphatase 1 glycogen-targeting subunit (PP1-GTS) abundant in skeletal muscle with an undefined metabolic control role. Here PPP1R6 effects on myotube glycogen metabolism, particle size and subcellular distribution are examined and compared with PPP1R3C/PTG and PPP1R3A/G(M). RESULTS PPP1R6 overexpression activates glycogen synthase (GS), reduces its phosphorylation at Ser-641/0 and increases the extracted and cytochemically-stained glycogen content, less than PTG but more than G(M). PPP1R6 does not change glycogen phosphorylase activity. All tested PP1-GTS-cells have more glycogen particles than controls as found by electron microscopy of myotube sections. Glycogen particle size is distributed for all cell-types in a continuous range, but PPP1R6 forms smaller particles (mean diameter 14.4 nm) than PTG (36.9 nm) and G(M) (28.3 nm) or those in control cells (29.2 nm). Both PPP1R6- and G(M)-derived glycogen particles are in cytosol associated with cellular structures; PTG-derived glycogen is found in membrane- and organelle-devoid cytosolic glycogen-rich areas; and glycogen particles are dispersed in the cytosol in control cells. A tagged PPP1R6 protein at the C-terminus with EGFP shows a diffuse cytosol pattern in glucose-replete and -depleted cells and a punctuate pattern surrounding the nucleus in glucose-depleted cells, which colocates with RFP tagged with the Golgi targeting domain of β-1,4-galactosyltransferase, according to a computational prediction for PPP1R6 Golgi location. CONCLUSIONS PPP1R6 exerts a powerful glycogenic effect in cultured muscle cells, more than G(M) and less than PTG. PPP1R6 protein translocates from a Golgi to cytosolic location in response to glucose. The molecular size and subcellular location of myotube glycogen particles is determined by the PPP1R6, PTG and G(M) scaffolding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Montori-Grau
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas, Barcelona, Spain.
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